On Bottom Stability of Pipelines

Subsea Pipeline and Risers
Dasharatha Achani
MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
Pipeline
On-bottom
Stability Design
13-Aug-16
13-Aug-16 Page 2 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
Pipeline On-bottom Stability Design
13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
1.Introduction
2.Waves
3.Current
Agenda
4.Hydrodynamic Loads
5.Resistances
On-bottom Stability Design 6.Design

7.Summary
8.Exercise

MECHOCEAN
1. Introduction Eng. Solutions
• What is the purpose of Pipeline On-Bottom Stability Design?
- Control of the pipeline

- Follow regulations (like DNV-OS-F101 etc.)
• What may move this pipe?
- Hydrodynamic loads from water flow

- A too light pipe may float in water
- A heavy pipe may unintentionally sink into the seabed
- A light buried pipe may float up through liquefied soil

MECHOCEAN
• A pipe lies on the seabed, what resists the horizontal loads?
 Resistance from the pipe-soil interaction

 Anchors, mattress…
• And what if the pipe moves?
 Some motion is normally no danger

 The pipe will be bent/fatigue
 The pipe may hit something
 etc ...

MECHOCEAN
• Design guidelines

MECHOCEAN
2. Waves Eng. Solutions
Two questions you need to answer after this section:
• What are the main sea state characteristics for waves
• How to transform surface wave height and period to velocity and up-
crossing period at the sea bed

MECHOCEAN
2. Waves – Spectrum Eng. Solutions
How do we describe surface waves? – Wave Spectrum.

• Gives wave energy as a function of wave frequency in a short term wave
condition, typically a three hour storm.
• May vary with wave direction.
• Can incorporate spreading 100
• Short term condition:
- a “short” period, e.g. a
three hour storm, in
80
which Hs, Tp and g

are constant. 60
Wave Energy
40
20
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Wave frequency

MECHOCEAN
The JONSWAP spectrum is often used (Wind generated, developed for North Sea
conditions)

MECHOCEAN
What are the main parameters in the wave spectrum?
– Significant wave height, Hs

– Peak period, Tp
– Peakedness, g
– Direction
– Spreading

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• Significant wave height, Hs (is only a statistical measure for the wave elevation
process,
approximately the average of the 1/3 largest waves)
– Increasing significant
wave height
increases wave energy 120
and is the potential
for instability 100
Increasing H s
80
Wave energy
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wave period

MECHOCEAN
• Peak period, Tp (is the wave period for which the maximum energy density
appears):
– Increasing the
peak period shifts the
wave energy towards
larger waves which 120
increases the potential

for instability 100
Increasing T p
80
Wave energy
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wave period

MECHOCEAN
• Peakedness, g (determines the peakedness of the spectrum):

– Effect depends on peak period and water depth
120
g =5
100
g = 3.3
80
Wave energy
60
40 g =1
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wave period

MECHOCEAN
Transfer function: From surface elevation (Hs , Tp , g) to particle flow at bottom (Us , Tu)

MECHOCEAN

MECHOCEAN
Assuming linear wave theory, Us and Tu can be taken from the charts below.
From surface wave (Hs and Tp) to significant wave From surface wave (Hs and Tp) to zero up-crossing
induced velocity Us at seabed period Tu at seabed
0.5 1.4
Tn  d/g
0.4
1.2
0.3 g = 1.0
U s  Tn 3.3 Tu g = 1.0
Hs 5.0 Tp 3.3
0.2
5.0
1.0
0.1
0.0 0.8
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Tn/Tp Tn/Tp
Significant flow velocity amplitude Us at sea bed level Mean zero up-crossing period of oscillating flow Tu at
sea bed level

MECHOCEAN
2. Waves - Direction Eng. Solutions
• Wave direction
Direction Only the

Pipe perpendicular
component will try
to move the pipe
Wave crests
If reliable directional data do not exist, apply waves perpendicular to pipe

MECHOCEAN
2. Waves - Spreading Eng. Solutions
• Wave spreading
Only the
perpendicular
Pipe
component will try
to move the pipe
Main direction
Wave crests
If reliable spreading data do not exist, apply long crested waves

MECHOCEAN
• Reduction factor RD as a function of main direction and spreading applies to Us

MECHOCEAN
• If a pipeline is designed to move significantly, the displacement can be assumed

to be proportional with the number of waves t in a storm:
Tstorm

Tu
• Maximum wave height during a storm with t waves:
Hs  0.5772 
H max    2  ln   
2  2  ln  
– Significant wave height is a statistical parameter only, twice the standard

deviation of the process, corresponding approximately to the average of
the one third largest waves.

