Unit-Dimensions & Basic Maths PDF

UNIT AND DIMENSION
&
BASIC MATHEMATICS
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ........................................ 3 – 23
♦ EXERCISE - I ......................................................................... 24 – 34
♦ EXERCISE - II ........................................................................ 35 – 36
♦ EXERCISE - III ........................................................................ 37 – 39
♦ ANSWER KEY ............................................................................40
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UNIT AND DIMENSION Page # 3
1. PHYSICAL QUANTITY
The quantites which can be measured by an instrument and by means of which we can describe the
laws of physics are called physical quantities.
Types of physical quantities :
Fundamental Derived Supplementry
1.1 Fundamental
Although the number of physical quantities that we measure is very large, we need only a limited
number of units for expressing all the physical quantities since they are interrelated with one another.
So, certain physical quantities have been chosen arbitrarily and their units are used for expressing all
the physical quantities, such quantities are known as Fundamental, Absolute or Base Quantities
(such as length, time and mass in mechanics)
(i) All other quantites may be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities.
(ii) They are independent of each other and cannot be obtained from one another.
An international body named General Conference on Weights and Measures chose seven physical
quantities as fundamental :
(1) length (2) mass (3) time (4) electric current,
(5) thermodynamic temperature (6) amount of substance
(7) luminous intensity.
Note : These are also called as absolute or base quantities.
In mechanics, we treat length, mass and time as the three basic or fundamental quantities.
1.2 Derived : Physical quantities which can be expressed as combination of base quantities are called as
derived quantities.
For example : Speed, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, pressure, energy etc.
dis tan ce length

Ex.1 Speed = =
time time
1.3 Supplementary : Beside the seven fundamental physical quantities two supplementary quantities are
also defined, they are :
(1) Plane angle (2) Solid angle.
Note : The supplementary quantities have only units but no dimensions.
2. MAGNITUDE :
Magnitude of physical quantity = (numerical value) × (unit)
Magnitude of a physical quantity is always constant. It is independent of the type of unit.
1
⇒ numerical value ∝
unit
or n1u1 = n2u2 = constant
Ex.2 Length of a metal rod bar is unchanged whether it is measured as 2 metre or 200 cm.
Observe the change in the Numerical value (from 2 to 200) as unit is changed from metre to
cm.


3. UNIT :
Measurement of any physical quantity is expressed in terms of an internationally accepted certain
basic reference standard called unit.
The units for the fundamental or base quantities are called fundamental or base unit. Other physical
quantities are expressed as combination of these base units and hence, called derived units.
A complete set of units, both fundamental and derived is called a system of unit.
3.1. Principle systems of Unit

There are various system in use over the world : CGS, FPS, SI (MKS) etc
Table 1 : Units of some physical quantities in different systems.
System
Physica l
Qua ntity CGS MKS FPS
(Ga ussia n) (SI) (British)
Length centimeter meter foot
Fundame ntal Mass gram kilogram pound
Time second second second

Force dyne newton → N poundal
De rived W ork or Energy erg joule → J ft-poundal
Power erg/s watt → W ft-poundal/s
3.2 Supplementary units :

(1) Plane angle : radian (rad)
(2) Solid angle : steradian (sr)
* The SI system is at present widely used throughout the world. In IIT JEE only SI system is followed.
3.3 Definitions of some important SI Units

(i) Metre : 1 m = 1,650, 763.73 wavelengths in vaccum, of radiation corresponding to organ-red light of
krypton-86.
(ii) Second : 1 s = 9,192, 631,770 time periods of a particular from Ceasium - 133 atom.
(iii) Kilogram : 1kg = mass of 1 litre volume of water at 4°C
(iv) Ampere : It is the current which when flows through two infinitely long straight conductors of
negligible cross-section placed at a distance of one metre in vacuum produces a force of 2 × 10–7 N/m
between them.
(v) Kelvin : 1 K = 1/273.16 part of the thermodynamic temperature of triple point of water.
(vi) Mole : It is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary particles
(atoms, molecules, ions etc.) as there are atoms in 12g of carbon - 12.
 1  2
(vii) Candela : It is luminous intensity in a perpendicular direction of a surface of  m of a
 600000 
black body at the temperature of freezing point under a pressure of 1.013 × 105 N/m2.
(viii) Radian : It is the plane angle between two radiia of a circle which cut-off on the circumference,
an arc equal in length to the radius.
(ix) Steradian : The steradian is the solid angle which having its vertex at the centre of the sphere,
cut-off an area of the surface of sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the
radius of the sphere.


Ex.3 Find the SI unit of speed, acceleration

dis tan ce meter(m)
Sol. speed = = = m/s (called as meter per second)
time sec ond(s)
velocity displacement / time
acceleration = =
time time
displacement meter
= = = m/s2 (called as meter per second square)
( time) 2 sec ond2
4. S I PREFIXES
The magnitudes of physical quantities vary order a wide range. The CGPM recommended standard
prefixes for magnitude too large or too small to be expressed more compactly for certain power of 10.
Power of 10 Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Prefix Symbol

18 –1
10 exa E 10 deci d
15 –2
10 peta P 10 centi c
12 –3
10 tera T 10 milli m
9 –6
10 giga G 10 micro µ
6 –9
10 mega M 10 nano n
3 –12
10 kilo k 10 pico p
2 –15
10 hecto h 10 femto f
1 –18
10 deca da 10 atto a
5. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR USING SYMBOLS FOR SI UNITS, SOME OTHER UNITS, SOME
OTHER UNITS, AND SI PREFIXES
(a) Symbols for units of physical quantities are printed/written in Roman (upright type), and not in
italics
For example : 1 N is correct but 1 N is incorrect
(b) (i) Unit is never written with capital initial letter even if it is named after a scientist.
For example : SI unit of force is newton (correct) Newton (incorrect)
(ii) For a unit named after a scientist, the symbol is a capital letter.
But for other units, the symbol is NOT a capital letter.
For example :
force → newton (N)
energy → joule (J)
electric current → ampere (A)
temperature → kelvin (K)
frequency → hertz (Hz)
For example :
length → meter (m)
mass → kilogram (kg)
luminous intensity → candela (cd)
time → second (s)
Note : The single exception is L, for the unit litre.
(c) Symbols for units do not contain any final full stop all the end of recommended letter and remain
unaltered in the plural, using only singular form of the unit.


For example :
Quantity Correct Incorrect

25 c m
25 centim eters 25 cm
25 cm s.
(d) Use of solidus ( / ) is recommended only for indicating a division of one letter unit symbol by another unit
symbol. Not more than one solidus is used.
For example :
Correct Incorrect
2
m/s m/s/s
2
N s/m N s / m/ m
J/K mol J / K / mol
kg/m s kg / m / s
(e) Prefix symbols are printed in roman (upright) type without spacing between the prefix symbol and the
unit symbol. Thus certain approved prefixes written very close to the unit symbol are used to indicate
decimal fractions or multiples of a SI unit, when it is inconveniently small or large.
For example
megawatt 1 MW = 106 W
centimetre 1 cm = 10–2 m
kilometre 1 km = 103 m
millivolt 1 mV = 10–3 V
kilowatt-hour 1 kW h = 103 W h = 3.6 M J = 3.6 × 106 J
microampere 1 µ A = 1 0 –6 A
angstrom 1 Å = 0 .1nm = = 1 0
– 10
m
–9
nanosecond 1 ns = 10 s
picofarad 1 pF = 10–12 F
microsecond 1 µs = 1 0 – 6 s
gigahertz 1 GHz = 109 Hz

micron 1 µm = 1 0 –6 m
The unit 'fermi', equal to a femtometre or 10–15 m has been used as the convenient length unit in
nuclear studies.
(f) When a prefix is placed before the symbol of a unit, the combination of prefix and symbol is considered
as a new symbol, for the unit, which can be raised to a positive or negative power without using
brackets. These can be combined with other unit symbols to form compound unit.


