Proceedings of the ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference

AJTEC2011
March 13-17, 2011, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

AJTEC2011-44

A MECHANISTIC HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATION FOR NON-BOILING TWO-

PHASE FLOW IN HORIZONTAL, INCLINED AND VERTICAL PIPES

Clement C. Tang and Afshin J. Ghajar1

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
1
Tel. (405) 744-5900, e-mail: afshin.ghajar@okstate.edu; Fax: (405) 744-7873.

ABSTRACT p pressure, Pa
A mechanistic heat transfer correlation is proposed to q  heat flux, W/m2
estimate heat transfer coefficient for non-boiling two-phase Re Reynolds number
flow in horizontal, slightly inclined, and vertical pipes using SL,eff effective wetted perimeter, m
the analogy between friction factor and heat transfer. Local heat T temperature, ºC
transfer coefficients, pressure drops and flow parameters were u velocity, m/s
measured for air-water flow in a 27.9 mm stainless steel pipe. uGM drift velocity for gas, m/s
The heat transfer and pressure drop data were collected by z axial coordinate, m
carefully coordinating the gas and liquid superficial Reynolds z element length of each thermocouple station, m
numbers. The proposed mechanistic correlation is validated by
using experimentally measured heat transfer data. Evaluation of Greek symbols
the mechanistic correlation with the measured heat transfer data  void fraction
indicated that the analogy between friction factor and heat
 pressure drop multiplier
transfer can be used with reasonable accuracy for heat transfer
 dynamic viscosity, kg/(m s)
predictions in non-boiling two-phase pipe flow. Comparison
 pipe inclination angle, deg.
with experimental results showed that the bulk of the data
points were predicted within ±30% by the mechanistic model.  density, kg/m3
 surface tension, N/m
NOMENCLATURE 0 wall shear stress, N/m2
A cross section area, m2
C leading coefficient Subscripts
C0 distribution coefficient atm atmospheric
c specific heat, J/(kg K) B bulk
cf Fanning friction coefficient CAL calculated
D pipe diameter, m EXP experimental
dp/dz pressure gradient, Pa/m f frictional
FP flow pattern factor G gas phase
FS shape factor k index of thermocouple station
g gravitational acceleration, m/s2 L liquid phase
h heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K) SG superficial gas
k thermal conductivity, W/(m K) SL superficial liquid
L length of test section, m sys system
m mass flow rate, kg/s TP two-phase
NST number of thermocouple stations W wall
Nu Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number

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 INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORRELATION
Non-boiling two-phase flow has many industrial The development of a correlation to analogize momentum
applications, such as the flow of oil and natural gas in flow and heat transfer in non-boiling two-phase pipe flow begins
lines and wellbores, in which knowledge about non-boiling with the Reynolds analogy. The Reynolds analogy relates
two-phase, two-component (liquid and permanent gas) heat important parameters of momentum and thermal boundary
transfer is required. During the production of two-phase layers in a simplistic form in terms of friction coefficient (cf),
hydrocarbon fluids from an oil reservoir to the surface, the Nusselt number (Nu), Prandtl number (Pr), and Reynolds
temperature of the hydrocarbon fluids changes as a result of the number (Re):
difference in temperatures between the oil reservoir and the
surface. In subsea oil and natural gas production, hydrocarbon c f  2 Nu Re 1 Pr 1 (1)
fluids may leave the reservoir with a temperature of 75°C and
flow in the subsea surrounding of 4°C [1]. As a result of the
For flow inside pipes, the frictional pressure gradient is
temperature gradient between the reservoir and the
given as
surrounding, knowledge about heat transfer is critical to
prevent gas hydrate and wax deposition blockages [2]. Wax 2
deposition can result in problems, including reduction of inner  dp  4 2c  m
 
