Class Structure

CSIS 7304 • Instructor: Dr. Ka-Cheong Leung

The Wireless Internet and – E-mail: kcleung@eee.hku.hk
– Office Hours: Wednesdays 5:00 – 6:00 p.m. or
Mobile Computing by appointment
• Web page: http://www.cs.hku.hk/~cs7304
Dr. Ka-Cheong Leung – lecture notes and supplementary readings
– assignment handouts and lecture recordings
(http://www.cs.hku.hk/~c7304)
– announcements

Dr. Ka-Cheong Leung CSIS 7304 The Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing Slide 1 Dr. Ka-Cheong Leung CSIS 7304 The Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing Slide 2

Course Readings Grading

• Required textbook • Written assignments 9%
– Mobile Communications
Jochen Schiller, Second Edition, Addison Wesley, 2003 • Midterm Examination (12 July 2006) 26%
• Reference textbook • Final Examination 65%
– Wireless Communications and Networks
William Stallings, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005 • Assignments
– submit electronically via
• Additional readings on wireless TCP http://msccs.cs.hku.hk/intranet2005/default.asp
– will be available on the class web page – due at 7 p.m. on the designated due dates
– no late assignments accepted for credit

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 Policies
• Advised to acquire the required textbook and
possess a copy of any required readings
– need to read any supplementary readings
– not all details covered in class
• responsible to fill in any missing background
– Prerequisite
• basic understanding
networking protocols
• Read ahead the readings to aid your
understanding of lectured materials and
engage class discussions
Dr. Ka-Cheong Leung CSIS 7304 The Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing
Policies
• No extension granted for the assignments
• No make-up midterm and final examination
• Academic Integrity Policy prohibits plagiarism
– all work submitted for credit must be done on your own
– work or ideas developed by someone else must be properly
cited in your coursework
of computer systems and
When scholastic dishonesty is suspected, the
case will be reported to the University
Disciplinary Committee.
Slide 5 Dr. Ka-Cheong Leung CSIS 7304 The Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing Slide 6

Acknowledgement Course Topics

• Some lecture slides adopted from:
– presentation slides of “Mobile Communications” (our required • Wireless transmission basics
textbook) authored by Dr. Jochen Schiller
– lecture notes used at the University of Southern California and
evolved over many years, with contributions from Dr. Deborah
• Medium access control
Estrin, Dr. Ramesh Govindan, Dr. Christos Papadopoulos, Dr. John
Heidemann, and Dr. Bill Cheng • GSM and UMTS
• I do introduce and modify some of the slides to fit in our class. • Wireless LANs
Please give credit to the contributors and raise any “bug”
reports to me ☺ • Mobile IP and DHCP
• Mobile transport layer
• All course materials are copyrighted. Any use or
redistribution outside this course is prohibited without
prior permission from all contributors.
• Support for mobility

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 Focus of the Class The Internet, Circa 1969
• Goal: “Learn how to learn”
– skills acquired for your life, not just for this class
– learn the interplay between human and systems
• Protocols and mechanisms
– will not deal with how bits move in physical media
– did this in your undergraduate class
• We will deal with:
– protocol rules and algorithms for wireless
communications
– investigate mechanism tradeoffs
– why this way and not another?
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The Internet, on a Poster, Circa 2000

A Recent Internet ISP Map

[data courtesy of
UCSD’s caida]

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Internet Development Mantra Glimpses of the Future?
UCB mote:
Quote from a t-shirt commonly worn at an 8-bit sensor node
IETF meetings: with non-IP based
networking

“We reject kings, presidents and voting.

We believe in rough consensus and http://www.picoweb.net/
(an 8-bit web server with
a sensor network
running code.” (Dave Clark) Ethernet) (tracking the truck)

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Some Definitions Networks

Point-to-Point
• Host: computer, PDA, light switch, ...
• Link: path followed by bits
…
– Wire or wireless Multiple Access
– Broadcast or switched (or both)
• Switch: moves bits between links …
– Packet switching: stateless, store & forward Wireless
– Circuit switching: stateful, cut through

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 Switched Networks What Is the Problem?
• A network can be defined recursively as...
– two or more nodes – two or more networks
connected by a link, connected by two or
or more nodes

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What Is the Problem? But What to Scale?