For example :
cm3 (cm)3 = (0.01 m)3 = (10–2m)3 = 10–6 m3 0.01 m3 or 10–2 m3
mA2 (mA)2 = (0.001 A)2 = (10–3A)2 = 10–6 A2 0.001 A2
(g) A prefix is never used alone. It is always attached to a unit symbol and written or fixed before the unit
symbol.
For example :
103/m3 = 1000/m3 or 1000 m–3, but not k/m3 or k m–3.
(h) Prefix symbol is written very close to the unit symbol without spacing between them, while unit symbols
are written separately with spacing with units are multiplied together.
For example :

–1
1 ms 1 metre per second 1 milli per second
1 ms 1 millisecond 1 metre second
1Cm 1 coulomb metre 1 centimetre
1 cm 1 centimetre 1 coulomb metre
(i) The use of double profixes is avoided when single prefixes are available.
For example :

10–9 m 1 nm (nanometre) 1 mµ m (milli micrometre)
10–6 m 1µm (micron) 1 m m m (milli millimetre)
10–12 F 1 pF (picofarad) 1 µ µ F (micro microfarad)
109 F 1 GW (giga watt) 1 kM W (kilo megawatt)
(j) The use of a combination of unit and the symbols for unit is avoided when the physical quantity is
expressed by combining two or more units.
J/mol K Joule / mole K

joule per mole Kelvin or J mol–1 K–1 or J/mol Kelvin
or J/mole K
newton m second
newton metre second Nms or N m second
or N metre s
or newton metre s


5.1. Characteristics of base units or standards :

(A) Well defined (B) Accessibility (C) Invariability (D) Convenience in use
5.2 Some special types of units :

1. 1 Micron (1µ) = 10–4 cm = 10–6 m (length)
2. 1 Angstrom(1 Å) = 10–8 cm = 10–10m (length)
3. 1 fermi (1f) = 10–13 cm = 10–15 m (length)
4. 1 inch = 2.54 cm (length)
5. 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 km (length)
6. 1 atmosphere = 105 N/m2 = 76 torr = 76 mm of Hg pressure (pressure)
7. 1 litre = 10 m = 1000 cm
–3 3 3
(volume)
8. 1 carat = 0.0002 kg (weight)
9. 1 pound (Ib) = 0.4536 kg (weight)
6. DIMENSIONS
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the power to which the fundamental quantities must be raised to
represent the given physical quantity.
mass mass
For example, density = =
volume (length )3
or density = (mass) (length)–3 ...(i)
Thus, the dimensions of density are 1 in mass and –3 in length. The dimensions of all other fundamental
quantities are zero.
For convenience, the fundamental quantities are represented by one letter symbols. Generally mass is
denoted by M, length by L, time by T and electric current by A.
The thermodynamic temperature, the amount of substance and the luminous intensity are denoted by
the symbols of their units K, mol and cd respectively. The physical quantity that is expressed in terms
of the base quantities is enclosed in square brackets.
[sinθ] = [cosθ] = [tanθ] = [ex] = [M0L0T0]
7. DIMENSIONAL FORMULA
It is an expression which shows how and which of the fundalmental units are required to represent the
unit of physical quantity.
Different quantities with units. symbol and dimensional formula.
Quantity Symbol Formula S.I. Unit D.F.

Displacement s Metre or m M0LT0
Area A ×b (Metre)2 or m2 M0L2T0
Volume V ×b×h (Metre)3 or m3 M0L3T0
∆s
Velocity v v= m/s M0LT–1
∆t
Momentum p p = mv kgm/s MLT–1
∆v
Acceleration a a= m/s2 M0LT–2
∆t
Force F F = ma Newton or N MLT–2
Impulse - F × t N.sec MLT–1
Work W F.d N.m ML2T–2


1
Energy KE or U K.E. = mv 2 Joule or J ML2T–2
2
P.E. = mgh
W
Power P P= watt or W ML2T–3
t
Density d d = mass/volume kg/m3 ML–3T0
Pressure P P = F/A Pascal or Pa ML–1T–2
Torque τ τ=r×F N.m. ML2T–2
arc
Angular displacement θ θ= radian or rad M0L0T0
radius
θ
Angular velocity ω ω= rad/sec M0L0T–1
t
∆ω
Angular acceleration α α= rad/sec2 M0L0T–2
∆t
Moment of Inertia I I = mr2 kg-m2 ML2T0
1
Frequency v or f f= hertz or Hz M0L0T–1
T
Stress - F/A N/m2 ML–1T–2
∆ ∆A ∆V
Strain - ; ; - M0L0T0
A V
F/A
Youngs modulus Y Y= N/m2 ML–1T–2
∆ /
(Bulk modulus of rigidity)
F W N J
Surface tension T or ; ML0T–2
A m m2
Force constant (spring) k F = kx N/m ML0T–2
 dv 
Coefficient of viscosity η F = η A kg/ms(poise in C.G.S.) ML–1T–1
 dx 
Gm1 m 2 N − m2
Gravitation constant G F= M–1L3T–2
r2 kg 2
PE J
Gravitational potential Vg Vg = M0L2T–2
m kg
Temperature θ - Kelvin or K M0L0T0θ+1
Heat Q Q = m × S × ∆t Joule or Calorie ML2T–2
Joule
Specific heat S Q = m × S × ∆t kg .Kelvin M0L2T–2θ–1
Joule
Latent heat L Q = mL kg M0L2T–2
KA( θ1 − θ2 )t Joule
Coefficient of thermal K Q= MLT–3θ–1
d m sec K
conductivity


Joule
Universal gas constant R PV = nRT ML2T–2θ–1
mol.K
Mechanical equivalent J W = JH - M0L0T0
of heat
Q
Charge Q or q I= Coulomb or C M0L0TA
t
Current I - Ampere or A M0L0T0A
1 q1q2 (coul.)2 C2
Electric permittivity ε0 ε0 = . or M–1L–3T4A2
4πF r 2 N.m 2 N − m2
∆W
Electric potential V V= Joule/coul ML2T–3A–1
q
F
Intensity of electric field E E= N/coul. MLT–3A–1
q
Capacitance C Q = CV Farad M–1L–2T4A2
ε
Dielectric constant εr εr = - M0L0T0
ε0
or relative permittivity
Resistance R V = IR Ohm ML2T–3A–2
1
Conductance S S= Mho M–1L–2T–3A2
R
RA
Specific resistance ρ ρ= Ohm × meter ML3T–3A–2

or resistivity
1
Conductivity or s σ= Mho/meter M–1L–3T3A2
ρ
specific conductance
Magnetic induction B F = qvBsinθ Tesla or weber/m2 MT–2A–1
or F = BIL
dφ
Magnetic flux φ e= Weber ML2T–2A–1
dt
Magnetic intensity H B=µH A/m M0L–1T0A
µ 0 Idl sin θ N
Magnetic permeability µ0 B= MLT–2A–2
4π r 2 amp 2
of free space or medium
dI
Coefficient of self or L e = L. Henery ML2T–2A–2
dt
Mutual inductance
Electric dipole moment p p = q × 2 C.m. M0LTA
Magnetic dipole moment M M = NIA amp.m2 M0L2AT0


