BLDG 6611 Building Science 2016-09-16

BLDG6611 Building Science

Heat Transfer

September 22-29, 2016

Chang-Seo Lee, Ph.D.
Dept. of Building, Civil & Environmental Engineering
Concordia University

Heat Transfer

Definition
Thermal energy in transit due to a spatial temperature difference

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Basic Principles

You need to have a temperature difference to have
heat transfer

Heat transfers from high temperature environment to
low temperature environment

Heat (energy) is not lost; its quality is degraded

F. Kreith, R. Manglik and M. Bohn (2010) Principles of Heat Transfer, Nelson Education
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Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction, Convection & Radiation

T.L. Bergman and F.P. Incropera (2011) Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons

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Laws of Heat Transfer

Fundamental Laws of Heat Transfer

Law of conservation of mass: Continuity Equation

Newton’s 2nd law of motion

Laws of thermodynamics

Subsidiary Laws – based on experimental facts

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Newton’s law of cooling

Stefan-Boltzmann’s law of thermal radiation

Equation of state: Ideal gas law
From: M. M. Rathore and R.R. Kapuno (2011) Engineering Heat Transfer, Jones & Bartlett Learning
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Conduction Mechanisms

Conduction in Solid

Migration of free electrons and lattice vibrations

Additive effects but transport of free electron is more effective

Good electrical conductor is always a good conductor of heat due to the
presence of large number of free electrons

Conduction in nonmetals is always through lattice vibrations

Conduction in Fluid

Collision and diffusion of molecules during their random motion

Most liquids become poorer conductor at higher temperature (except
water)

Unless at very high pressure, thermal conduction in gases is almost
negligible

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Conduction Mechanisms

M. Kaviany (2002) Principles of Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons.

Fourier’s Law of Conduction

The rate of heat conduction per unit area is directly proportional to the
temperature gradient:

where qx: heat transfer rate in x-direction [W]

k: thermal conductivity of the material [W/mK or W/m°C]
A: cross-sectional area [m2]
∂T/∂x: temperature gradient in x-direction [K/m or °C/m]

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General Heat Conduction Equation

Energy balance
Heat
Energy Energy Change in
generated
conducted conducted internal
within
in out energy
element

General 3-D Heat Conduction Equation

1-D Heat Conduction Equation

J.P. Holman (2010) Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Conduction in Plane Wall

Integrating Fourier’s Law:

 
=  −  =
 −  =   − 
 

Conductivity of a material: k [W/mK]

Conductance of a material
 1

= = / 
 
for materials of specific thicknesses

Resistance of a material
1 
= =   ⁄



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Conduction in Wall Assembly in Series

Total heat flow



=   −  ! =  −  !
"#"$%

Total thermal resistance of an assembly

!!&' = (  =  )  ) * ) ⋯ )    ⁄

Overall coefficient of heat transmission

1
= / 
!!&'

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Conduction in Wall Assembly in Series

Ex) Find the total thermal resistance for a wall assembly:
Material #1: Face brick 100 mm thick (k1=1.32 W/m°C)
#2: Light weight concrete 200 mm thick (1920 kg/m3; k2=0.75 W/m°C)
#3: Mineral fiber (C3=0.81 W/m2 °C)

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https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hp_eifs.php

http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=50&C=929&P=3

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Conduction in Wall Assembly in Parallel

Total heat flow


=   −  ! =  −  !
 "#"$%

Overall coefficient of heat transmission

1 ,
= =(
!!&' ,
, , ,
= ) )⋯)
A , ,

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Conduction in Wall Assembly in Parallel

Thermal bridge

Elements having relatively high conductivity penetrate constructions that must
provide resistance to heat transfer

Increased heat flow

Decreased surface temperature

J.W. Listiburek (2007) A bridge too far: Thermal bridges – Steel studs, structural frames, relieving angles and balconies, ASHRAE Journal, Oct. 2007.
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Convection

Energy transfer by moving fluid particles

Convection mechanisms comprised of

Diffusion: Energy transfer by random molecular motion

Advection: Energy Transfer by bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid

Convection = Diffusion + Advection

Forced Convection
When the fluid motion is artificailly induced by a pump, fan or a blower that forces
the fluid over a surface to flow

Natural Convection (Free Convection)

If the fluid motion is set by boyancy effects resulting from the density difference
caused by the temperature difference in the fluid

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Newton’s Law of Cooling

Fundamental law for thermal convection
The rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to the temperature difference
between a surface and fluid.
.
= ℎ0 1 − 2
,
Where, hc: Convective heat transfer coeffcient [W/m2K]
Tw: temperature of the wall [K]
T∞: temperature of the fluid [K]

In this solution we assumed that heat flux is positive when heat is

transferred from the surface to the fluid

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Convection

Convective heat transfer coefficient (hc)

hc depends on surface geometry, nature of the fluid motion,
as well as fluid properties

Typically determined from various correlations of
dimesionless Nusselt number

Forced convection: 34 = 56 7, 9:
Laminar flow over a flat plate (ReL <5×105)

Natural convection: 34 = 56 ;:, 9:

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Convection

Dimesionless No.

Nu

Pr

Re

Gr

F. Kreith, R. Manglik and M. Bohn (2010)

Principles of Heat Transfer, Nelson Education
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Convection

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Heat Transfer in Air Space

affected by the nature of the boundary surfaces, slope of the air space, distance
between boundary surfaces, direction of heat flow, mean temperature of air, and
temperature difference between both boundary surfaces.

spaces are considered airtight, with neither air leakage nor air washing along the
boundary surfaces.

Conduction (in still air) + Convection + Radiation





=  <
)  0
= ℎ< ) ℎ0  −  = =  − 
T2 T1
a: air space coefficient [W/m2K] ; a = hr ) hc



Radiation = BC CD  E −  E = ℎ<  −  ; C = 1.0

BCD  E −  E 1 ε1ε 2
∴ ℎ< = Fε = =
 −  1 1 ε1 + ε 2 − ε1ε 2
+ −1
ε1 ε2

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Heat Transfer in Air Space

Correlation of Conduction-Convection in Air Spaces
J =  −  & L = MℎNO67PP; @ RS& = 10T

For other mean temperature

For (hc l )10 > 0.043
hc,t = hc,10 [1-0.0018(T-10)]

For (hcl)10 < 0.029
hc,t = hc,10 [1)0.003(t-10)]

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Heat Transfer in Air Space

Vertical Air Space

l ≤ 6 mm: conduction + radiation

6 mm ≤ l ≤ 18 mm: convection effect

l > 18 mm: little effect of thickness

ASHRAE Handbook Fundamental (2013) Chap. 25

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Surface Film Coefficient (f)

Account for both convection and radiation that take place
simultanesouly at building surfaces (indoor & outdoor)
.
= 5 ∙ e − & ; 5 = ℎ0 ) ℎ<
,
f: surface film coefficient [W/m2K]
Ts, Ta: temperature of surface and air, respectively



Radiation = BC CD e E − & E = ℎ< e − & ; C = 1.0 & CD = f

E E
Bf e − &
∴ ℎ< =
e − &

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Surace Film Coefficient

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Air Space Coefficient & Surface Film Coeffcient

Ex1) Calculate air space coefficient for a vertical air space
with a mean temperature of 10°C and a temperature
difference 20°C and 92 mm thick. ε1=ε2=0.05

Ex2) Determine film coefficient of a wall (ε =0.9) with the

temperature of 17°C when air (εair =1.0) temperature is
20 °C.

