CHEMISTRY

Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry

1.1 Chemistry

Definition: Chemistry is the study of the ________________ and the

______________________ and the changes it undergoes.

There are 3 main branches of Chemistry:

a. Inorganic Chemistry – specializes in substances without carbon

b. Physical Chemistry – specializes in description and behaviour of

chemical substances

c. Biochemistry – specializes in composition of living organism

1.2 Chemical in Daily Life and Its Importance

Chemical is everywhere around us. All matter is chemicals.

Some chemical are synthetic while some are natural.

Chemicals can be found in food, medicine, vitamin, glue, clothing, paint,

household cleaning products and everything around us.

Chemicals are used in almost every aspect of our lives. Examples:-

a. Sodium chloride is used as salt

b. Acetic acid is used as food preservatives

c. Barium sulphate is used in paints

d. Ammonia is used to make fertilizer and explosive

e. Magnesium hydroxide is used in toothpaste to neutralize acid

Chemistry related
careers Chemistry related industries
It will provide a wide range of useful
1. Doctor products for consumers and contribute
2. Pharmacist greatly to economy, society and
3. Biochemist development of our country
4. Food Technologist
5. Chemical Engineer 1. Petroleum industry
6. Forensic Scientist 2. Palm oil

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 industry
7. Nutritionist 3. Agrochemical industry
4. Rubber
industry
5. Natural Gas Industry
6. Plastic
Industry

1.3 Scientific Method

Scientific method is a systematic method used to solve problems in

science.

Making Observation
Gathering information about a phenomenon using our senses
Eg: Hot water turns colder when it is left at room temperature

Making an inference
Making a tentative explanation about a phenomenon based on
oebservation
Eg: The hot water turns colder because its temperature changes

Identifying the Problem

Asking a question based on the inference made
Eg: How does the temperature of the hot water change when the hot
water is left?

Making hypothesis
Make a general statement about the relationship between a
manipulated variable
and a responding variable to explain the questions asked
Eg: The longer the hot water is left at room temperature, the lower is
the temperature

Identifying Variables
Manipulated Variable - variable that is changed in an
experiment
Responding Variable - variable that respond / changes with the
experiment
Controlled Variable - variable that is kept constant throughout the
experiment

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Eg:
Manipulated Variable - Time taken to cool down the
water
Responding Variable - Temperature of water
Controlled Variable - Pressure

Controlling Variables
Decide how to manipulate the chosen variables, what to be measured
and
how to keep the controlled variables constant
Eg: The temperature of water is measured at intervals of 1 minute for a
period of
5 minutes and also measured at atmospheric pressure.

Planning Experiment
Determine the list of material and apparatus, procedure of experiment,
method of collecting data, ways to analyse and interpret the data
collected
Eg:
Material: Hot water
Apparatus: Thermometer , stopwatch, beaker
Procedure: 1)A beaker is filled up with hot water
2) The initial temperature of water is recorded and
stopwatch is
started
3) The temperature of water is measured at
atmospheric pressure
Results:
Temperatur
Time (min) e of water
0
1
2
3

Collecting Data
Making observation or measurements, and then record the data
systematically

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 Interpreting Data
Organise and analyse the
data recorded
Can be interpretated in graphs, charts or
calculations

Making Conclusion
Making a statement about the outcome of the experiment and whether
the
hypothesis is accepted or
rejected.
Eg: The temperature of hot water decrease with time. Hypothesis is
accepted

Writing Report