8. USE OF DIMENSIONS
Theory of dimensions have following main uses :

8.1 Conversion of units :
This is based on the fact that the product of the numerical value (n) and its corresponding unit (u) is a
constant, i.e.,
n[u] = constant
or n1[u1] = n2 [u2]
Suppose the dimensions of a physical quantity are a in mass, b in length and c in time. If the fundamental
units in one system are M1, L1 and T1 and in the other system are M2, L2 and T2 respectively. Then we
can write.
n1[M1a Lb1 T1c ] = n 2 [Ma2 Lb2 T2c ] ...(i)
Here n1 and n2 are the numerical values in two system of units respectively. Using Eq. (i), we can
convert the numerical value of a physical quantity from one system of units into the other system.
Ex.4 The value of gravitation constant is G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2 in SI units. Convert it into CGS
system of units.
Sol. The dimensional formula of G is [M–1 L3 T–2].
Using equation number (i), i.e.,
n1[M1–1 L31 T1–2 ] = n 2 [M2–1 L32 T2–2 ]
–1 3 –2
M  L   T 
n 2 = n1  1   1   1 
 M2   L 2   T2 
Here, n1 = 6.67 × 10–11
M1 = 1 kg, M2 = 1 g = 10–3 kg L1 = 1 m, L2 = 1cm = 10–2 m, T1 = T2 = 1s
Substituting in the above equation, we get
–1 3 –2
 1kg   1m  1s 
n2 = 6.67 × 10 –11  –3   – 2   
 10 kg  10 m  1s 
or n2 = 6.67 × 10–8
Thus, value of G in CGS system of units is 6.67 × 10–8 dyne cm2/g2.
8.2 To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical equation :
Every physical equation should be dimensionally balanced. This is called the 'Principle of Homogeneity'.
The dimensions of each term on both sides of an equation must be the same. On this basis we can
judge whether a given equation is correct or not. But a dimensionally correct equation may or may not
be physically correct.
Ex.5 Show that the expression of the time period T of a simple pendulum of length l given by T =
l
2π is dimensionally correct.
g
l
Sol. T = 2π
g
[L]
Dimensionally [T ] = = [T ]
[LT – 2 ]
As in the above equation, the dimensions of both sides are same. The given formula is dimensionally
correct.


8.3 Principle of Homogeneity of Dimensions.

This principle states that the dimensions of all the terms in a physical expression should be same. For
1 2 1
example, in the physical expression s = ut + at , the dimensions of s, ut and at2 all are same.
2 2
Note : The physical quantities separated by the symbols +, –, =, >, < etc., have the same dimensions.
c
Ex.6 The velocity v of a particle depends upon the time t according to the equation v = a + bt + .
d+ t
Write the dimensions of a, b, c and d.
Sol. From principle of homogeneity
[a] = [v]
or [a] = [LT–1] Ans.
[bt] = [v]
[v ] [LT –1]
or [b] = =
[ t] [T ]
or [b] = [LT–2]
Similarly, [d] = [t] = [T] Ans.
[c ]
Further, = [v ]
[d + t ]
or [c] = [v] [d + t]
or [c] = [LT–1] [T]
or [c] = [L] Ans.
8.4 To establish the relation among various physical quantities :

If we know the factors on which a given physical quantity may depend, we can find a formula relating
the quantity with those factors. Let us take an example.
Ex.7 The frequency (f) of a stretched string depends upon the tension F (dimensions of force), length
l of the string and the mass per unit length µ of string. Derive the formula for frequency.
Sol. Suppose, that the frequency f depends on the tension raised to the power a, length raised to the power
b and mass per unit length raised to the power c. Then.
f ∝ [F]a [l ]b [µ]c
or f = k [F]a [l ]b [µ]c
Here, k is a dimensionless constant. Thus,
[f ] = [F]0 [l]b [µ]c
or [M0 L0 T–1] = [MLT–2]a [L]b [ML–1]c
or [M0L0T–1] = [Ma + c La + b – c T–2a]
For dimensional balance, the dimension on both sides should be same.
Thus, a+c=0 ...(ii)
a+b–c=0 ...(iii)
and – 2a = – 1 ...(iv)


Solving these three equations, we get
1 1
a= , c=– and b = – 1
2 2
Substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get
f = k(F)1/ 2 (l ) –1(µ ) –1/ 2
k F
or f =
l µ
1
Experimentally, the value of k is found to be
2
1 F
Hence, f =
2l µ
8.5 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

The method of dimensions has the following limitations :
(i) By this method the value of dimensionless constant can not be calculated.
(ii) By this method the equation containing trigonometrical, exponential and logarithmic terms cannot be
analysed.
(iii) If a physical quantity depends on more than three factors, then relation among them cannot be
established because we can have only three equations by equalising the powers of M, L and T.


BASIC MATHEMATICS
9. MENSURATION FORMULAS :
r : radius ; d = diameter ;
V = Volume S.A = surface area
(a) Circle
1 2
Perameter : 2πr = πd, Area : πr2 = πd
4
(b) Sphere
4 3 1
Surface area = 4πr2 = πd2 , Volume = πr = πd3
3 6
(c) Spherical Shell (Hollow sphere)
Surface area = 4πr2 = πd2
Volume of material used = (4πr2)(dr), dr = thickness
(d) Cylinder
Lateral area = 2πrh
V = πr2h
Total area = 2πrh + 2πr2 = 2πr (h + r)
(e) Cone
Lateral area = πr r 2 + h2 h = height
 2 2  1 2
Total area = π r  r + h + r  V = πr h
  3
(f) Ellipse
a2 + b2
Circumference ≈ 2π
2
b
area = πab
a = semi major axis a
b = semi minor axis
(g) Parallelogram a
h
A = bh = ab sin θ θ
a = side ; h = height ; b = base b
θ = angle between sides a and b b
(h) Trapezoid
h
h
area = (a + b)
2 a
a and b parallel sides
(i) Triangle h = height
bh ab
area = = sin γ = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c ) α
2 2 c
b
a, b, c sides are opposite to angles α, β , γ
b = base ; h = height γ β
a
1
s= (a + b + c )
2


(j) Rectangular container h

lateral area = 2(b + bh + h )
V = bh b

side , b, h
Mathematics is the language of physics. It becomes easier to describe, understand and apply the
physical principles, if one has a good knowledge of mathematics.
10. LOGARITHMS :
(i) e ≈ 2.7183 (ii) If ex = y, then x = loge y = ln y (iii) If 10x = y, then x = log10y

