MANUKAU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING

MAR 2020

AUTHOR

Mayankkumar Doariya

ID number

190003946

Name of Supervisor

Peiter Niruwoudt

Supervisor Designation

Assistant Professor
Table of Contents

Sr. No Description Pg. No

1 Abstract 01
2 Acknowledgement 01
3 Introduction 01
3.1 Introduction to buses 01
3.1.1 Slack bus 01
3.1.2 Load bus 01
3.1.3 Generator bus 02
3.2 Introduction of Analysis Method 02
3.2.1 Gauss-Seidel Method 02
3.2.2 Newton Raphson Method 02
4 Objective 03
5 Description of Research 03
6 Preliminary Design 04
6.1 Flowcharts 04
6.2 technique description 05
7 Time Plan and Budget 07
Appendix A: Updated time plan 07
Appendix B: Updated Budget 09
9 Conclusions 10
10 References 10

List of Figures Pg. No

Fig 1. 3 Bus bar system 04

Fig 2. Flowchart of iteration technique 04

Fig 3. Three bus bar system solved on PWS 05

 1. Abstract

In this project, different power companies have to monitor the load flow on their power lines and
generator after every 30 minutes to provide correct voltage at receiving side. (i.e. consumer side).
Due to change in load at consumer bus bars and faults on system, companies cannot provide
uniform voltage. Therefore, Power companies are continuously running load flow analysis on
three-bus grid station.

In order to maintain uniform voltage at receiving side, they must perform load analysis using
different techniques (i.e. Gauss-Seidel and Newton Raphson Method). Load analysis had to been
performed on three small bus while one of them would be Slack bus.

2. Acknowledgement

It is to be acknowledged that this project cannot be completed without support of my Supervisor

Peiter Niruwoudt. I would also like to thank my teacher (Any other teacher Name) for his
advice and help in this Project.

3. Introduction

Load flow analysis is a technique used to analyze power systems through numerical analysis in
an interconnected system. It measures actually how much steady state operation is followed in
power systems.

3.1. Introduction to Buses

There are actually three types of buses in this system

1) Slack Bus
2) Load Bus
3) Generator Bus
3.1.1. Slack Bus

Slack bus also known as Swing bus. Initially we consider reference bus as Slack bus. This bus
has specified voltage and phase angle. It actually makes difference between scheduled loads and
generated power that is caused by losses in system.

3.1.2. Load Bus

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It is also famous for its name as P-Q bus. Voltage and Phase angle of this bus is computed
numerically through any method.

3.1.3. Generator Bus

The bus which connects generator to its generating transformer is called as Generator bus.
Generator bus is also treated as load bus when reactive power of a generator bus violates specific
limit.

3.2. Introduction of Analysis Method

Power flow analysis can be performed using two different techniques

3.2.1. Gauss-Seidel Method

The method was formed by German Scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Seidel. It is a
method of iteration used for solving n linear equation with unknown variables. The Gauss-Seidel
technique is the change of the gauss-iteration method. This adjustment decreases the quantity of
cycle. Right now estimation of obscure promptly diminishes the quantity of iteration, the
determined worth supplants the prior worth just toward the finish of the iteration. As we can see
from the result, Gauss – Seidel method is more accurate than any other Gauss techniques.
Although it is dependent on size of power system but due to its complexity it is more accurate.

General expression for Gauss-Seidel iteration method is given as follows

P sch− j Q sch
V (k+1)
i =
1
y ii{× i ¿ i −∑ Y ij V (k)
(k)

Vi j≠i
j
}
3.2.2. Newton Raphson Method

Newton Raphson Method is a technique used for solving non-linear equation through iteration.
There are two methods to solve load flow analysis using this technique. One of the is rectangular
Co-ordinate while other is Polar Co-ordinate. Polar co-ordinate technique is widely used. In this
system, number of iteration is independent of size of system. Very accurate solution from
approximately two to three iteration can be obtained.

General expression to solve this method is given as below

2
 n
Pi− jQi =∑ ¿ V i|¿ V j ¿∨Y ij|∠(θij +δ j−δ i )
j =1

[ ΔΔQP ]=[ JJ JJ ][ ΔΔ|Vδ |]

1

3
2

ΔP
J=
Δδ

ΔQ i
J=
Δδ
4. Objective

The main objective of this project is

1) Understand and implement analysis techniques through Gauss-Seidel and Newton

Raphson Method.
2) Derive power and voltage equation in Load flow
3) Write iteration code in Matlab to perform load flow analysis at three bus bar system.
4) Also to verify accuracy of program written on Matlab.
5. Description of Research

From the Abstracts, I get to know that different companies have to perform Load flow analysis to
provide correct voltages at consumer’s side. For this purpose, we have to study different iteration
techniques such as Gauss-Seidel and Newton Raphson Method. Firstly, I learnt about both
iteration techniques Gauss-Seidel and Newton Raphson Method. From Research and Study of
both techniques, I get to know that Newton Raphson method takes longer time as elements of
Jacobian are to be computed for each iteration. It also requires large computer memory while it
performs quick and accurate result in two to three iterations. On the other hand, Gauss-Seidel
method takes more iteration than that of Newton Raphson method.