MECHOCEAN
3. Current Eng. Solutions
 Current velocity is normally measured at a certain reference height zr

above the seabed
 zr is often in the range 1 – 3 metres
 Current velocity is most often assumed to be constant in time
(different
from the wave induced velocity which oscillates)
 In on-bottom stability design we account for:
– The boundary layer effect and
– Directionality

MECHOCEAN
 Boundary layer effect:

– The fact that friction towards the seabed reduces the velocity
 Directionality:
– Only the perpendicular component introduces significant
loads

MECHOCEAN
Reference height zr ... ... where the reference velocity Ur is measured
We apply average velocity UD over pipe

MECHOCEAN
Average velocity for Sand:
 z   D  
1  0   ln  1  1
Seabed roughness
 D    z0   Seabed Grain size Roughness z0
UD  Ur  Sin(θc) [mm] [m]
z 
ln r  1 Silt 0.0625 5.2·10-6
 z0  Fine sand 0.25 2.1·10-5
Medium sand 0.5 4.2·10-5
Coarse sand 1.0 8.3·10-5
Gravel 4.0 3.3·10-4
Pebble 25.0 2.1·10-3
Cobble 125.0 1·10-2
Boulder 500.0 4.2·10-2

MECHOCEAN
Current direction:
Only the perpendicular

Current component will try to
direction move the pipe
Pipe
Uc,perp = Uc∙sin


MECHOCEAN
Total flow velocity = Current velocity + Wave induced velocity
2
Constant current Total
1 Oscillating wave
Velocity
-1
-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time

MECHOCEAN
Uc
M
Us
1
Us Uc
Velocity
0
-1
-2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time

MECHOCEAN
from wave dominated to current dominated
Waves: Oscillating motion, good Current: Uni-directional motion, bad
Increasing concern

MECHOCEAN
4. Hydrodynamic Loads Eng. Solutions
2
Constant current Total
1 Oscillating wave
Velocity
0
-1
Transform wave and current to loads -2

through Morrison’s equation: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time
Lift force; FL
Flow Drag force; FD
+
Inertia force; FI

MECHOCEAN
Morrison’s Equations
1
FD  W DC D (U S cos( )  U C ) (U s cos  U c ) Propotional to flow velocity square,
2 change dirction with flow

FI  D 2  W C m AS sin( ) Propotional to flow acceleration,
4 change dirction with acceleration
1
FL   W DC L (U S cos( )  U C ) 2 Propotional to flow velocity square,
2 always upward
Commonly used values for pipeline sitting on seabed:

CD = 0.7
Cm = 3.29
CL = 0.9

MECHOCEAN
• Reduction factor for trenching:

MECHOCEAN
• DNV-RP-F109 – Reduction factor for permeable seabed:

MECHOCEAN
• DNV-RP-F109 – reduction factor due to penetration:

MECHOCEAN
• DNV-RP-F109 – reduction factor due to penetration:

MECHOCEAN
• DNV-RP-F109 – Absolute Lateral Stability Method:

MECHOCEAN
5. Resistance Eng. Solutions
• Generally consists:
- one pure Coulomb friction part and
- passive resistance FR due soil penetration
- anchors etc. which is rare
ws  FL ws  FL
R    ws  FL  R    ws  FL   FR

slide 37
MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
6. On-bottom Stability Design

• Four Failure Modes
 The pipeline moves excessively sideways under the action of
hydrodynamic forces (most challenging and often a relevant
problem)
 The pipeline floats in water (important but simple)
 The pipe sinks (more than intentionally) into the seabed
(normally not a problem)
 The pipe floats in liquefied soil when it is intended to be buried
(relatively simple, but has on some occasions been overlooked)

