Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING
MAR 2020
AUTHOR
Mayankkumar Doariya
ID number
190003946
Name of Supervisor
Peiter Niruwoudt
Supervisor Designation
Assistant Professor
Table of Contents
1 Abstract 01
2 Acknowledgement 01
3 Introduction 01
3.1 Introduction to buses 01
3.1.1 Slack bus 01
3.1.2 Load bus 01
3.1.3 Generator bus 02
3.2 Introduction of Analysis Method 02
3.2.1 Gauss-Seidel Method 02
3.2.2 Newton Raphson Method 02
4 Objective 03
5 Description of Research 03
6 Preliminary Design 04
6.1 Flowcharts 04
6.2 technique description 05
7 Time Plan and Budget 07
Appendix A: Updated time plan 07
Appendix B: Updated Budget 09
9 Conclusions 10
10 References 10
In this project, different power companies have to monitor the load flow on their power lines and
generator after every 30 minutes to provide correct voltage at receiving side. (i.e. consumer side).
Due to change in load at consumer bus bars and faults on system, companies cannot provide
uniform voltage. Therefore, Power companies are continuously running load flow analysis on
three-bus grid station.
In order to maintain uniform voltage at receiving side, they must perform load analysis using
different techniques (i.e. Gauss-Seidel and Newton Raphson Method). Load analysis had to been
performed on three small bus while one of them would be Slack bus.
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
Load flow analysis is a technique used to analyze power systems through numerical analysis in
an interconnected system. It measures actually how much steady state operation is followed in
power systems.
1) Slack Bus
2) Load Bus
3) Generator Bus
3.1.1. Slack Bus
Slack bus also known as Swing bus. Initially we consider reference bus as Slack bus. This bus
has specified voltage and phase angle. It actually makes difference between scheduled loads and
generated power that is caused by losses in system.
1
It is also famous for its name as P-Q bus. Voltage and Phase angle of this bus is computed
numerically through any method.
The bus which connects generator to its generating transformer is called as Generator bus.
Generator bus is also treated as load bus when reactive power of a generator bus violates specific
limit.
The method was formed by German Scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Seidel. It is a
method of iteration used for solving n linear equation with unknown variables. The Gauss-Seidel
technique is the change of the gauss-iteration method. This adjustment decreases the quantity of
cycle. Right now estimation of obscure promptly diminishes the quantity of iteration, the
determined worth supplants the prior worth just toward the finish of the iteration. As we can see
from the result, Gauss – Seidel method is more accurate than any other Gauss techniques.
Although it is dependent on size of power system but due to its complexity it is more accurate.
P sch− j Q sch
V (k+1)
i =
1
y ii{× i ¿ i −∑ Y ij V (k)
(k)
Vi j≠i
j
}
3.2.2. Newton Raphson Method
Newton Raphson Method is a technique used for solving non-linear equation through iteration.
There are two methods to solve load flow analysis using this technique. One of the is rectangular
Co-ordinate while other is Polar Co-ordinate. Polar co-ordinate technique is widely used. In this
system, number of iteration is independent of size of system. Very accurate solution from
approximately two to three iteration can be obtained.
3
2
ΔP
J=
Δδ
ΔQ i
J=
Δδ
4. Objective
From the Abstracts, I get to know that different companies have to perform Load flow analysis to
provide correct voltages at consumer’s side. For this purpose, we have to study different iteration
techniques such as Gauss-Seidel and Newton Raphson Method. Firstly, I learnt about both
iteration techniques Gauss-Seidel and Newton Raphson Method. From Research and Study of
both techniques, I get to know that Newton Raphson method takes longer time as elements of
Jacobian are to be computed for each iteration. It also requires large computer memory while it
performs quick and accurate result in two to three iterations. On the other hand, Gauss-Seidel
method takes more iteration than that of Newton Raphson method.
6. Preliminary Design
This is a three bus system in which bus 1 is a slack bus, bus two is generator bus while bus three
is load bus. It was designed on power world simulator
3
Fig.1 Three Bus Bar System
In this project, load flow analysis could be performed using two different techniques. First
technique is Gauss-seidel method technique. This technique requires more iteration depending
4
upon size of system while Second Technique is Newton Raphson only take two to three iteration
not depending upon size of system.