   0  f   (2)
pipe diameter, causing blockage; increased surface roughness  dz  f D D  A 
of pipes, leading to restricted flow line pressure; a decrease in
production; and various mechanical problems [3]. The change Combining Equations (1) and (2) yields the expression relating
in temperature results in heat transfer between the hydrocarbon the heat transfer coefficient with the frictional pressure
fluids and the earth surrounding the oil well, and the ability to gradient:
estimate the flowing temperature profile is necessary to address
several design problems in petroleum production engineering
D  A 2  dp 
[4]. Nu     Re Pr (3)
Due to the complex nature of the two-phase gas-liquid 4m 2  dz  f
flow, heat transfer data and applicable correlations for non-
boiling two-phase flow in various pipe inclinations are not Using the definitions for Nusselt number (Nu), Prandtl number
readily available. The hydrodynamic and thermal conditions of (Pr), and Reynolds number (Re), Eqn. (3) can be expressed in
non-boiling two-phase flow are dependent upon the interaction terms of the heat transfer coefficient (h) with the following
between the two phases. In most situations encountered by expression:
practicing engineers, direct heat transfer measurements for two-
phase flow are extremely difficult to perform. It is in such c  dp  A 2
respect that mechanistic models for heat transfer estimation h   (4)
m  dz  f D
using, for example, the analogy between friction factor and
heat transfer can have appealing prospect.
Adopting Eqn. (4) for the use in non-boiling two-phase
The concept of developing two-phase heat transfer
pipe flow, the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient for the two-
correlation based on the analogy of momentum and heat
phase flow (hTP) to the heat transfer coefficient for liquid
transfer has been explored by a few researchers [5-7].
single-phase flow (hL) becomes
However, there are still many unanswered questions concerning
the viability and robustness of a two-phase heat transfer
correlation developed based on the analogy of momentum and h TP   (dp dz) f , TP
m  
m
 C L TP  C L TP  2L (5)
heat transfer. It is the goal of this study to explore the hL m  L (dp dz) f , L
 m L
plausibility of using the Reynolds analogy to develop a
mechanistic correlation to predict heat transfer coefficients for where C is a leading coefficient. To effectively represent two-
non-boiling two-phase flow in pipes with various inclinations. phase flow characteristics, the leading coefficient (C) would be
It is also the goal of this study to gain some fundamental a parameter that adequately represents certain hydrodynamic
understanding of the hydrodynamic and thermal aspects of non- aspects of two-phase flow.
boiling two-phase flow, and how friction factor and heat Note that the frictional pressure gradient ratio for the two-
transfer relate to each other. A heat transfer correlation based phase flow to the liquid single-phase flow is recognized as the
on the analogy between friction factor and heat transfer is pressure drop multiplier (L) square defined by Lockhart &
proposed for non-boiling two-phase flow in horizontal, slightly Martinelli [8]. In this study, the values for the two-phase
inclined, and vertical pipes. The proposed correlation is frictional pressure gradient, (dp/dz)f,TP, are determined via
evaluated by using experimentally measured heat transfer data. experimental measurements, while the single-phase liquid
frictional pressure gradients, (dp/dz)f,L, are calculated using

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 Eqn. (2) with cf = 16/ReSL for ReSL < 2000, and the Blasius [9]
equation, c f  0.079 / Re SL
0.25
, for ReSL > 2000. 2   (u  u ) 2 
Assuming that the two-phase heat transfer coefficient can FS  tan 1  G G L  (9)
  g D ( L   G ) 
be expressed using an exponential relationship for the  
individual parameters that appear in Eqn. (5), then the heat
transfer correlation takes on the following expression: The shape factor (FS), is applicable for slip ratios uG/uL ≥ 1,
which is common in gas-liquid flow, and represents the shape
n p changes of the gas-liquid interface by the force acting on the
h TP m   
 C m  L   TP   qL (6) interface due to the relative momentum and gravity forces.
hL  m   L  The flow pattern factor (FP) is introduced in Eqn. (6) as a
replacement for the leading coefficient (C). The constant
where m, n, p, and q are constant exponents. parameters m, n, p, and q in Eqn. (6) are curve fitted constants
The mass flow rate ( m  ) in Eqn. (6) is the sum of the gas and were determined based on experimental data as will be
phase ( m G ) and liquid phase ( m
 L ) mass flow rates. The two- discussed in the results section. The proposed values for the
constant exponents are m = 1/2, n = 1, p = −1/2, and q = 1/5.
phase density (ρTP) is defined as the mass of two-phase fluids
The final form of the proposed mechanistic heat transfer
per unit volume of the pipe and can be determined using
correlation becomes
 TP   G  (1  ) L (7) 1/ 2
h TP m   L 
 Fp1 / 2  L   1L/ 5 (10)
Kim and Ghajar [10] in the development of their non- hL  m   TP 
boiling two-phase heat transfer correlation introduced a term
called “flow pattern factor” which accounts for the different The single-phase liquid heat transfer coefficient (hL) is
flow patterns encountered in two-phase flow. Their flow calculated using the Sieder and Tate [11] correlation:
pattern factor takes into account parameters such as the void
fraction, inertia and gravitational forces that that influence flow 0.14
patterns. Their flow pattern factor (FP) is expressed as k   B 