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Sink in Water Eng. Solutions
Make sure the pipe sinks in water
RP-F109: ws ≥ 0.1∙ b
ws
Buoyancy, b = w ∙g∙ A
Submerged weight, ws = wd – b wd b
Dry weight, wd
(The pipe is normally empty during laying, but may be laid water filled to avoid stability problems)

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Do Not Sink in the Soil Eng. Solutions
Make sure the pipe does not sink too deep into the soil
May be a problem in
very soft clay
Buoyancy, b = s ∙ g∙ A
...
Soil shear strength but soil density and
strength is most often
increasing with depth
and sinking will be
Dry weight, wd
limited

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Do Not Float in Liquefied Soil Eng. Solutions
Ensure that a buried pipe stays buried
Soil may be liquefied

in the burial process
and have little or no
strength, may behave
more or less as a
heavy fluid
Buoyancy, b = rs ∙ g∙ A
Soil shear strength
Dry weight, wd

MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Lateral Stablity

• Analyses Methods
– Full Dynamic Lateral Stability Analysis

Gives general requirements to time domain simulation of pipe response, including
hydrodynamic loads from an irregular sea-state and soil resistance.
– Generalised Lateral Stability Method

– Based on an allowable displacement in a design spectrum of oscillatory wave-
induced velocities perpendicular to the pipeline at the pipeline level.
– Absolute Lateral Static Stability Method

Ensures absolute static stability for a single design (extreme) wave-induced oscillation.

MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
• Driving Forces
– Drag and inertia forces from flowing water, waves and current
• Resisting Forces
– Interaction with soil, friction plus passive resistance (due to penetration)
The pipe will move if the driving forces are larger than the resisting forces!!
Design objective: Make sure that the pipe does not move too much

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Lateral Stablity Eng. Solutions
• Modern Stability Design

– Relies on some (two) major research programmes in 80-ies
– Based on full dynamic analyses
– Pipe modelled by finite beam elements
– Irregular sea state
– Force coefficients account for wave action (varying with K and M)
– Boundary layer effects for current
– Complex soil model with penetration and thus increased passive
resistance due to pipe motion
– Can calculate the actual (expected) displacement.

MECHOCEAN
Key parameters:

MECHOCEAN
• Design Procedure
 Assess input data
 Set up relevant load case and condition
 Decide on design method and acceptance criteria
 Are the acceptance criteria met?

MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions

• Assess input data
– Environment
– Soil data
– Pipe data
• Set up relevant load case and condition
• Decide on design method and acceptance criteria
• Are the acceptance criteria met?

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design Eng. Solutions

• Set up relevant load case and condition

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Design load condition Eng. Solutions
DNV-RP-F109:

MECHOCEAN

• Set up relevant load condition
1.0
0.8
0.6
Water particle velocity [m/s]

0.4
0.2
0.0

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
25.0
Time [s]
20.0
Lateral Displacement [m]

15.0
10.0
– Dynamic Stability Analysis

5.0
0.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time [s]
– Generalized Stability Method
– Absolute Stability Method

MECHOCEAN
• RP-F109 provides some general guidelines

• Full dynamic Finite Element analysis
• Most accurate – least conservative (if made correct)
• Requires a sophisticated soil model that can account for increased resistance due to
penetration
• Requires a sophisticated load model with variable hydrodynamic force coefficients

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Dynamic Analysis Eng. Solutions
• Typical load input; irregular flow velocity, Uw(t) + Uc(t) generated from the
surface wave spectrum
1.0
0.8
0.6
Water particle velocity [m/s]
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time [s]

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Dynamic Analysis Eng. Solutions
• Typical result; lateral displacement
25.0
20.0
Lateral Displacement [m]
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time [s]

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Generalised Method Eng. Solutions
Generalised Lateral Stability (GLS)
Based on an allowable displacement in a design spectrum of oscillatory wave-induced

velocities perpendicular to the pipeline at the pipeline level
– Virtual Stability (GLS 0.5xOD)

Allows some small displacements under the largest waves in a sea state. Maximum
Displacement is small, less than about half a diameter, which ensures that the pipe
does not move out of its cavity.
– Generalized Lateral Stability (GLS 10xOD)

Limits the sum of the lateral displacement obtained during temporary condition and
during operation up to a maximum of 10 diameters.
• Note that this generalised method covers a narrow band of input

(in terms of K and M), typical North Sea conditions
• Hence, most designers apply the absolute lateral method to ensure
the result is conservative ...