The one-line diagram with a generator reactance omitted is repeated here. The reactance is given
in pu on a 100-MVA base
Note: it is notified to you that these calculations are solved by Newton Raphson Method
1
y 12= =-2j
0.5 j
1
y 13= =-5j
0.2 j
1
y 23= =-4j
0.25 j
Sbase=100 MVA
60
P 2= = 0.6pu
100 MVA
−80
P3 = = -0.8pu
100 MVA
−60
Q 3= = -0.6pu
100 MVA
5
Y-Bus of given Circuit is system is
−7 j 2 j −5 j
Ybus =
[ 2 j −6 j 4 j
5j 4 j −9 j ]
Power of system is given as
P13= 0
Δ P2 = P2S-P12 = 0.6
Δ P3 = P3S-P13 = -0.8
Δ Q3 = Q2S-Q 13 = -0.6
Δ V 2 = V2S-V 02 = 0
Δ P2
J2 221 = = D2B22 + F2G22 + C2 = 6
Δδ2
6
Δ P2
J2 231 = =D 2 B 23+ F 2 G23 = -4
Δδ2
Δ P2
J2 321 = = D2B32 + F2G32 = -4
Δδ2
Δ P2
J2 331 = = D2B33 + F2G33 = 9
Δδ2
Δ P2
J3 321 = = D2B32 + F2G32 = -4
Δδ2
Δ P2
J3 331 = = D2B33 + F2G33 = 9
Δδ2
Δ P2
J5 221 = =2 D 2= 2
Δδ2
ΔJ = -684
0 0 0 0.5000
J −1=
[ 0 0
0.2368 0.1053
0.1111 0.2222
0.1053 0.1579 0 0
00
]
After 1st iteration we have following results
δ (1)
2 =3.31
F(1)
2 =sin 3.31=0.0578
7
3 =¿0- 0.6663= −0.6663
F(1)
D12 ¿ 0.9983 ¿
[ ][
D13 ¿ 0.9334 ¿
F 13
=
F 12 ¿ 0.0578 ¿
−0.0631
]
7. Time Plan and Budget
A. Updated time Plan
Semester
1
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
Tasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
MATLAB
1
LAB 2 2 2 0.4 6.4
Actual hours 2 2 1.5 0.3 5.8
Electrical
2 measurment
LAB 2 2 2 2 2 2 12
Actual hours 2 2 2 2 1 2 11
Discussing
the project
3
with
supervisor 0.5 0.5
Actual hours 0.5 0.5
Preparing the
Gantt chart
4
and project
budget 1.5 1.5
Actual hours 1 1
Presentation
5
preparation 3.3 3.3 6.6
Actual hours 3.3 3.3 6.6
Total
overall
hours 27
Total
Actual
hours 24.9
Semester
2
Tasks W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W TOTALS
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Discussing
the project
1
with
supervisor 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7
Actual hours 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 7.3
Research
2
about project 4 4 3 11
Actual hours 4 4 4 12
Learning
formula and
gathering
3
knowledge of
gauss seidel
method 2 3 2 7
Actual hours 2 2 2 6
Learning
formula and
gathering
4 knowledge of
Newton
Rapson
method 3 1 2 6
Actual hours 3 2 1 6
Study of
5 MATLAB
FOR LOOP 1 3 4
Actual hours 1 2 3
Solution of
problem and
obtain the
power and
6
voltage
equations
used in load
flow 4 2 6
Actual hours 3 2 5
Do hand
calculation
and solve
problem
7 using Gauss
Seidel or
Newton
Raphson
method 4 3 3 10
Actual hours 3 3 3 9
Gathering
8 required
software 3 2 5
Actual hours 2.5 2 4.5
getting useful
9
commands 3 4 4 3 14
9
Actual hours 3 3 3 3 12
1 MATLAB
0 program 3 5 4 5 4 4 25
Actual hours 3 4.5 4 5 4 4 24.5
1 Run the
3 3 6
1 program and
Actual hours 3 3 6
1 verifying the
5 5 4 4 4 4 26
2 output
Actual hours 5 5 4 4 3 4 25
1 Presentation
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 16
3 preparation
Actual hours 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 2 2 2 15.5
1 Final report
1 3 2 2 2 5 15
4 preparation
Actual hours 1 3 2 2 2 5 15
Total
overall
planned
hours 185
Total overall
actual hours 176.2
Budget Actual
Start date Hours Cost Start date Hours Cost Hou
1 MATLAB LAB 02-Feb-20 6.2 $109.74 $0.00
Electrical measurement
2 09-Feb-20
LAB 12 $212.40 $0.00
3 Discussing the project 15-Feb-20 7 $123.90 $0.00
with supervisor
4 Preparing the Gantt chart 19-Feb-20 1.5 $26.55 $0.00
and project budget
5 Presentation preparation 21-Feb-20 6.6 $116.82 $0.00
6 Research about project 24-Feb-20 11 $194.70 $0.00
Learning formula and
7 gathering knowledge of 02-Mar-20 7 $123.90 $0.00
gauss seidel method
Learning formula and
8 gathering knowledge of 09-Mar-20 6 $106.20 $0.00
Newton Raphson method
Study of MATLAB DU
9 09-Mar-20 4 $70.80 $0.00
loops
10
Solution of problem and
10 obtain the power and 23-Mar-20 6 $106.20 $0.00
voltage equations used in
load flow
Do hand calculation and
11 solve problem by using 30-Mar-20 10 $177.00 $0.00
Gauss Seidel or Newton
Raphson method
Gathering the required
12 software and relevant 06-Apr-20 5 $88.50 $0.00
resources
13 getting useful commands 20-Apr-20 14 $247.80 $0.00
14 Simulation using matlab 20-Apr-20 25 $442.50 $0.00
program
15 Run the program and 11-May-20 6 $106.20 $0.00
study the result
16 verifying the output 18-May-20 26 $460.20 $0.00
17 presentation preparation 25-May-20 16 $283.20 $0.00
18 Final report preparation 08-Jun-20 15 $265.50 $0.00
184.3 $3,262.11 0 $0.00
8. Conclusion
From this project, I conclude that Newton Raphson method is more effective and valuable then
Gauss-Seidel method because we can get our answer only by doing two to three iterations
independent of size of power system. I also conclude how to manage cost operation and time
duration of grid stations.
9. References
[1]https://www.google.com/search?
q=gaussseidel+method+in+power+system+analysis&rlz=1C1GCEB_enPK891PK891&oq=Gauss+seidel+m
ethod+i&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j35i39j0l6.5680j0j8&sourceid=chrom
[2]https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1GCEB_enPK891PK891&sxsrf=ALeKk02TZfVK9Q7WKHZqnnakzetqtPbrqA
%3A1584292883271&ei=E2RuXsqSENyHjLsPnoG4iAo&q=newton+raphson+method+in+power+system+
analysis&oq=newton+raphson+method+in+&gs_l=psy-ab
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