(iv) log10y = 0.4343 loge y = 2.303 log10 y (v) log (ab) = log (a) + log (b)
a
(vi) log  = log (a) – log (b) (vii) log an = n log (a)
b
11. TRIGONOMETRIC PROPERTIES :
(i) Measurement of angle & relationship between degrees & radian

In navigation and astronomy, angles are measured in degrees, but in calculus it is best to use units
called radians because of they simplify later calculations.
Let ACB be a central angle in circle of radius r, as in figure. B
Then the angle ACB or θ is defined in radius as -
θ
A
Arc length AB r
θ= ⇒ θ= C
Radius r
If r = 1 then θ = AB
The radian measure for a circle of unit radius of angle ABC is defined to be the length of the circular
arc AB. since the circumference of the cirlce is 2π and one complete revolution of a cicle is 360°, the
relation between radians and degrees is given by the following equation.
π radians = 180°
ANGLE CONVERSION FORMULAS
π π
1 degree = (≈ 0.02) radian Degrees to radians : multiply by
180° 180°
180°
1 radian ≈ 57 degrees Radians to degrees : multiply by
π
π π
Ex.15 Covert 45° to radians : 45 • = rad
180 4
π π 180
Convert rad to degrees : • = 30°
6 6 π
Ex.16 Convert 30º to radians :
π π
Sol. 30 º× = rad
180 º 6


π
Ex.17 Convert rad to degrees.
3
π 180
Sol. × = 60
3 π
Standard values
π π π
(1) 30° = rad (2) 45° = rad (3) 60° = rad
6 4 3
π 2π 3π
(4) 90° = rad (5) 120° = rad (6) 135° = rad
2 3 4
5π
(7) 150° = rad (8) 180° = π rad (9) 360° = 2π rad
6
(Check these values yourself to see that the satisfy the conversion formulaes)
(ii) Measurement of positive & Negative Angles :

y
x
Positive Negative
measure Measure
x
An angle in the xy-plane is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at the origin and its initial ray
lies along the positive x-axis (Fig). Angles measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis are
assigned positive measures; angles measured clockwise are assigned negative measures.
y y y y
5π
–
2
x x x x
3π 3π
9π –
4
4
(iii) Six Basic Trigonometric Functions :

y
P(x,y)
se
nu
r
te
oppsite
y
po
hy
side
θ x
O adjacent side
P(x,y)
The trigonometric fucntion of a general angle θ are defined in tems of x, y and r.


opp y hyp r
Sine : sin θ = = Cosecant : cos ecθ = opp = y
hyp r
adj x hyp r
Cosine: cos θ = = Secant : sec θ = =
hyp r adj x
opp y adj x
Tangent: tan θ = adj = x Cotangent: cot θ = opp = y
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
If the circle in (Fig. above) has radius r = 1, the equations defining sin θ and cos θ become
cosθ = x, sinθ = y
We can then calculate the values of the cosine and sine directly from the coordinates of P.
Ex.18 Find the six trigonometric ratios from given fig. (see above)
5
opp 4 adj 3 4
Sol. sinθ = hyp = 5 cosθ = hyp = 5
θ
opp 4 adj 3 3
tanθ = adj = 3 cot θ = =
opp 4
hyp 5 hyp 5
sec θ = = cosec θ = =
opp 3 opp 4
Ex.19 Find the sine and cosine of angle θ shown in the unit circle if coordinate of point p are as shown.
 
y
 – 1, 3 
 2 2 
 
3
2
1 θ
Sol. 1 x
2
1 3
cos θ = x-coordinate of P = – sin θ = y-coordinate of P =
2 2
12. Values of sin θ, cos θ and tan θ for some standard angles.
Degree 0 30 37 45 53 60 90 120 135 180
Radians 0 π/6 37π / 180 π/ 4 53π / 180 π/3 π/2 2π / 3 3π / 4 π
sin θ 0 1/2 3/5 1/ 2 4/5 3 /2 1 3 /2 1/ 2 0
cos θ 1 3 /2 4/5 1/ 2 3/5 1/2 0 –1/2 – 1/ 2 –1
tan θ 0 1/ 3 3/4 1 4/3 3 ∞ – 3 –1 0


A useful rule for remembering when the basic trigonometric funcions are positive and negative is the
CAST rule. If you are not very enthusiastic about CAST. You can remember it as ASTC (After school to
college)
y
nd nd
II Quadrant I Quadrant
S A
sin positive all positive
T C
Tan positive cos positive
IIInd Quadrant IVnd Quadrant
The CAST rule

RULES FOR FINDING TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 90°.
Step 1 → Identify the quadrant in which angle lies.
Step 2 → (a) If angle = (nπ ± θ) where n is an integer. Then
 π 
(b) If angle = ( 2n + 1) + θ where n is in interger. Then
 2 
 π 
trigonometric function of ( 2n + 1) ± θ = complimentry trignometric function of θ and
 2 
sign will be decided by CAST Rule.
Ex.20 Evaluate sin 120°
3
Sol. sin 120° = sin (90° + 30°) = cos 30° =
2
3
Aliter sin 120° = sin (180° – 60°) = sin 60° =
2
Ex.21 Evaluate cos 210°
3
Sol. cos 210° = cos (180° + 30°) = – cos 30° = –
2
1
Ex.22 tan 210° = tan (180° + 30°) = tan 30° = +
3
13. IMPORTANT FORMULAS
(i) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 (ii) 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ

(iii) 1 + cot θ = cosec θ
2 2
(iv) sin2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
(v) cos 2θ = 2 cos2θ – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2θ = cos2θ – sin2θ
(vi) sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B (vii) cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
C+D C–D C–D C+D

(viii) sin C + sin D = 2 sin  cos  (ix) sinC – sin D = 2 sin  cos 
 2   2   2   2 
C+D C–D D–C C+D

(x) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos (xi) cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
2 tan θ tan A ± tan B
(xii) tan 2θ = 2 (xiii) tan(A ± B) = 1 ∓ tan A tan B
1 – tan θ


(xiv) sin(90° + θ) = cos θ (xv) cos (90° + θ) = – sin θ

(xvi) tan (90° + θ) = – cot θ (xvii) sin(90° – θ) = cos θ
(xviii) cos(90° – θ) = sinθ (xix) cos (180° – θ) = – cos θ
(xx) sin(180° – θ) = sin θ (xxi) cos (180° + θ) = – cos θ
(xxii) tan (180° + θ) = tan θ (xxiii) sin(– θ) = – sin θ
(xxiv) cos (–θ) = cos θ (xxv) tan (–θ) = – tan θ
sin A sin B sin C

• Sine Rule = = B
a b c
c a
• Cosine rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
A C
b
4 3
90°
Ex.23 37° 53°
x
Find x :
sin 90° sin 53°
. =
x 4
S o l
x= 5
14. SMALL ANGLE APPROXIMATION
It is a useful simplification which is only approximately true for finite angles. It involves linerarization of
the trigonometric functions so that, when the angle θ is measured in radians.
sin θ ~ θ
θ2
cosθ ~ 1 or cos θ ~ 1 – for the second - order approximation
2
tan θ ~ θ
Geometric justification
tan Object
tan
arc arc
D
θ θ
d
Small angle approximation. The value of the small angle X in radians is
approximately equal to its tangent.
• When one angle of a right triangle is small, is hypotenuse in approximately equal in length to the leg
adjacent
to the small angle, so the cosine is approximately 1.
• The short leg is approximately equal to the arc from the long leg to the hypotenuse, so the sine and
tangent are
both approximated by the value of the angle in radians.