h L  0.027 Re 45
SL
13
Pr  L
L  (11)
 D   W L
2
 SL 
FP   ,eff   (1  )  FS2
 (8) The values of the void fraction () used in Equations (7)
 D  and (8) are calculated based on the correlation provided by
Woldesemayat and Ghajar [12], which can be expressed as
The flow pattern factor represented by Eqn. (8) is expressed as
the square ratio of the effective wetted-perimeter (SL,eff) to the u SG
circumference of a circular pipe (see Fig. 1).  (12)
C 0 (u SG  u SL )  u GM

where the distribution parameter (C0) and the drift velocity of

gas (uGM) are given as,

C0 
u SG
u SG  u SL

1  (u SL / u SG ) (G / L )
0 .1
 (13)

and
0.25
p atm / psys  gD(1  cos )( L   G )  (14)
u GM  2.9(1.22  1.22 sin )  
  2L 

FIGURE 1. GAS-LIQUID INTERFACE AND WETTED- Note that the leading constant value of 2.9 in the above
PERIMETER equation for the drift flux velocity (uGM) carries a unit of m−0.25,
and Eqn. (12) should be used with SI units.

The shape factor (FS) that appears in Eqn. (8), is in essence

a normalized and modified Froude number:

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 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A schematic diagram of the overall experimental setup for
heat transfer measurements is shown in Fig. 2. The test section
is a straight standard stainless steel schedule 10S pipe with an
inner diameter of 27.9 mm and a length to diameter ratio of 95.
The setup rests atop a 9-m long aluminum I-beam that is
supported by a pivoting foot and a stationary foot that
incorporates a small electric screw jack. In order to apply
uniform wall heat flux boundary condition to the test section,
copper plates were silver soldered to the inlet and exit of the
test section.
The uniform wall heat flux boundary condition was
maintained by a Lincoln SA-750 welder for superficial liquid
Reynolds numbers greater than 2000 and a Miller Maxtron 450
DC welder for superficial liquid Reynolds numbers less than
2000. The Lincoln SA-750 welder has the capability of
supplying 300 to 750 A of current, while the Miller Maxtron
450 DC welder is capable of supplying 5 to 450 A of current.
The entire length of the test section was wrapped using
fiberglass pipe wrap insulation, followed by a thin polymer
vapor seal to prevent moisture penetration.
The calming section (clear polycarbonate pipe with length
to diameter ratio of 88) served as a flow developing device, and
flow pattern observation section. One end of the calming
section is connected to the test section with an acrylic flange
and the other end of the calming section is connected to the
gas-liquid mixer. For the horizontal flow measurements, the
FIGURE 2. SCHEMATIC OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
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test section, and the observation section were carefully leveled
to eliminate the effect of inclination on these measurements.
The fluids used in the test loop are air and water. The water
is distilled and stored in a 55-gallon cylindrical polyethylene
tank. A Bell & Gosset series 1535 coupled centrifugal pump
was used to pump the water through an Aqua-Pure AP12T
water filter. An ITT Standard model BCF 4063 one shell and
two-tube pass heat exchanger removes the pump heat and the
heat added during the test to maintain a constant inlet water
temperature. From the heat exchanger, the water passes through
a Micro Motion Coriolis flow meter (model CMF100)
connected to a digital Field-Mount Transmitter (model
RFT9739) that conditions the flow information for the data
acquisition system. From the Coriolis flow meter it then flows
into the test section.
Air is supplied via an Ingersoll-Rand T30 (model 2545)
industrial air compressor. The air passes through a copper coil
submerged in a vessel of water to lower the temperature of the
air to room temperature. The air is then filtered and
condensation removed in a coalescing filter. The air flow is
measured by a Micro Motion Coriolis flow meter (model
CMF025) connected to a digital Field-Mount Transmitter
(model RFT9739) and regulated by a needle valve. Air is
delivered to the test section by flexible tubing. The water and
air mixture is returned to the reservoir where it is separated and
the water recycled.
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 FIGURE 3. SCHEMATIC OF HEATED TEST SECTION WITH THE PLACEMENT OF THERMOCOUPLES AND PRESSURE TAPS
T-type thermocouple wires were cemented with
Omegabond 101, an epoxy adhesive with high thermal
conductivity and electrical resistivity, to the outside wall of the
stainless steel test section as shown in Fig. 3. Thermocouples
were placed on the outer surface of the pipe wall at uniform
intervals of 254 mm from the entrance to the exit of the test
section. There were 10 thermocouple stations in the test section
(refer to Fig. 3). All the thermocouples were monitored with a
National Instruments data acquisition system. The average
system stabilization time period was from 30 to 60 minutes
after the system attained steady state. The inlet liquid and gas
temperatures and the exit bulk temperature were measured by
Omega TMQSS-125U-6 thermocouple probes.
Calibration of thermocouples and thermocouple probes
showed that they were accurate within ±0.5°C. The operating
pressures inside the experimental setup were monitored with a
pressure transducer. Validyne model DP15 pressure transducer
with a series of interchangeable diaphragms (full scale
accuracy of ±0.25%) is used to measure pressure drop. Careful
attention is given to ensure that the range of the diaphragm
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used is conducive to the pressure being measured. To ensure a