MECHOCEAN
6. On-bottom Stability Design – Absolute Method Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
If it is assumed that there is no load reduction from permeable seabed, pipe penetrating the
seabed, and trenching:

MECHOCEAN

MECHOCEAN
Assess input data

Set up relevant load case and condition
Decide on design method and acceptance criteria
Are the acceptance criteria met?
– If yes → stop
– If no → increase weight and re-analyse

MECHOCEAN
7. Summary Eng. Solutions
• Waves:
– Height, period, peakedness, direction and spreading
– Transformation from surface waves to velocity and period at the seabed
• Current:
– Velocity, boundary layer, direction
• Hydrodynamic Loads:
– Hydrodynamic loads due to wave and current
• Resistance:
Sand and clay
Pure friction + passive resistance
• Design:
- Design input data
- Design load condition
- Design method and acceptance criteria
 Vertical Stability
 Dynamic Stability Analysis
 Generalised Stability Method
 Absolute Stability Method

MECHOCEAN
•Methods to stabilize the pipe
 Concrete Coating (normally 38mm ≤ tconc ≤ 150mm)
 Increase Wall Thickness
 Trenching
 Burial
 Intermittent rock berms
 Structural Anchor
 Mattress (Concrete or Bitumen)

MECHOCEAN
Questions Eng. Solutions
1. Write step by step procedure for on-bottom stability

assessment
2. What are the driving and resisting forces for lateral stability
and explain them through force balance equation.
3. Describe different design methods and acceptance criteria for
on-bottom stability
4. What are the design load combinations used for the stability
assessment?
5. What are the pipe-soil interaction parameters that cause the
reduction of hydrodynamic loads for on-bottom stability?
6. Write different methods to stabilise the pipe
7. Calculate total on-bottom wave velocity. Given zeroth and 2nd
order spectral moments are 6.07x10-3. Find out drag and lift
forces when current velocity is 0.46 m/s, CD = 0.7, CL = 0.9
and sea water density is 1025kg/m3
MECHOCEAN
Questions Eng. Solutions
8. Calculate the significant wave induced velocity at the

relevant water depth based on the given data and figure
Given Data Values
Significant Wave height Hs 16.0m
Peak period Tp 15.0s
Water Depth 100 m
Peakedness parameter 1.0

On Bottom Stability of Pipelines

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Subsea Pipeline and Risers

Pipeline On-bottom Stability Design

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

On-bottom Stability Design 6.Design

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

• What is the purpose of Pipeline On-Bottom Stability Design?

- Control of the pipeline

• What may move this pipe?

- Hydrodynamic loads from water flow

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

• A pipe lies on the seabed, what resists the horizontal loads?

 Resistance from the pipe-soil interaction

• And what if the pipe moves?

 Some motion is normally no danger

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Two questions you need to answer after this section:

• What are the main sea state characteristics for waves

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

How do we describe surface waves? – Wave Spectrum.

which Hs, Tp and g

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

What are the main parameters in the wave spectrum?

– Significant wave height, Hs

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

increases the potential

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

• Peakedness, g (determines the peakedness of the spectrum):

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Direction Only the

If reliable directional data do not exist, apply waves perpendicular to pipe

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

• Reduction factor RD as a function of main direction and spreading applies to Us

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

• If a pipeline is designed to move significantly, the displacement can be assumed

– Significant wave height is a statistical parameter only, twice the standard

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Current velocity is normally measured at a certain reference height zr

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Boundary layer effect:

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Reference height zr ... ... where the reference velocity Ur is measured

We apply average velocity UD over pipe

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Average velocity for Sand:

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Only the perpendicular

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Total flow velocity = Current velocity + Wave induced velocity

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

from wave dominated to current dominated

Waves: Oscillating motion, good Current: Uni-directional motion, bad

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Transform wave and current to loads -2

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Commonly used values for pipeline sitting on seabed: