Scene On-Screen-Text Visual Interactive VO

N/A We are here

inside a thermal
power station.
This station
burns coal to
generate
electricity.
Which is an
essential energy
for modern
human life. Coal
and other
sources of
energy are
deployed around
the world to
meet our
growing energy
demand. In
India, more than
half of our
energy
consumption is
provided
through coal.
But is this the
best solution?

Relate to N/A Have you

dystopian movie watched the
or sth to Movie The Day
introduce the After Tomorrow?
environmental Same as in quite
damage of a few other
conventional films, our future
energy humanities are
seen battling a
world filled with
horrible
 consequences of
environmental
disasters, many
are developed
because of our
conventional
energy
consumption
mode. I’m sure
no one wishes
for such a
future, let’s take
a look at
different ways of
energy
consumption,
such as burning
coal, and then
perhaps that can
inspire us with
better solutions.

What is energy Flipping cards, Click to flip When we talk

consumption front show example cards about energy
examples, when consumption,
click, flip to what comes to
show the back your head?
with respective Where can we
energy sources. find energy?
Take a look at
Examples: these examples,
Human studying and click to
—energy source: reveal their
food/ ATP(?) energy sources.

Plant growing— (not sure if VO

sunlight needs to read
out these
Computer cards..)
game(?)—
energy source:
electricity
 Car driving—
petroleum
and/or natural
gas, electricity

(something at a
bigger scale?)

What is Energy always N/A

conventional transforms -- we
energy ultimately are
consumption using solar
energy to
support our
activities.

Solar energy are

transformed in
different ways,

Some chemical
compounds/nat
ural materials
can store solar
energy, and by
burning or other
methods we
release these
energies.

We first found
stored energy in
organic matters,
such as wood,
animal dung,
and later in fossil
fuels.

All the means

that extract
 energy from
non-regenerable
materials are
called
conventional
energy
generation

How many kinds Something to There are a few

of conventional click? main types of
energy are conventional
there? energy: fossil
fuels, and by
extension, all the
energy
generating
methods using
fossil fuels, and
nuclear energy,
basic biomass
energy, such as
burning wood,
and other plant
matters.

Show a few Energy Or here? Let’s focus on

examples: fossil transformation: fossil fuel for a
fuels moment: as we
sun-(through said earlier,
photosynthesis)- fossil fuels have
animal or plant stored solar
organisms- energy in them,
(through and can be
microbial released by
decomposition)- burning them.
chemical But how did they
compounds- do that? Let me
(through show you the
geological formation of
transformation: fossil fuels:
extreme heat millions of years
and pressure)- ago, when plants
fossil fuel source or other
 -(through human organisms die,
treatment)-fossil and the get
fuel energy buried
underground,
through all these
years geological
movement, they
went through
extreme heat
and pressure to
turn into a form
of liquid gold:
including
petroleum, coal,
natural gas and
other mixture.

Processing of Click to reveal This hot mixture

fossil fuels the next step? requires human
formation processing to be
useful and
economical as
energy sources:

As of 2018, fossil
fuels still
account for 85%
of the world’s
primary energy
source. Many
industries were
developed
dependent on
the use of fossil
fuels, such as
heating,
transportation,
mineral/metal
production,
electricity
generation,

Thermal power
plant

The
consequences of
fossil fuel
burning are
huge.
But we have
been trying to
improve the
technology as
well

Example:
biomass

Still it’s better

maybe to use
renewable
energy, what is
renewable
energy

A few examples:
solar energy

Wind energy

Water energy
 1. LSBAT state the definition of conventional sources of energy.
a. Energy sources that can not be regenerated or the degree of regeneration is too
small compared to its depletion.
2. LSBAT explain all Non-renewable or conventional energy sources with their properties.
a. Fossil fuels: including coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
b. Nuclear energy: limited amount of nuclear source material