uniform fluid bulk temperature at the inlet and exit of the test
section, a mixing well of alternating polypropylene baffle type
static mixer for both gas and liquid phases was utilized.
The heat transfer measurements at uniform wall heat flux
boundary condition were carried out by measuring the local
outside wall temperatures at 10 stations along the axis of the
pipe and the inlet and outlet bulk temperatures in addition to
other measurements such as the flow rates of gas and liquid,
room temperature, voltage drop across the test section, and
current carried by the test section. A National Instruments data
acquisition system was used to record and store the data
measured during these experiments. The computer interface
used to record the data is a LabVIEW Virtual Instrument (VI)
program written for this specific application. The peripheral
heat transfer coefficient (local average) was calculated based
on the knowledge of the pipe inside wall surface temperature
and inside wall heat flux obtained from a data reduction
program developed exclusively for this type of experiments by
Ghajar and Kim [13].
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 The local average peripheral values for inside wall and liquid flow rates, so that the measured data points are
temperature, inside wall heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient evenly distributed within the ReSL and ReSG ranges listed in
were then obtained by averaging all the appropriate individual Table 1. Experimental data for vertical pipe, with a diameter of
local peripheral values at each axial location. The variation in 11.7 mm, were measured by Sujumnong [17].
the circumferential wall temperature distribution, which is As summarized in Table 1, there is a total of 637
typical for two-phase gas-liquid flow in horizontal and slightly experimental data points to be used for comparison with the
inclined pipes, leads to different heat transfer coefficients mechanistic correlation, Eqn. (10). The two-phase heat transfer
depending on which circumferential wall temperature was and pressure drop data points were measured for different gas-
selected for the calculations. In two-phase heat transfer liquid combinations and wide ranges of superficial gas and
experiments, in order to overcome the unbalanced liquid Reynolds numbers. For horizontal and inclined pipes, the
circumferential heat transfer coefficients and to get a experimental heat transfer and pressure drop data points were
representative heat transfer coefficient for each test run, the measured for major flow patterns (annular, plug, slug, and
following equation was used to calculate an overall two-phase wavy), as well as the transitional flow patterns. For vertical
heat transfer coefficient (hTP, EXP) for each test run: pipe, the experimental results were measured, by Sujumnong
[17], for major flow patterns (annular, bubble, churn/froth, and
N ST N ST
 slug).
1 1 q  
h TP , EXP 
L  h k z k 
L   T  z k
W  TB  k
(15) The proposed values for the constant exponents (m = 1/2,
k 1 k 1 n = 1, p = −1/2, and q = 1/5) in Eqn. (10) were determined
using the experimental results for air-water flow in horizontal,
where L is the length of the test section, h , q  , TW , and TB are 5° inclined, and vertical pipes (a total of 306 data points). Once
the values for the constant exponents were determined, the
the local mean heat transfer coefficient, the local mean heat
experimental results for air-water flow in 2 and 7° inclined
flux, the local mean wall temperature, and the bulk temperature
pipes and air-glycerin/water flow in vertical pipe were used for
at a thermocouple station, respectively; k is the index of the
validation of the heat transfer correlation, Eqn. (10).
thermocouple stations, NST is the number of the thermocouple
stations, z is the axial coordinate, and Δz is the element length
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL HEAT TRANSFER
of each thermocouple station. The data reduction program [13] AND PRESSURE DROP DATA USED IN THE COMPARISON
used a finite-difference formulation to determine the inside wall WITH HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATION
temperature and the inside wall heat flux from measurements of
the outside wall temperature, the heat generation within the No. of Pipe
Data set ReSL ReSG
pipe wall, and the thermophysical properties of the pipe data points orientation
material (electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity). 900 1600
Air-water 122 0°
The reliability of the experimental setup and procedures to 29000 to 28000
was checked and validated by making several single-phase 800 1600
Air-water 135 2°
validation runs with distilled water. The measured single-phase to 36000 to 28000
800 1500
heat transfer results agree with the results calculated from the Air-water 121 5°
to 37000 to 28000
correlations of Sieder and Tate [11] and Gnielinski [14] with a 700 1600
root mean square error of 9.3%. The uncertainty analysis of the Air-water 124 7°
to 34000 to 28000
overall experimental procedures using the method of Kline and 1500 20
Air-water† 63 90°
McClintock [15] showed that there is a maximum of 11.5% to 107000 to 150000
uncertainty for heat transfer coefficient and 3.5% for pressure Air-glycerin (59%)
49 90°
70 40
drop. Detailed discussions on the non-boiling two-phase heat / water (41%)† to 8300 to 59000
transfer experimental data measured from this experimental Air-glycerin (82%) 50 40
23 90°
/ water(18%)† to 600 to 23000
setup are documented by Ghajar and Tang [16].
†Sujumnong [17]

COMPARISON OF HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATION

WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Experimental heat transfer and pressure drop data for non-
boiling two-phase flow in horizontal, slightly inclined and
vertical pipes were used for comparison with the proposed heat
transfer correlation, Eqn. (10). Experimental data for horizontal
and slightly inclined (2, 5 and 7°) pipes were measured from
the experimental setup described in the previous section. Heat
transfer and pressure drop data, for horizontal and slightly
inclined pipes, were collected by carefully coordinating the gas
A total of 502 two-phase heat transfer and pressure drop
data points in horizontal and slightly inclined (2, 5 and 7°)
pipes were measured for air-water flow. When these
experimental data points were compared with the heat transfer
correlation, Eqn. (10), 85% of the data points were predicted
within ±30% agreement. The predicted results for horizontal
and slightly inclined pipes have an average error range of −17
to 21%, and a root mean square error of 25%. In summary, 80,
89, 88, and 85% of the data points for 0, 2, 5 and 7° pipes,
respectively, were predicted by the Eqn. (10) within ±30%

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 agreement. Figure 4 shows the comparison of the calculated hTP h TP  0.020
values from the heat transfer correlation, Eqn. (10), with  1.148 0L.908 ReSL (16)
hL
experimental data for non-boiling two-phase flow in horizontal
and slightly inclined pipes. For horizontal and slightly inclined
The two-phase heat transfer coefficients calculated by the
pipes, the heat transfer correlation performed reasonably well
correlation of Vijay et al. [6], Eqn. (16), were compared with
for hTP > 1000 W/(m2 K), with more than 95% of the data
experimental results summarized in Table 1. Figure 7 shows
points predicted within ±30%.
that the two-phase heat transfer coefficients predicted by Eqn.
A total of 135 two-phase heat transfer data points in a
(10) agree better with the experimental results than that of Eqn.
vertical pipe were used for comparison with the heat transfer
(16).
correlation. The data for two-phase flow in a vertical pipe were
measured by Sujumnong [17] for three different gas-liquid
combinations. When these experimental data were compared
with the heat transfer correlation, Eqn. (10), 93% of the data
Air-water,  = 90°
points were predicted to be within ±30% agreement. The 105
Air-glycerin(59%)/water(41%),  = 90°
predicted results for the vertical pipe have an average error Air-glycerin(82%)/water(18%),  = 90°

range of −13 to 16%, and a root mean square error of 17%.