Always define what kind of“scale” you mean
– Number of hosts, globally routable
– Network should support many link layers
– Geographic distance
– Many versions of software, hardware technologies
– Range of bandwidths
– Different application needs (QoS, etc.)
– Levels of trust / administrative boundaries
– Range of price points for hardware
Lots of dimensions of “scaling” to consider

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 Applications Rule! Application Considerations
• Sometimes easy to forget in this course • Application input to network
– Traffic data rate
• Aside: What are the implications of global – Traffic pattern (bursty or constant bit rate)
connectivity? – Traffic target (multipoint or single
– Technological issues destination, mobile or fixed)
– Societal issues
– Economic issues
• Network service delivered to application
– Security issues – Delay sensitivity
– etc. – Loss sensitivity

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Reliable File Transfer Remote Login

• Loss sensitive • Loss sensitive
• Not delay sensitive relative to round trip • Delay sensitive
times – Subject to interactive constraints
• Point-to-point or multipoint – Can tolerate up to several hundreds of
milliseconds
• Bursty
• Bursty
• Point to point

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 Network Audio Network Video
• Relatively low bandwidth • High bandwidth
– Digitized samples, packetized • Compressed video, bursty
• Delay variance sensitive
• Loss tolerance function of compression
• Loss tolerant
• Delay tolerance a function of
• Possibly multipoint, long duration
interactivity
sessions
– Natural limit to number of simultaneous • Possibly multipoint
senders • Larger number of simultaneous sources
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Web Disruptive Applications

• Transactional traffic • Applications that “disrupt” business as usual
– Short requests, possibly large responses • Not easy to predict: multicast case in point
• Loss (bug?) tolerant • Web was arguably the first, and not many
saw that coming
• Delay sensitive
• Napster is the poster child
– Human interactivity
• Gnutella, Kazaa, Morpheus (?)
• Point-to-point (multipoint is • Others? What’s next?
asynchronous)
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 Getting Started
• Host configuration
The Global Network • Network configuration
• ISP
• Computers meeting computers
• Computers exchanging data

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Host Configuration A Network

• Host configuration needs: • Network configuration needs:
– a physical network cable (Ethernet, etc.) – wires (from the phone or cable company)
– an IP address – Router(s)
– a network mask – a firewall?
– a gateway – an ISP to connect to the Internet
– a DNS server (and other servers) – network addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.xxx)
• Automated with DHCP – servers

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 An ISP What Is….
• ISP needs:
– a (big?) block of addresses
– connections to one or more other ISPs, peerings
– multiple routers, probably at exchange points • Structure
– servers for your users: mail, web, etc. • Metrics
– servers for you: monitoring, etc
• Failure modes
– competent network admins (recommended)
– an AUP (Acceptable Use Policy)
• Functions
– a lawyer
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Idealized Network Structure How Do Computers Find Each Other?

Backbones Computer1 Computer 2

Regionals Internet

Campus LANs

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What Are the Different Kinds of Addresses? Domain Naming System (DNS)
• Have domain name (e.g., www.hku.hk) Local
– Global, human readable name Computer 1 DNS server
• DNS translates name to IP address What’s the IP address for www.hku.hk?
(e.g. 147.8.145.50)
– Global, understood by all networks It is 147.8.145.50
• Finally, we need local net address
DNS address manually configured into OS
– e.g., Ethernet (08-00-2c-19-dc-45)
Packets have IP address information
– Local, works only on a particular network
=> DNS server knows Computer 1’s address
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Finding Ether Address: Address Resolution (ARP) Sending a Packet Through the Internet
Routers send a packet
to next closest point
H R

R
H
H H R
Broadcast: who knows the
R
Ethernet address for 147.8.145.50?
R
Ethernet

R R
H
Broadcast: I do, it is R H: Hosts
08-00-2c-19-dc-45 H
R: Routers
Ethernet
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How Do the Routers Know Where to Send Data? Network Metrics
• Forwarding tables at each router • Bandwidth
populated by routing protocols – Transmission capacity (a.k.a. How many
• Original Internet: manually updated bits can fit in a section of a link?)
• Routing protocols update tables based • Delay
on “cost” – queueing delay
– Exchange tables with neighbors or – Propagation delay (limited by c)
everyone • Delay-bandwidth product
– Use neighbor leading to shortest path – Important for control algorithms

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Network Failures Some Backsliding about Robustness

• Packet loss • NAT boxes

– Queue overflows
• Application-level gateways
– Line noise
• Node or link failures • Layer-3 caches
• Routing transients or failures • User tweaking
• Application level service failures
• Some failure is expected (e.g. congestive • All violate the end-to-end principles
loss), but too much failure is bad – Reduce robustness
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Lack of Security in the Network Engineering Trade-offs
• Eavesdropping
– credit card numbers or passwords in packets Network can be engineered to provide:
• Using other people’s resources
– worms, DDoS
• Reliability
• Breaking into machines • Low delay
– software bugs, poor configuration, trojan horses
• Cost
• Other things
– physical security, social engineering

• But, strong security is possible

Pick any two
– requires all of good protocols, implementation, and people

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