3. LSBAT recall amount of conventional energy sources left presently and the time duration
of their depletion.
a. How long will fossil fuel last?
4. LSBAT explain the environmental cost of using conventional sources of energy.
5. LSBAT recall that fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gases), nuclear energy, biomass
energy are the main non-renewable sources of energy.
6. LSBAT describe what are fossil fuels and their usage.
7. LSBAT recall that fossil fuels need processing.
8. LSBAT describe the need and ways to conserve non- renewable sources of energy.
9. LSBAT identify that wood can be used as a fuel and is a non-renewable source of energy
if trees are not replanted.
10. LSBAT state that the supply of non-renewable sources is limited.
11. LSBAT recall that all conventional sources of energy are non-renewable sources of
energy.
12. LSBAT state the definition of non-conventional sources of energy.
13. LSBAT explain all renewable or Non-conventional sources of energy with their
properties.
14. LSBAT explain advantages and disadvantages of using Non - Conventional sources of
energy.
15. LSBAT differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
16. LSBAT explain why conventional energy resources are exhaustive in their usage.
17. LSBAT explain why Non -conventional sources of energy are Inexhaustive in their usage.
18. LSBAT explain how efficiency improvements and use of new technologies reduce
greenhouse emissions.
1. LSBAT describe the definition and usage of wind energy.
2. LSBAT list a few uses of water/ hydro energy.
3. LSBAT explain biomass energy.
4. LSBAT recall that solar energy, wind energy, hydropower energy, geothermal energy and
biomass energy are the renewable sources of energy.
5. LSBAT explain the conditions for energy source to be called renewable energy source
6.
7.
8. LSBAT explain why renewable sources of energy are better than non-renewable sources
of energy.
9.

Script

(Words in this color is the main setup of the scene, sometimes includes Titles and subtitles, both
on-screen texts)
VQ: Visual que
VO: Voice over

Scene 0: Introduction
Energy keeps life going, and it flows through different matters, transforming one into another.
Modern times we most of the time use power that comes from a power station.
VQ: a ribbon flows across different things, human body, plants, mobile phone, car, factory,
power plant/station

VO: We are here in the power station, which is where most of the energy we use today is
generated. Energy keeps life going. We share our lives with many other life forms and things on
earth and they all need energy to be able to grow, move and produce.

Scene 1: Introduction
A Neanderthal walks in the wilderness of prehistoric land, he/she finds a burning tree, he/she senses
the warmth of the fire. Title: ancient energy source—wood
VQ: (style similar to beginning scene from 2001: space odyssey) voice presenter appears in cut
out

VO: The first time we as humans discovered fire was considered a breakthrough moment, we
first discovered ways to harness energy from burning. And wood has since been used for
millenials as energy source. Until we discovered other better sources. Let's take a look at some
of the early examples of energy sources.

Scene 2:
Title: Plant energy cycle, subtitle: energy source: wood; elements: sun (solar energy)>> tree
(growth) > cut as firewood > burnt > heat > charcoal > burnt > heat
> dead and buried underground > million years > coal > burnt > heat / electricity
VQ: sun rays reach onto a (cut out of) tree, two branches extend out: one turn into firewood,
another being buried underground, each followed by resulted product: charcoal and coal,
VO: Take plants for example, it takes sunlight to grow, and in the past we mostly chop down
trees to burn as a source for heat, but some plants from million years ago died and got buried
under extreme heat and pressure deep underground. They turned into coal, a rocky fossil fuel.
Thus solar energy is stored within fossil fuels.

Scene 3:
Zoom in on wood > coal line, expand into two branches of two types of fossil fuels;
Title: Fossil fuels as energy sources; subtitles: formation of fossil fuels;
VQ: frame zoom in on wood -- coal line, and coal symbol extends into two branches: coal,
petroleum one on top of the other . Above the branch, show small animation of plant/vegetation
being buried underground and going through heat and pressure
VO: Have you wondered why fossil fuels are called fossil fuels? It is because they come from
ancient bodies millions of years ago, essentially fossils. They are formed by being buried deep
underground and transformed by extreme heat and pressure. The stored energy can be
released by burning them.

Scene 4:
Zoom in onto coal branch, followed by arrows indicating where do coals come from: coal mine
and processing plant; Title: coal mine, Subtitles: there is limited coal reserve in the earth, and it
takes millions of years to form, coal mining is the main process extracting it for fuel.
VQ: frame zoom in on coal, next to it with an arrow point towards the coal from a coal mining
plant image. Expand into animation of coal mining process.

VO: As you can imagine, there is a limited amount of coal on earth, not every dead plant million
years ago turned into coal, and it can be used up one day. Though many coal mining plants
were built to extract coal from the earth in the past.
Scene 5:
Remain in the same frame, Title: coal as fuel, Subtitles: Coal has been used as a major fuel
source around the world. Show a question: Do you know where are coal used as fuel?
VQ: Show a graph of coal usage percentage(?)

VO: Many coal have been extracted and used in almost every aspect of our lives, can you think
of some examples?

Scene 6:
Coal zoom out, zoom in onto Petroleum, Title: petroleum as energy sources, subtitle: Petroleum
is also a fossil fuel, and is usually refined into several different types of fuel and other materials.
VQ: show a list of a few petroleum products in floating bubbles: gasoline, asphalt, plastic.