15. BINOMIAL THEOREM :
n(n – 1)x 2
(1 ± x)n = 1 ± nx + ...........
2!
n(n + 1) 2
(1 ± x)–n = 1 ∓ nx + x .........
2!
If x << 1 ; then
(1 ± x)n = 1 ± nx (neglecting higher terms)
(1 ± x)–n = 1 ± (–n)x = 1 ∓ nx
(1 + x)2 = 1 + 2x+ x2
(1 + x)3 = 1 + 3x + x3 – 3x2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx ..............
if x << 1
Note : (1) When n is a positive integer, then expansion will have (n + 1) terms
(2) When n is a negative integer, expansion will have infinite terms.
(3) When n is a fraction expansion will have infinite terms.
Ex. 24 Calculate (1001)1/3.
 1 
Sol. We can write 1001 as : 1001 = 1000 1 +  , so that we have
e
 1000 
1/ 3 1/ 3
1/ 3   1   1 
(1001) = 10001 +  = 10 1 + 
  1000   1000 
1
= 10(1 + 0.001)1/ 3 = 10(1 + × 0.001)
3
= 10.003333
Ex.25 Expand (1+x)–3.
( −3)( −3 − 1)x 2 ( −3)( −3 − 1)( −3 − 2) 3

Sol. (1 + x ) −3 = 1 + ( −3)x + + x +
2! 3!
12 2 60 3
= 1 − 3x + x − x + .......
2 3×2
= 1 − 3 x + 6 x 2 − 10 x 3 + .......
16. GRAPHS :
Following graphs and their corresponding equations are frequently used in Physics.
(i) y = mx, represents a straight line passing through origin. Here, m = tan θ is also called the slope of
line, where θ is the angle which the line makes with positive x-axis, when drawn in anticlockwise
direction from the positive x-axis towards the line.


y y
θ θ
x x
(i) (ii)
The two possible cases are shown in figure 1.1 (i) θ < 90°. Therefore, tan θ or slope of line is positive.
In fig. 1.1 (ii), 90° < θ < 180°. Therefore, tan θ or slope of line is negative.
1
Note : That y = mx of y ∝ x also means that value of y becomes 2 time if x is doubled. Or it becomes th if x
4
x
becomes , and c the intercept on y-axis.
4
y y
c=+ve c=+ve θ θ
θ x x
x
c=–ve
(i) (ii) (iii)
In figure (i) : slope and intercept both are positive.

In figure (ii) : slope is negative but intercept is positive and
In figure (iii) : slope is positive but intercept is negative.
Note : That in y = mx + c, y does not become two times if x is doubled
Ex.26 v = u + at
t
.
Ex.27 P = mv
p
O v
Ex.28 Draw the graph for the equation : 2y = 3x + 2

3 (0,1)
Sol. 2y = 3x + 2 ⇒ y = x + 1 3
2 tanθ =
3 θ 2
m= > 0 ⇒ θ < 90°
2
c = +1 > 0
⇒ The line will pass through (0, 1)


Ex.29 Draw the graph for the equation : 2y + 4x + 2 = 0 tanθ = –2

Sol. 2y + 4x + 2 = 0 ⇒ y = – 2x – 1 θ
m = – 2 < 0 i.e., θ > 90°
c = – 1 i.e.,
line will pass through (0, –1) (0,–1)
: (i) If c = 0 line will pass through origin.

(ii) y = c will be a line parallel to x axis.
(0,c)
(0,0)
(iii) x = c will be a line perpendicular to y axis
(c,0)
(0,0)
(ii) Parabola
A general quadratic equation represents a parabola.
y = ax2 + bx + c a≠0
if a > 0 ; It will be a opening upwards parabola.
if a < 0 ; It will be a opening downwards parabola.
if c = 0 ; It will pass through origin.
y ∝ x2 or y = 2x2, etc. represents a parabola passing through origin as shown in figure shown.
y y
x ∝ y2
y ∝ x2
x x
2
k = 1/2mv
(i) (ii)
1
e.g. y = 4 x2 + 3x e.g. k= mv2
2
y=4x2+3x
v
2
y=–4x +3x
Note : That in the parabola y = 2x2 or y ∝ x2, if x is doubled, y will beome four times.
Graph x ∝ y2 or x = 4 y2 is again a parabola passing through origin as shown in figure shown. In this cae
if y is doubled, x will become four times.
y = x2 + 4 or x = y2 – 6 will represent a parabola but not passing through origin. In the first equation
(y = x2 + 4), if x doubled, y will not become four times.


17. SIMILAR TRIANGLE

Two given triangle are said to be similar if
(1) All respective angle are same
or
(2) All respective side ratio are same.
P
A
B C Q R
As example, ABC, PQR are two triangle as shown in figure.
If they are similar triangle then
(1) ∠A=∠P
∠B=∠Q
∠C=∠R
OR
AB BC AC
(2) = =
PQ QR PR
A
P
5
3
Ex.30 O
B Q x
6
Find x :
Sol. By similar triangle concept
AB OB
=
PQ OQ
5 6 18
= ⇒ x=
3 x 5


Exercise - I (ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT)

SECTION A : UNITS
1. Which of the following sets cannot enter into the 5. Which of the following is not the unit of time
list of fundamental quantities in any system of units ? (A) solar day (B) parallactic second
(A) length, mass and velocity (C) leap year (D) lunar month
(B) length, time and velocity Sol.
(C) mass, time and velocity
(D) length, time and mass
Sol.
6. Which of the following system of units is NOT based

on the unit of mass, length and time alone
2. Which of the following is not the name of a physical (A) FPS (B) SI
quantity ? (C) CGS (D) MKS
(A) kilogram (B) impulse Sol.
(C) energy (D) density
Sol.
7. The SI unit of the universal gravitational constant

3. Light year is the unit of G is
(A) speed (B) mass (A) Nm kg–2 (B) Nm2kg–2
(C) distance (D) time (C) Nm2 kg–1 (D) Nmkg–1
Sol. Sol.
4. PARSEC is a unit of
(A) Time (B) Angle
(C) Distance (D) Velocity 8. The SI unit of the universal gas constant R is :
Sol. (A) erg K–1 mol–1 (B) watt K–1 mol–1
–1
(C) newton K mol –1
(D) joule K–1 mol–1
Sol.


9. The unit of impulse is the same as that of : 13. One watt-hour is equivalent to
(A) moment force (A) 6.3 × 103 Joule (B) 6.3 × 10–7 Joule
(B) linear momentum (C) 3.6 × 103 Joule (D) 3.6 × 10–3 Joule
(C) rate of change of linear momentum Sol.
(D) force
Sol.
10. Which of the following is not the unit of energy? SECTION : B DIMENSIONS
(A) watt-hour (B) electron-volt 14. What are the dimensions of lenth in force ×
(C) N × m (D) kg × m/sec2 displacement/time
Sol. (A) –2 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) none of these
Sol.
11. A physical quantity is measured and the result is

expressed as nu where u is the unit used and n is the
numerical value. If the result is expressed in various
units then 15. The angular frequency is measured in rad s–1. Its
(A) n ∝ size of u (B) n ∝ u2 dimension in length are :
(C) n ∝ √u (D) n ∝ 1/u (A) – 2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 2
Sol. Sol.
12. If the unit of length is micrometer and the unit of 16. A dimensionless quantity :
time is microsecond, the unit of velcoity will be : (A) never has a unit (B) always has a unit
(A) 100 m/s (B) 10 m/s (C) may have a unit (D) does not exit
(C) micrometers (D) m/s Sol.
Sol.


17. A unitless quantity : Sol.

(A) never has a nonzero dimension
(B) always has a nonzero dimension
(C) may have a nonzero dimension
(D) does not exit
Sol.
21. The dimensions of universal gravitational constant

are
18. If a and b are two physical quantities having (A) M–1 L3 T–2 (B) M–1 L3 T–1
different dimensions then which of the following can –1 –1
(C) M L T –2
(D) M–2 L2 T–2
denote a new physical quantity Sol.
(A) a + b (B) a – b
(C) a/b (D) ea/b (E) sin (a/b)
Sol.
22. The SI unit of Stefan's constant is :

(A) Ws–1 m–2 K–4 (B) J s m–1 K–1
–1 –2
(C) J s m K –1
(D) W m–2 K–4
19. Two physical quantities whose dimensions are not Sol.
same, cannot be :
(A) multiplied with each other
(B) divided
(C) added or substracted in the same expression
(D) added together
Sol.
23. What are the dimensions of Boltzmann's constant?

(A) MLT–2K–1 (B) ML2T–2K–1
0
(C) M LT –2
(D) M0L2T–2K–1
Sol.
20. Choose the correct statement(s) :

(A) All quantities may be represented dimensionally in
terms of the base quantities.
(B) A base q uant i t y cannot b e re pres ente d
dimensionally in terms of the rest of the base
quantities.
(C) The dimension of a base quantity in other base
quantities is always zero.
(D) The dimension of a derived quantity is never zero
in any base quantity.


24. Planck's constant has the dimensions of :

(A) force (B) energy
(C) linear momentum (D) angular momentum
Sol.
27. The time dependence of a physical quantity ?

P = P0exp(–α t2)
where α is a constant and t is time
The constant α
25. The velocity 'v' (in cm/s) of a particle is given in (A) will be dimensionless
terms of time 't' (in s) by the equation (B) will have dimensions of T–2
(C) will have dimensions as that of P
b
v = at + (D) will have dimensions equal to the dimension of P
t+c multiplied by T–2
The dimensions of a, b and c are Sol.
a b c a b c
(A) L2 T LT2 (B) LT2 LT L
(C) LT–2 L T (D) L LT T2
Sol.
28. Force F is given in terms of time t and distance x

by
F = A sin C t + B cos D x
A C
Then the dimensions of and are given by
B D
–2 0 0 –1
(A) MLT , M L T (B) MLT , M0L–1T0
–2
0 0 0 0 1 –1
(C) M L T , M L T (D) M0L1T–1, M0L0T0
Sol.
26. The position of a particle at time 't' is given by
the relation
V0
x(t) = [1 – e – αt ]
α
where V0 is a constant and α > 0. The dimensions of
V0 and α are respectively.
(A) M0L1T0 and T–1 (B) M0L1T0 and T–2
(C) M0L1T–1 and T–1 (D) M0L1T–1 and T–2
Sol.


29. The Van der Waal equation for 1 mole of a real gas
is
 a 
 P + 2  ( V – b) = RT
 V 
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, T is the 33. Which pair of following quantities has dimensions
absolute temperature, R is the molar gas constant different from each other.
and a, b are Van dar Waal constants. The dimensions (A) Impulse and linear momentum
of a are the same as those of (B) Plank's constant and angular momentum
(A) PV (B) PV2 (C) P2V (D) P/V (C) Moment of inertia and moment of force
Sol. (D) Young's modulus and pressure
Sol.
30. In above question 29, the dimensions of b are the 34. A pair of physical quantities having the same
same as those of dimensional formula is :
(A) P (B) V (C) PV (D) nRT (A) angular momentum and torque
Sol. (B) torque and energy
(C) force and power
(D) power and angular momentum
Sol.
31. In above question 29, the dimensions of nRT are

the same as those of
(A) energy (B) force
(C) pressure (D) specific heat
Sol.
35. If force (F) is given by F = Pt–1 + α t, where t is
time. The unit of P is same as that of
(A) velocity (B) displacement
(C) acceleration (D) momentum
Sol.
32. In above question 29, the dimensional formula for

ab is
(A) ML2T–2 (B) ML4T–2 (C) ML6T–2 (D) ML8T–2
Sol.


36. The product of energy and time is called action. b

The dimensional formula for action is same as that for 39. In the above question dimensions of are the
c
(A) power (B) angular energy same as those of
(C) force × velocity (D) impulse × distance (A) wave velocity (B) wavelength
Sol. (C) wave amplitude (D) wave frequency
Sol.
40. What is the physical quantity whose dimensions

are M L2 T–2 ?
(A) kinetic energy (B) pressure
37. Dimensions of pressure are the same as that of (C) momentum (D) power
(A) force per unit volume Sol.
(B) energy per unit volume
(C) force
(D) energy
Sol.
41. Which one of the following has the dimensions of

ML–1T–2 ?
(A) torque (B) surface tension
(C) viscosity (D) stress
Sol.
38. When a wave traverses a medium, the displacement

of a particle located at x at time t is given by
y = a sin (bt – cx)
where a, b and c are constants of the wave. The
dimensions of b are the same as those of
(A) wave velocity (B) amplitude
42. If force, acceleration and time are taken as
(C) wavelength (D) wave frequency
fundamental quantities, then the dimensions of length
Sol.
will be :
(A) FT2 (B) F–1 A2 T–1 (C) FA2T (D) AT2
Sol.


43. The dimensions ML–1T–2 can correspond to

(A) moment of a force or torque
(B) surface tension
(C) pressure
(D) co-efficient of viscosity
(useful relation are τ = r × F , S = F/l, F = 6 π η r v,,

where symbols have usual meaning)
Sol. 47. In a certain system of units, 1 unit of time is 5
sec, 1 unit of mass is 20 kg and unit of length is 10m.
In this system, one unit of power will correspond to
(A) 16 watts (B) 1/16 watts
(C) 25 watts (D) none of these
Sol.
44. Which of the following can be a set of fundamental

quantities
(A) length, velocity, time
(B) momentum, mass, velocity
(C) force, mass, velocity 48. In a book, the answer for a particular question is
(D) momentum, time, frequency
Sol. ma  2kl 
expressed as b =  1+  here m represents
k  ma 
mass, a represents accelerations, l represents length.
The unit of b should be
(A) m/s (B) m/s2 (C) meter (D) /sec
Sol.
45. If area (A) velocity (v) and density (ρ) are base
units, then the dimensional formula of force can be
represented as
(A) Avρ (B) Av2ρ (C) Avρ2 (D) A2vρ
Sol. 49. ρ = 2 g/cm3 convert it into MKS system -
kg kg
(A) 2 × 10–3 3 (B) 2 × 103 3
m m
kg kg
(C) 4 × 103 3 (D) 2 × 106 3
m m
Sol.
46. The pressure of 106 dyne/cm2 is equivalent to

(A) 105 N/m2 (B) 106 N/m2
7
(C) 10 N/m 2
(D) 108 N/m2
Sol.