Figure 5 shows the comparison of the calculated hTP values

hTP, CAL [W/m2K]

from the heat transfer correlation, Eqn. (10), with the 104
experimental data for non-boiling two-phase flow in a vertical
pipe.
Overall, the correlation successfully predicted 87% of the
637 experimental data points within ±30% agreement. Figure 6 +30%
103
shows the comparison of the calculated hTP values from the
correlation, Eqn. (10), with experimental data for non-boiling
two-phase flow in horizontal, slightly inclined, and vertical -30%

pipes. The predicted results for the entire database of 639 data 103 104 105
points have an average error range of −16 to 19%, and a root 2
hTP, EXP [W/m K]
mean square error of 23%.
Using the form of the two-phase heat transfer relation of FIGURE 5. COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS BY EQN. (10)
AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA BY SUJUMNONG [17] FOR
Fried [5], Vijay et al. [6] proposed a correlation that relates
VERTICAL PIPE
two-phase heat transfer coefficient with two-phase frictional
pressure drop:

105  = 0°
Air-water,  = 0°  = 2°
104 Air-water,  = 2°  = 5°
Air-water,  = 5°  = 7°
Air-water,  = 7°  = 90° [17]
104
hTP, CAL [W/m2K]
hTP, CAL [W/m2K]

103

103

+30%
+30%

102 102 -30%

-30%

102 103 104 105

102 103 104
2
hTP, EXP [W/m K]
hTP, EXP [W/m2K]

FIGURE 6. COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS BY EQN. (10)

FIGURE 4. COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS BY EQN. (10) AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR HORIZONTAL, INCLINED,
AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR HORIZONTAL AND AND VERTICAL PIPES
SLIGHTLY INCLINED PIPES

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105 Vijay et al. [6], Eqn. (16)
Present study, Eqn. (10)
104
hTP, CAL [W/m2K]
103
102
102 103
2
hTP, EXP [W/m K]
FIGURE 7. COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS BY EQN. (10),
EQN. (16) AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR HORIZONTAL,
INCLINED, AND VERTICAL PIPES
CONCLUDING REMARKS
To gain a fundamental understanding of the relationship
between friction factor and heat transfer in non-boiling two-
phase flow, the plausibility of using the Reynolds analogy to
develop a heat transfer correlation is explored. A mechanistic
heat transfer correlation, based on Reynolds analogy, is
proposed for non-boiling two-phase flow in horizontal, slightly
inclined and vertical pipes. Although the heat transfer
correlation compared reasonably well with the experimental
results summarized in Table 1, further validation of Eqn. (10)
with additional experimental results will verify its applicability
and robustness. It is conceivable that, in order to expand the
applicability of Eqn. (10), the value for each m, n, p, and q may
be given in a range of values as opposed to a fixed single value
presented in this study.
The comparison of the experimental data and predictions
of the heat transfer correlation is quite satisfactory. The
comparison with experimental results also showed that the heat
transfer correlation performs reasonably well for two-phase
heat transfer coefficients above 1000 W/(m2 K). The
implication is that the proposed mechanistic heat transfer
correlation works well for relatively high inertia two-phase
flow with superficial liquid Reynolds numbers around 4000 or
higher.
The results from this study prompt the need for further
investigations on whether the mechanistic correlation has the
robustness for application in various gas-liquid combinations,
pipe diameters, system pressures, and pipe inclinations. The
overall objective of this on-going research has been to establish
a fundamental understanding of two-phase flow in pipes. In
order to achieve this objective, it is conceivable to expand our
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current focus on pressure drop and heat transfer to include void
fraction and flow patterns. Both void fraction and flow patterns
play significant roles in the hydrodynamic aspect of two-phase
+30% flow, thus they affect the thermal aspect of it as well. Since
void fraction is a necessary parameter in the mechanistic heat
transfer correlation, Eqn. (10), accurate quantification of void
fraction, whether via correlations or measurements, is an issue
-30%
worth scrutiny. The direction is certainly toward gaining
understanding of the fundamentals in the hydrodynamic and
thermal aspects of gas-liquid two-phase flow in pipes of all
possible orientations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Generous contributions in equipment and software made
by National Instruments are greatly acknowledged. Sincere
104 105
thanks are offered to Micro Motion for generously donating
one of the Coriolis flow meters and providing a substantial
discount on the other one. Thanks are also due to Martin Mabry
for his assistance in procuring these meters.
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9 Copyright © 2011 by ASME

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