VO: Petroleum is another fossil fuel source, but to use it as energy, we need to process
petroleum into separated products, such as: gasoline for our cars, asphalt for making roads and
many different plastic products.

Scene 7:
Stay focused on petroleum Title: petroleum processing, subtitle: Petroleum is extracted from the
earth through drilling, and refined and distilled in oil refinery; show an example of an oil refinery,
an example of drilling facility/site (example of distilling process?)
VQ: floating bubbles of examples: animation of drilling process, and an oil refinery

VO: We need to drill deep underground for petroleum, and often it is done by large drilling
machines, and the petroleum is sent to an oil refinery to be refined and distilled into different
products.

Scene 8:
Zoom out of petroleum, back to two branches of coal and petroleum, they conjugate as fossil
fuels, leading to the biggest amount of their usage: generating electricity through thermal power
plant; Title: Fossil fuel (thermal) power plant,
VQ: two lines extending from two branches and conjugate at a point with a floating bubble of an
illustration of a power plant.

VO: One of the major usage of fossil fuels is to generate electricity, this is done through a
thermal power plant. Do you know how it is done? Can you guess?

Scene 9:
Zoom in to the power plant, with animation of the power generation process. Title: Thermal
power plant, Subtitle: fossil fuels are burnt to boil large quantity of water into steam, and use
that steam to rotate generator’s turbine for electricity
VQ: floating bubble of animation: burning of fossil fuels >> (heating) water >> steam >> rotating
turbine >> electricity power line

VO: Just as when our ancestors discovered burning wood can produce heat, we have
discovered that we can transform heat from burning fossil fuel into electricity.

Scene 10:
Zoom out of the power plant, show energy flow: sun >> wood >> coal/petroleum >> electricity
>> phones, computers, city lights, etc…, indicate: fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources
VQ: yellow shining moving lines through all elements in the frame, with box around fossil fuels,
indicate as non-renewable energy source

VO: extracting energy from fossil fuels is one indirect way of getting energy from the sun, we
have been heavily relying on it. But it is a non-renewable energy source, it will run dry one day.

Scene 11:
Energy flow stops, Title: Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels, subtitles: There are dire
environmental impact caused by the burning of fossil fuels, including health risk, environmental
pollution, and global warming
VQ: floating bubbles of different impacts: smoking chimneys, coal mine interior, oil spill,
greenhouse gas emission, Australian fire...

VO: In recent decades, we have realized there are many negative environmental impacts
caused by using fossil fuels as energy sources. The harsh conditions of coal mining have
caused a lot of health problems and burning of coal also creates dangerous air pollutants, oil
spilling have killed many land and marine animals, as well as the greenhouse gas released by
burning fossil fuels leading to global warming.

Scene 12: Review

Title: Conventional energy source—non-renewable energy source
Subtitles: Non-renewable energy sources are those with limited amount and can only be used
once. Fossil fuels cannot regenerate after burning.

Scene 13:
Timeline move forwards, upon realizing the damage and limitation of conventional energy,
humans set out to improve and discover new forms of energy source.
Title: Renewable energy source
Subtitles: Humans are looking at four major elements to develop new ways of energy extraction
VQ: four elements in floating bubbles on screen, futuristic setting (background of flying cars?):

heat source (sun, earth); moving force (wind, tide, water fall, wave); biological

process (bio-mass); atomic process (nuclear fission, nuclear fusion)

VO: Upon realizing the huge limitation and damage of conventional energy, humans are looking
at four different sources as inspiration for developing new energy forms. They are natural heat
sources: our sun and earth layer, natural moving forces, such as wind, tides, waterfalls and
waves, some biological processes that can generate heat as well and atomic processes.

Scene 14:
Zoom in on element 1 heat source, into two segments, Sun as a heat source and the earth as a
heat source
Text: our Sun provides heat in forms of solar radiation, meanwhile at the center of our earth, the
temperature can reach 7000 degrees.
VQ: two floating bubbles “grow” out of the first element

VO: Our Sun gives us heat and light, we feel warm standing under the sun, and deep down the
earth there is extreme high heat as well, (remember how coal and petroleum was formed?). We
can think of ways to use them as energy sources. Let’s take a look at the sun first.

Scene 15:
Solar bubble expands, two ways of extracting solar energy, [title: direct use]one being
concentrating the heat in solar heaters/cookers; [title: indirect use] another being transforming
and storing solar energy in forms of electricity in solar cells.
VQ: two small animation: 1 placing an item in a black inlaid box covered with glass panel; 2 sun
shines onto solar cell, electricity stores in the cell

VO: There are two ways of utilizing solar power, one is by concentrate the heat and use it
directly to heat up things, another is by transforming the energy into electricity and stored away.

