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Last’s Lecture
• Permeability (Chapter 7)
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10/10/2013
What is permeability?
A measure of how easily a fluid (e.g., water)
can pass through a porous medium (e.g.,
soils)
Today’s Lecture
• Seepage (Chapter 8)
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10/10/2013
Seepage
• The movement of a liquid
through a porous medium in the
ground beneath the earth.
Flownets in Anisotropic Media
Assuming the water is incompressible and no volume change in the soil mass
h h
2vx 2vz v x k x ix k x v z k z iz k z
x z
x z
h2
2h If kx=kz 2h 2h
Kx Ky 0 0 Laplace Eq.
x 2
y2 x 2 y2
The solution is a pair of family of orthogonal curves… Flow lines and Equipotential lines
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Seepage Terminology
Stream line‐Flow Line
Is simply the path of a water molecule.
From upstream to downstream, total head steadily
decreases along the stream line.
hL=H1-H2
concrete dam
TH = H1 TH = H2
soil
impervious strata
Seepage Terminology
Equipotential line
is simply a contour of constant total head.
hL
datum
concrete dam
TH = hL TH = 0
impervious strata
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Seepage Terminology
Flow Nets:
A network of selected stream lines and equipotential lines.
Flownet
A network of selected stream lines and
equipotential lines drawn at a convenient scale.
concrete dam
curvilinear
square
90º
soil
impervious strata
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10/10/2013
The Flow Net
Flow lines - run parallel to impervious boundaries
and the phreatic surface.
“Phreatic surface” = the top flow line
The Flow Net
Flow Pipe
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The Flow Net
q kiA
Darcy’s Law
H
q k
Nd
N
q k f H
Nd
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10/10/2013
If the flow cells are not squares, then
b1 b2 b3 b4
..... n
l1 l2 l3 l4
Nf
q kH n
Nd
The
Flow curvilinear
Net square
90º
Condition 1: The upstream and downstream of the permeable layer are equipotential lines (ab
and de)
Condition 2: The boundary of the impervious layer (fg) is a flow line and so the surface of the
sheet pile (acd)
Condition 3: Because ab and de are equipotential lines all the flowlines intersect them at 90o
Condition 4: The equipotential lines intersect acd and fg at 90o
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Now… this is for each one of the flow‐pipes so the total
In this figure… q is….
H= H1 - H2 Nf
q kH Where Nf is the number of flow‐pipes
and Nd is Nd
H1
Nd 8
H H
q k H2
Nd
1 8
For this example, Nf is 2 1 7
2 3 6
Nf 4 4 5
3
4
Impervious boundary
height of water, 40 m
A C
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height of water, 40 m
Solution: DAM height of water, 5 m
1A C9
• Nf = 4 1 8
2 2 7
• Nd = 9 3 3B 6
4 5
• h = 35 m 4
• k = 10‐7 m/sec
Nf m 4 m2
q kH q 10 7
35m 1.55556
Nd s 9 s
What would be the flow per day over a 50 m length of wall?
m2
Solution: q 1.55556
s
50m
height of water, 40 m
DAM C
height of water, 5 m
A
A C
B B m 4 m2
q 10 7 35m 1.55556
s 9 s
What would be the flow per day over a 50 m length of wall?
m2 m3 s h Q 6.72
m3
Q 1.55556 50m 7.7778 x10 5 x3600 24
s s h da da
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The
Flow curvilinear
Net square
90º
Condition 1: The upstream and downstream of the permeable layer are equipotential lines (ab
and de)
Condition 2: The boundary of the impervious layer (fg) is a flow line and so the surface of the
sheet pile (acd)
Condition 3: Because ab and de are equipotential lines all the flowlines intersect them at 90o
Condition 4: The equipotential lines intersect acd and fg at 90o
Show by hand
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10/10/2013
Flownets in Anisotropic Media
Assuming the water is incompressible and no volume change in the soil mass
h h
2vx 2vz v x k x ix k x v z k z iz k z
x z
x z
2h 2h 2h 2h
Kx Ky 0 If kx=kz 0
x 2
y2 x 2 y2
Flownets in Anisotropic Media
So far we have only talked about flownets in
isotropic material. Can we draw flownets for
anisotropic circumstances?
For steady‐state anisotropic media, with x and z
aligned with Kx and Kz, we can write the flow equation:
2h 2h
Kx 2 Kz 2 0
x z
K x 2h 2h
dividing both sides by Kz: 2 2 0
z x
K z
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Flownets in Anisotropic Media
Next, we perform a coordinates transformation:
K x 2h 2h
2 2 0 Kz
xX
1 K 1
x 2
K z x z X K z x
2
Kx
This transforms our governing equation to:
2h 2h
0 Laplace’s Eqn!
X 2 z 2
Flownets in Anisotropic Media
Steps in drawing an anisotropic flownet:
1. Adopt a vertical scale (z axis) for drawing the cross section
2. Get the horizontal scale (x axis) such that:
Horizontal scale
kz
Vertical scale
kx
3. Plot the new section
4. Draw the flownet
HN f
5. Calculate seepage per unit length q kxkz
Nd
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1. Adopt a vertical scale (z axis) for drawing
the cross section
25 ft
2. Get the horizontal scale (x axis) such that:
k z 2 x10 2 mm / s k x 4 x10 2 mm / s
Horizontal scale
kz
Vertical scale
kx
k z 2 x10 2 mm / s k x 4 x10 2 mm / s
5. Calculate seepage per unit length
HN f
q kxkz
Nd
Next Lecture
• Uplift Pressure
• Seepage Through Earth Dams
• Filter Design
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