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Extended Surfaces - Fins

Conduction-Convection System

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Extended Surfaces - Fins

Boundary Conditions
@ x=0, J = J = h − 2
@ x=l, the fin loses heat by convection
. . sJ
= = ℎJ' = − ; J' = ' − 2
, , qr' st qr'
 vw
∴ J' = − solving
u vq qr'

Temperature distribution along the fin is given by

J
θ t =  − 2 = 7 yRq ) O ∙ 7 y R' 7 Rq
1 ) O ∙ 7 y R'

Heat transfer rate distribution along the fin
yw# u Ryu
. t = −7 yRq ) O7 y R' 7 Rq ~ℎ7:7  = ; O=
z0∙S {|}%  Rzu
−,J
@ t = 0, . = − ) O7 y R'
1 ) O ∙ 7 y R'
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Extended Surfaces - Fins

Ex1) A concrete (k= 1.32 W/m2K) balcony projects out from a building by 2 m. It is
100 mm thick and 4 m long. If the temperature at the root (To) is assumed to 5 °C
whilst the outdoor air temperature (T∞) is -15°C . Find the heat loss by the
balcony.

Ex2) Determine the heat loss in the absence of the balcony. The exposed wall
temperature is 3°C above the air temperature.

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Extended Surfaces - Fins

Balcony

Aqua Tower Balcony

(http://buildingscience.com/docu
ments/insights/bsi062-thermal-
bridges-redux)

J.W. Listiburek (2007) A bridge too far: Thermal bridges – Steel studs, structural frames, relieving angles and balconies, ASHRAE Journal, Oct. 2007.
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Extended Surfaces - Fins

Balcony

http://rdh.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/The-
http://rdh.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Balcony-Thermal-Bridging- Importance-of-Slab-Edge-Balcony-Thermal-Bridges.pdf
Study-2014-CCBST-Aug-25-14.pdf
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Heat Transfer through Building Section

. 1
=   −  ! =  −  !
, !!&' 
1 1 1
= = =
!!&'  ) e )  1 L 1 1 1
) ) ) ) ⋯)
5  =
* 5

Temperature at interface i

 = y  − 
!!&'  !

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Class Example: Heat Flow through Envelope

A masonry wall consisting of 100 mm common brick, 20 mm air space, 75 mm
extruded polystyrene, 200 mm concrete block and 12.5 mm gypsum board is
subject to internal condition of 23°C and external condition of -27°C. Determine
the heat flow and temperature distribution through the wall.
The thermal conductivity for:
Extruded polystyrene (extruded with smooth skin surface): 0.029 W/m°C
Common brick: 0.72 W/m°C
The thermal conductance for:
Gypsum board (12.5 mm): 12.5 W/m2·°C
Concrete blocks (normal aggregate with 2 cores): 5.6 W/m2·°C

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Class Example: Heat Flow through Envelope

Element Thickness [mm] k [W/m°C] C [W/m2·°C] R [m2·°C/W] ∆T [°C] T [°C]
0
Outside film
1
Brick
2
Air space
3
Insulation
4
Concrete block
5

Gypsum
6

Inside film
7

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Unsteady Heat Transfer

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Unsteady Heat Transfer

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Summary

M. M. Rathore and R.R. Kapuno (2011) Engineering Heat Transfer, Jones & Bartlett Learning
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Acknowledgement
References

N.B. Hutcheon & G.O.P. Handegord (1995) Building Science for a Cold
Climate, NRCC

ASHRAE Handbook Fundamental (2013)

J.P. Holman (2010) Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

T.L. Bergman and F.P. Incropera (2011) Introduction to Heat Transfer,
John Wiley & Sons

M. M. Rathore and R.R. Kapuno (2011) Engineering Heat Transfer, Jones
& Bartlett Learning

M. Kaviany (2002) Principles of Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons

F. Kreith, R. Manglik and M. Bohn (2010) Principles of Heat Transfer,
Nelson Education

J.W. Listiburek (2007) A bridge too far: Thermal bridges – Steel studs,
structural frames, relieving angles and balconies, ASHRAE Journal, Oct.
2007.
Some slides from Dr. H. Akbari’s lectures
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