Scene 16*:
Special indirect use of solar energy as heat source
Title: indirect use of solar energy—ocean thermal energy
Subtitles: This is a special indirect use of solar energy: Harnessing temperature difference
between different sea layers because of the sun heats up the surface more than deeper down.
When the temperature differences between the water is greater than 20 C within 2km deep.
VQ: show a scheme of the ocean thermal energy plant: surface hot water to heat volatile liquid
into steam to move turbines for generating electricity. Cold deep water to cool steam down back
to liquid.
Eg. as shows here.
Scene 17:
Review game: Cook the rice using a solar cooker
Task: cook the rice on a sunny day outside using the materials provided.
Assets provided: five sides of a box separately present as individual boards: one side silver, one
side black, one glass(transparent) sheet, a mirror of a focusing lens, a bowl of rice and some
water

Problem solution: build a box with the top covered by glass sheet, and the rest sides with black
side facing outwards and silverside inwards. Placing the water in the bowl of rice and place the
bowl inside the box, with the mirror or focusing lens placed in the right angel to concentrate
sunlight onto the bowl.

Scene 18:
Advantage and Disadvantage of solar energy, scenarios on a cloudy day, or in the case of Mars
orbiter
title: Limitations of solar energy, subtitles: direct use is limited to sunny days, and indirect use is
limited to the expensive and scarce material: silicon for making the cell
VQ: animated: scenario one: remote deep mountain region, now electricity line, but can have
solar panel for local power supply, and requires little maintenance; scenario two: list a few
scientific usage of solar panel: satellites, space station etc. scenario three: clouds float over to
cover the sun, X over the solar cooker; scenario two: stock market price rise for silicon, X over
the space orbiter with solar panels.

VO: Though it seems that we have almost infinite supply of the sun light, the use of solar energy
is still limited in several conditions: Direct use of solar energy is largely limited on cloudy days;
storing it in solar cell can solve the problem partially, but the silicon used for making solar cells
are extremely rare and expensive. Still, solar panels can be set up in a lot of places, even in
remote areas where electricity line can’t reach, and it is often used in scientific research.
Scene 19:
Title: heat closer at “home”—Geo-thermal energy
Hot melton rocks are pushed upwards and usually trapped in certain locations, this is called a
hot spot.
VQ: Earth bubble expands, Show a section of earth layers, including some “hot spots”
(animated) molten rock being pushed up to higher layers of the earth and trapped between
layers

VO: If we want limitedless heat, we don’t need to look as far as the sun, under our feet, deep in
the earth, there are intense heat as well. These heat is a necessary condition for coal and
petroleum formation. Rocks will melt under the extreme heat underground, and they will be
pushed up and lodged in certain areas to form what is called a “hot spot”.

Scene 20:
Title: Geo-thermal energy
Subtitles: when underground water touches the hot spots. Steam will be generated. The steam
or heat generated from hot rocks underground can be channelled through pipes to power
turbines for electricity generation.
VQ: animated: zoom in onto the hot spot, underground water hits the hot rock, turn into steam;
part of the steam finds a way out of the earth crusts into hot springs. Showing pipe leading from
the steam towards a turbine to generate electricity.

VO: When underground water flows into these hot spots, they will turn into steam, and these
heat energy can be channelled to push turbines to create electricity.

Scene 21:
Title: Advantage and limitation of geothermal energy (as well as ocean thermal energy)
Subtitles: Cost of building such a site isn’t very high, though there aren’t enough commercially
viable sites available yet.
VQ: animated: back at scene with four bubbels of four elements, dimed as background with title
and subtitle highlighted at the foreground.

VO: It doesn’t take much money to build a geothermal power plant, but as you can imagine
there aren’t a lot of large sites that can be relied on for large commercial extraction.

Scene 22:
Introduction of movement force.
Titles: From heat to movement
Subtitles: Can you think of anything that moves without human intervention? And can you think
of any moving things created by humans? Where do their respective energy come from? What
makes them move and keeps them moving?
VQ: animated: zoom in on movement bubble, splitting into three elements floating bubbles:
wind, ocean and river. Dimmed as background, text appears highlighted in the foreground, with
hints popping up as bubbles: flowing river, flipping flag, bike, cars, airplanes.. Etc.

VO: We have looked at innovation with heat as energy source, what about movement? Do you
know any autonomous moving things? What about man-made vehicles? Where do you think
they get their energy?