F Sol.
50. α = sin(βt) (here V = velocity, F = force, t =
V2
time) : Find the dimension of α and β -
(A) α = [M1L1T0], β = [T–1]
(B) α = [M1L1T–1], β = [T1]
(C) α = [M1L1T–1], β = [T–1]
(D) α = [M1L–1T0], β = [T–1]
Sol.
54. The velocity of water waves may dpend on their

wavelength λ , the density of water ρ and the
acceleration due to gravity g. The method of
dimensions gives the relation between these quantities
as
(A) v2 = kλ–1 g–1 ρ–1
(B) v2 = k g λ
51. Given that v is the speed, r is radius and g is (C) v2 = k g λ ρ
acceleration due to gravity. Which of the following is (D) v2 = k λ3 g–1 ρ–1 where k i s a di mensi onl e ss
dimension less constant
Sol.
v 2g v2
(A) (B) v2rg (C) vr2g (D)
r rg
Sol.
52. If E, M, J and G denote energy, mass, angular

momentum and gravitational constant respectively,
EJ2
then has the dimensions of 55. If the unit of force is 1 kilonewton, the length is 1
M5 G2 km and time is 100 second, what will be the unit of
(A) length (B) angle (C) mass (D) time mass :
Sol. (A) 1000 kg (B) 10 kg
(C) 10000 kg (D) 100 kg
Sol.
53. The dimensions ML–1T–2 may correspond to

(A) work done by a force (B) linear momentum
(C) pressure (D) energy per unit volume


56. A body moving through air at a high speed 'v' 59. The value of G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 (kg)–2. Its
experiences a retarding force 'F' given by F = K A d vx numerical value in CGS system will be :
where 'A' is the surface area of the body, 'd' is the (A) 6.67 × 10–8 (B) 6.67 × 10–6
density of air and 'K' is a numerical constant. The value (C) 6.67 (D) 6.67 × 10–5
of 'x' is : Sol.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Sol.
60. The density of mercury is 13600 kg m–3. Its value

57. The velocity of a freely falling body changes as g p
of CGS system will be :
hq where g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the (A) 13.6 g cm–3 (B) 1360 g cm–3
height. The values of p and q are : (C) 136 g cm –3
(D) 1.36 g cm–3
Sol.
1 1 1
(A) 1, (B) ,
2 2 2
1
(C) ,1 (D) 1, 1
2
Sol.
61. If the acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms–2 and

the units of length and time are changed to kilometre
and hour, respectively, the numerical value of the
acceleration is :
(A) 360000 (B) 72000
(C) 36000 (D) 129600
Sol.
58. Choose the correct statement(s) :
(A) A dimensionally correct equation must be correct.
(B) A dimensionally correct equation may be correct.
(C) A dimensionally incorrect equation may be correct.
(D) A dimensionally incorrect equation may be
incorrect.
Sol.


62. If 'c' the velocity of light 'g' the acceleration due

to gravity and 'P" the atmospheric pressure are
fundamental units, then the dimensions of length will
be
(A) c/g (B) P × c × g (C) c/P (D) c2/g
Sol. 65. If the units of M, L are doubled then the unit of
kinetic energy will become
(A) 2 times (B) 4 times
(C) 8 times (D) 16 times
Sol.
63. The units of length, velocity and force are doubled.

Which of the following is the correct change in the
other units ? BASIC MATHEMATICS
(A) unit of time is doubled 66. The radius of two circles are r and 4r what will be
(B) unit of mass is doubled the ratio of their Area and perimeter.
(C) unit of momentum is doubled Sol.
(D) unit of energy is doubled
Sol.
67. Internal radius of a ball is 3 cm and external radius

is 4 cm. What will be the volume of the material used.
Sol.
64. If the units of force and that of length are doubled,

the unit of energy will be :
(A) 1/4 times (B) 1/2 times
(C) 2 times (D) 4 times
Sol.
68. Binomial
(a) (99)1/2 (b) (120)1/2 (c) (126)1/3
Sol.


4
x 2
71. Find x and y :

y
69. A normal human eye can see an object making an
2
angle of 1.8° at the eye. What is the approximate
height of object which can be seen by an eye placed 3
at a distance of 1 m from the eye. Sol.
h
1.8°
1m
Sol.
70. Draw graph for following equations :

(i) v = v0 – at (ii) x = 4t – 3
(iii) x = 4 at2 (iv) v = – gt
Sol.


Exercise - II
1*. Which of the following is not the unit length : 4. The equation of state for a real gas at high
(A) micron (B) light year nRT a
(C) angstrom (D) radian temperature is given by P = − 1/ 2 where
V − b T V( V + b)
Sol.
n, P V & T are number of moles, pressure, volume &
temperature respectively & R is the universal gas
constant. Find the dimensions of constant ‘a’ in the
above equation.
Sol.
2. A particle is in a uni-directional potential field where

the potential energy (U) of a particle depends on the
x-coordinate given by Ux = k(1 – cos ax) & k and ‘a’
are constants. Find the physical dimensions of ‘a’ & k.
Sol.
5. The distance moved by a particle in time t from
centre of a ring under the influence of its gravity is
given by x = a sinωt where a & ω are constants. If ω is
found to depend on the radius of the ring (r), its mass
(m) and universal gravitational constant (G), find using
dimensional analysis an expression for ω in terms of r, m
and G.
Sol.
3. The time period (T) of a spring mass system

depends upon mass (m) & spring constant (k) & length
Force
of the spring (l) [k = ] . Find the relation among,
length
(T), (m), (l) & (k) using dimensional method.
Sol.
6. If the velocity of light c, Gravitational constant G &

Plank’s constant h be chosen as fundamental units,
find the dimension of mass, length & time in the new
system.
Sol.


7. A satellite is orbiting around a planet. Its orbital

velocity (v0) is found to depend upon
(a) Radius of orbit (R)
(b) Mass of planet (M)
(c) Universal gravitation constant (G) 10. Use the small angle approximations to find
Using dimensional analysis find an expression relating approximate values for
orbital velocity (v0) to the above physical quantities.
Sol. (a) sin 8° and (b) tan 5°
Sol.
8. The angle subtended by the moon's diameter at a

point on the earth is about 0.50°. Use this and the
act that the moon is about 384000 km away to find
the approximate diameter of the moon.
θ D
rm
(A) 192000 km (B) 3350 km

(C) 1600 km (D) 1920 km
Sol.
9. Use the approximation (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx, |x| << 1,

to find approximate value for
1
(a) 99 (b)
1.01
Sol.