6. Preliminary Design

This is a three bus system in which bus 1 is a slack bus, bus two is generator bus while bus three
is load bus. It was designed on power world simulator

3
 Fig.1 Three Bus Bar System

6.1. Flow Chart

Fig.2 Flowchart of iteration technique

6.2. Technique Description

In this project, load flow analysis could be performed using two different techniques. First
technique is Gauss-seidel method technique. This technique requires more iteration depending

4
upon size of system while Second Technique is Newton Raphson only take two to three iteration
not depending upon size of system.

The one-line diagram with a generator reactance omitted is repeated here. The reactance is given
in pu on a 100-MVA base

Fig 3. Three bus system solved on PWS

V1 = 1<0 pu P3=-80MW Q3= -69 MVAR (lag) Z12=0.5j

V2 = 1<0 pu P2=60 MW Z23=0.25j Z13= 0.2j

Note: it is notified to you that these calculations are solved by Newton Raphson Method

Calculations for iterations are given as below

1
y 12= =-2j
0.5 j
1
y 13= =-5j
0.2 j
1
y 23= =-4j
0.25 j
Sbase=100 MVA

60
P 2= = 0.6pu
100 MVA
−80
P3 = = -0.8pu
100 MVA
−60
Q 3= = -0.6pu
100 MVA

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Y-Bus of given Circuit is system is

−7 j 2 j −5 j
Ybus =
[ 2 j −6 j 4 j
5j 4 j −9 j ]
Power of system is given as

P12= ∑ (D2G2KDK + D2B2KFK –F2B2KDK + F2G2KFK)

P12=1[(-2) (0) + 6(0)+ (-4)(0)]-0 = 0

P13=∑ (D3G3KDK + D3B3KFK –F3B3KDK + F3G3KFK)

P13= 0

Now reactive Power is given as

Q (31 )= ∑ (D3B3KDK + D3G3KFK –F3G3KDK + F3B3KFK)

Q (31 )=1[(-5) (1) + (-4) (1)+ (9) (1)]-0 = 0

Power Residuals are given as

Δ P2 = P2S-P12 = 0.6

Δ P3 = P3S-P13 = -0.8

Δ Q3 = Q2S-Q 13 = -0.6

Δ V 2 = V2S-V 02 = 0

Now Jocobian elements are given as

1st entry of Jocobian

Δ P2
J2 221 = = D2B22 + F2G22 + C2 = 6
Δδ2

2nd entry of Jocobian

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 Δ P2
J2 231 = =D 2 B 23+ F 2 G23 = -4
Δδ2

3rd entry of Jocobian

Δ P2
J2 321 = = D2B32 + F2G32 = -4
Δδ2

4th entry of Jocobian

Δ P2
J2 331 = = D2B33 + F2G33 = 9
Δδ2

5th entry of Jocobian

Δ P2
J3 321 = = D2B32 + F2G32 = -4
Δδ2

6th entry of Jocobian

Δ P2
J3 331 = = D2B33 + F2G33 = 9
Δδ2

7th entry of Jocobian

Δ P2
J5 221 = =2 D 2= 2
Δδ2

ΔJ = -684

0 0 0 0.5000
J −1=
[ 0 0
0.2368 0.1053
0.1111 0.2222

0.1053 0.1579 0 0
00
]
After 1st iteration we have following results

δ (1)
2 =3.31

D(12 )=¿cos 3.31 =0.9983

F(1)
2 =sin 3.31=0.0578

7
 3 =¿0- 0.6663= −0.6663
F(1)

Final solution is as follows

D12 ¿ 0.9983 ¿

[ ][
D13 ¿ 0.9334 ¿

F 13
=
F 12 ¿ 0.0578 ¿
−0.0631
]
7. Time Plan and Budget
A. Updated time Plan

Semester
1
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
Tasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
                               
MATLAB
1
LAB     2 2 2 0.4                   6.4
  Actual hours     2 2 1.5 0.3                   5.8
Electrical
2 measurment
LAB               2 2 2 2 2 2     12
  Actual hours               2 2 2 2 1 2     11
Discussing
the project
3
with
supervisor                         0.5     0.5
  Actual hours                         0.5     0.5
Preparing the
Gantt chart
4
and project
budget                   1.5           1.5
  Actual hours                   1           1
Presentation
5
preparation                           3.3 3.3 6.6
  Actual hours                           3.3 3.3 6.6
Total
overall
hours 27
Total
Actual
hours 24.9
Semester
2
Tasks W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W TOTALS

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
                               
Discussing
the project
1
with
supervisor 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5   7
  Actual hours 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5   7.3
Research
2
about project 4 4 3                         11
  Actual hours 4 4 4                         12
Learning
formula and
gathering
3
knowledge of
gauss seidel
method   2   3 2                     7
  Actual hours   2   2 2                     6
Learning
formula and
gathering
4 knowledge of
Newton
Rapson
method     3 1 2                     6
  Actual hours     3 2 1                     6
Study of
5 MATLAB
FOR LOOP     1 3                       4
  Actual hours     1 2                       3
Solution of
problem and
obtain the
power and
6
voltage
equations
used in load
flow       4 2                     6
  Actual hours       3 2                     5
Do hand
calculation
and solve
problem
7 using Gauss
Seidel or
Newton
Raphson
method       4 3 3                   10
  Actual hours       3 3 3                   9
Gathering
8 required
software           3 2                 5
  Actual hours           2.5 2                 4.5
getting useful
9
commands             3 4 4 3           14

9
  Actual hours             3 3 3 3           12
1 MATLAB
0 program             3 5 4 5 4 4       25
  Actual hours             3 4.5 4 5 4 4       24.5
1 Run the
                    3 3       6
1 program and
  Actual hours                     3 3       6
1 verifying the
                5 5 4 4 4 4   26
2 output
  Actual hours                 5 5 4 4 3 4   25
1 Presentation
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 16
3 preparation
  Actual hours     1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 2 2 2 15.5
1 Final report
                1 3 2 2   2 5 15
4 preparation
  Actual hours                 1 3 2 2   2 5 15
Total
overall
planned
hours 185
Total overall
actual hours 176.2

B. Updated Budget Plan

Design charge rate: $17.70 <---- enter $/ hr.

Budget Actual
Start date Hours Cost Start date Hours Cost Hou
1 MATLAB LAB 02-Feb-20 6.2 $109.74 $0.00
Electrical measurement
2 09-Feb-20
LAB 12 $212.40 $0.00
3 Discussing the project 15-Feb-20 7 $123.90 $0.00
with supervisor
4 Preparing the Gantt chart 19-Feb-20 1.5 $26.55 $0.00
and project budget
5 Presentation preparation 21-Feb-20 6.6 $116.82 $0.00
6 Research about project 24-Feb-20 11 $194.70 $0.00
Learning formula and
7 gathering knowledge of 02-Mar-20 7 $123.90 $0.00
gauss seidel method
Learning formula and
8 gathering knowledge of 09-Mar-20 6 $106.20 $0.00
Newton Raphson method
Study of MATLAB DU
9 09-Mar-20 4 $70.80 $0.00
loops

10
 Solution of problem and
10 obtain the power and 23-Mar-20 6 $106.20 $0.00
voltage equations used in
load flow
Do hand calculation and
11 solve problem by using 30-Mar-20 10 $177.00 $0.00
Gauss Seidel or Newton
Raphson method
Gathering the required
12 software and relevant 06-Apr-20 5 $88.50 $0.00
resources
13 getting useful commands 20-Apr-20 14 $247.80 $0.00
14 Simulation using matlab 20-Apr-20 25 $442.50 $0.00
program
15 Run the program and 11-May-20 6 $106.20 $0.00
study the result
16 verifying the output 18-May-20 26 $460.20 $0.00
17 presentation preparation 25-May-20 16 $283.20 $0.00
18 Final report preparation 08-Jun-20 15 $265.50 $0.00
184.3 $3,262.11 0 $0.00

8. Conclusion

From this project, I conclude that Newton Raphson method is more effective and valuable then
Gauss-Seidel method because we can get our answer only by doing two to three iterations
independent of size of power system. I also conclude how to manage cost operation and time
duration of grid stations.

9. References

[1]https://www.google.com/search?
q=gaussseidel+method+in+power+system+analysis&rlz=1C1GCEB_enPK891PK891&oq=Gauss+seidel+m
ethod+i&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j35i39j0l6.5680j0j8&sourceid=chrom

[2]https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1GCEB_enPK891PK891&sxsrf=ALeKk02TZfVK9Q7WKHZqnnakzetqtPbrqA
%3A1584292883271&ei=E2RuXsqSENyHjLsPnoG4iAo&q=newton+raphson+method+in+power+system+
analysis&oq=newton+raphson+method+in+&gs_l=psy-ab

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