Exercise - III (JEE QUESTIONS)

Note : (*) means not for speed batch 3*. Which of the following pairs have same dimensions :
1*. The pairs of physical quantities that have the (A) Torque and work
same dimensions are : (B) Angular momentum and work
(A) Raynolds number and coefficient of friction (C) Energy and young's modulus
(B) Latent heat and gravitational potential (D) Light year and wavelength [JEE-1996' 2/100]
(C) curie and frequency of light wave Sol.
(D) Planck's constant and torque
[JEE - 1995'2/100]
Sol.
4*. The SI unit of inductance, the henry can be written

as : [JEE-1998' 2/200]
2*. In the formula X = 3YZ2, X and Z have dimensions (A) weber/ampere (B) volt-second/ampere
of capacitance and magnetic induction respectively. (C) joule/(ampere)2 (D) ohm-second
What are the dimensions of Y in MKSQ system ? Sol.
[JEE-1995,2/100]
(A) [M–3 L–1 T3 Q4] (B) [M–3 L–2 T4 Q4]
(C) [M–2 L–2 T4 Q4] (D) [Mß L–2 T4 Q1]
Sol.


5*. Let [ε0] denote the dimensional formula of the Sol.

permittivity of the vaccum, and [µ0 ] that of the
permeability of the vacuum. If M = mass, L = length,
T = time and I = electric current :[JEE-1998' 2/200]
(A) [ε0] = M–1 L–3 T2 I (B) [ε0] = M–1 L–3 T4 I2
(C) [µ0] = M LT–2 I–2 (D) [µ0] = M L2 T–1 I
Sol.
α  αz 
8*. Pressure depends on distance as, P = exp –  ,
β  kβ 
where α, β are constants, z is distance, k is Boltzmann's
constant and θ is temperature. The dimension of β are
[JEE-2004s '3/84]
(A) M0 L0 T0 (B) M–1 L–1 T–1
(C) M0 L2 T0 (D) M–1 L1 T2
Sol.
 1
6*. The dimensions of   ε0 E2 (ε0 : permittivity of
2
free space, E : electric field) is :
[JEE Sc 2000' 2/200]
(A) MLT–1 (B) ML2T–2 (C) ML–1T–2 (D) ML2T–1
Sol.
9*. Which of the following set have different dimensions ?

[JEE-2005s ; 3/60]
(A) Pressure, Young's modulus, Stress
(B) Emf, Potential difference, Electric potential
(C) Heat, Work done, Energy
(D) Dipole moment, Electric flux, Electric field
Sol.
∆V
7*. A quantity X is given by ε0L . where ε0 is the
∆t
permittivity of free space, L is length, ∆V is potential
difference and ∆t is time interval. The dimensional
formula for X is the same as that of
[JEE Sc.2000'3/105]
(A) resistance (B) charge
(C) voltage (D) current


Paragraph for Question No. 10-11

A dense collection of equal number of electrons and
positive ions is called neutral plasma. Certain solids
containing fixed positive ions surrounded by free
electrons can be treated as neutral plasma. Let 'N' be
the number density of free electrons, each of mass
'm'. When the electrons are subjected to an electric
field, they are displaced relatively away from the heavy
positive ions. If the electric field becomes zero, the
electrons begin to oscillate about the positive ions
with a natural angular frequency 'ωP' which is called
the plasma frequency. To sustain the oscillations, a
time varying electric field needs to be applied that
has an angular frequency ω, where a part of the energy
is absorbed and a part of it is reflected. As ω
approaches ωP, all the free electrons are set to
resonance together and all the energy is reflected.
This is the explanation of high reflectivity of metals.
10. Taking the electronic charge as 'e' and the

permittivity as 'ε0', use dimensional analysis to determine
the correct expression for ωP. [JEE-2011]
2
Ne mε0 Ne mε0
(A) mε0 (B) (C) mε0 (D) 2
Ne Ne
11. Estimate the wavelength at which plasma reflection

will occur for a metal having the density of electrons
N ≈ 4 × 1027 m–3. Take ε0 = 10–11 and m = 10–30, where
these quantities are in proper SI units [JEE-2011]
(A) 800 nm (B) 600 nm (C) 300 nm (D) 200 nm


ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-1
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. D
9. B 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. C
17. A 18. C 19. C 20. ABC 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. D
25. C 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. B 31. A 32. D
33. C 34. B 35. D 36. D 37. B 38. D 39. A 40. A
41. D 42. D 43. C 44. C 45. B 46. A 47. A 48. C
49. Β 50. D 51. D 52. B 53. CD 54. B 55. C 56. B
57. B 58. ABD 59. A 60. A 61. D 62. D 63. C 64. D
65. C
1 1 148 π
66. , 67. 68. (a) 9.9498 (b) 10.954 (c) 5.0132 69. π cm
16 4 3
v v
v0 x x
70. (i) t (ii) t (iii) (iv) t

t
–3
8 3
71. x= ,y=
3 2
ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-2
m Gm
1. D 2. L–1, ML2T–2 3. T = a 4. ML5T–2K1/2 5. ω = K
k r3
Gm
6. [M] = [h1/2.c1/2.G–1/2] ; [L] = [h1/2.c–3/2.G1/2] ; [T] = [h1/2.c–5/2.G1/2] 7. v0 = k
R
8. B 9. (a) 9.95, (b) 0.99 10. 0.14, 0.09
ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-3 (JEE PROBLEMS)

1. A,B,C 2. B 3. A,D 4. A,B,C,D 5. B,C
6. C 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. C
11. B


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UNIT AND DIMENSION

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ........................................ 3 – 23

♦ EXERCISE - III ........................................................................ 37 – 39

♦ ANSWER KEY ............................................................................40

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Fundamental Derived Supplementry

dis tan ce length

Note : The supplementary quantities have only units but no dimensions.

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3.1. Principle systems of Unit

Fundame ntal Mass gram kilogram pound

Time second second second

De rived W ork or Energy erg joule → J ft-poundal

Power erg/s watt → W ft-poundal/s

3.2 Supplementary units :

3.3 Definitions of some important SI Units

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Ex.3 Find the SI unit of speed, acceleration

Power of 10 Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Prefix Symbol

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Quantity Correct Incorrect

gigahertz 1 GHz = 109 Hz

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Quantity Correct Incorrect

cm3 (cm)3 = (0.01 m)3 = (10–2m)3 = 10–6 m3 0.01 m3 or 10–2 m3

mA2 (mA)2 = (0.001 A)2 = (10–3A)2 = 10–6 A2 0.001 A2

Quantity Correct Incorrect

Quantity Correct Incorrect

Quantity Correct Incorrect

J/mol K Joule / mole K

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5.1. Characteristics of base units or standards :

5.2 Some special types of units :

Quantity Symbol Formula S.I. Unit D.F.

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394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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Theory of dimensions have following main uses :

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8.3 Principle of Homogeneity of Dimensions.

8.4 To establish the relation among various physical quantities :

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Solving these three equations, we get

f = k(F)1/ 2 (l ) –1(µ ) –1/ 2

8.5 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

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b = semi minor axis

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