Scene 23:
Title: Autonomous force: Wind energy
Subtitles: Just as wind powers a sailing boat, turns a windmill, it hosts energy and can be
harnessed to create electricity on large scales. We construct electric turbines over large fields to
harness wind power.
VQ: animated: Wind bubble expands, scene: large hilltop with several wind turbines. Zoom in
onto one turbine, show a dissected scheme of wind moving turbines >> wires >> generate
electricity

VO: One of the most abundant autonomous moving forces on earth is wind. In the past we use
wind to grind grains in a windmill, now we can build large wind farms full of wind turbines to
generate electricity.

Scene 24:
Wind energy: limitation, maintenance and large land requirement
Title: No “free” energy comes without a “price”!
Subtitles: Just as every form of energy we have looked at so far, wind energy also comes with
limitations: construction price is expensive, high maintenance cost due to exposure and it
requires a large amount of lands.
VQ: animated: zoom out of single turbine, list each part of cost: (turbine blades: ), show sun,
rain, exposure, zoom further out, indicate (large) total amount of land and electricity generated
(1 MW generator = 2 hectares of land.)

VO: All energy forms come with its prices, with wind turbines, it cost a ton to build one, and it is
exposed to the sun and rain day after day so it requires a lot for maintenance, on top of that, we
also need a large chunk of land to produce enough energy, and it’s not that every piece of land
is so windy all year round.

Scene 25:
Title: Innovation time
Subtitles: Do you think it is possible for direct use of wind power to be commercially viable for
energy consumption?
VQ: show dimmed background of wind surfing with text highlighted in the foreground.

VO: Can you think of ways that can make direct use of wind powers commercially viable for
energy consumption?

Scene 25:
Title: Movement of the sea
Subtitles: there are two types of movement happen in the ocean, ocean tides and waves. Tides
are caused by gravitational pull between the earth and the moon, both these movements can be
used to generate electricity. By trapping (moving) seawater to rotate electric generator’s turbine.
VQ: back at movement elements scene, ocean element expands, screen splits in two:
[animated] one side shows ocean level rise and fall with a rock on the side as an indicator, a
simple scheme of building a dam to trap tidal water to flush over turbines; [animated] the other
side shows (small) devices where wave flushes turbines inside the device.

VO: In the ocean, we can find two types of autonomous movement: tides and waves. Tides are
there because of the gravitational pull between the earth and the moon, when tides rises, a dam
can trap the water and channel the water to rotate turbines; and as for waves, devices can be
placed where there are a lot of waves to harness those waves for electricity as well.

Scene 26:
Title: Here comes the drop
Subtitles: Tidal energy — only at narrow opening of the sea; Wave energy — only at places with
strong wave throughout the year.
VQ: Remain two splitted screen, dim, text highlight on the foreground; afterwards return back to
screen with element bubbles.

VO: there are considerable limitations to both energy methods as well. Tidal energy dam can
only be built at narrow opening of the sea, which is limited, and wave energy devices need to be
placed at places with strong wave throughout the year. And both methods can affect marine
lives.

Scene 27:
Title: Hydro energy plant
Subtitles: Water movements happen on land as well. In rivers, waterfalls, etc. Hydro energy
plant is built to harness land water movement powers. With a dam, more water is used to rush
over a turbine to generate electricity.
VQ: [animated] river bubble expands, show process of water body accumulate, water level
higher and higher inside a dam, then released to rush over a turbine

VO: On land, we use hydro power plants to harness movement power of water flows. First we
need to build a dam that limits the flow of the water to gather more water before releasing them
to rush over a turbine to generate electricity.
Scene 28:
Title: More options?
Subtitles: Dams have quite some negative effects: destroy large ecosystems with flooding,
scrifize large farm land and habitats, buried vegetation give off greenhouse gas, relocation of
people etc.
VQ: [animated] lands are covered by water, people moving away as dams are built, vegetation
under the water decompose and give off methane molecules; go back to screen of bubbles of
heat, movement, bioprocess, and nuclear.

VO: Building dams have huge limitations as you can see, so is there any other forms of
movement that can be considered for energy generation? What about tectonic movement?
Seasonal migration of birds?

Scene 29:
Biological process: biogas formation process
Title: from Biomass to Biological process as energy source
Subtitles: direct: use biomass as fuel source such as wood; indirect: biologically, chemically or
other processed product from plant or animal materials as energy source;
VQ: bubble of bioprocess expands, show a scheme process: cow dung cake breaks down in the
absence of oxygen by microorganisms and produces biogas

VO: We’ve seen cow dung cakes being burnt to provide heat, which means there is energy
inside them. Instead of burning them directly, when being digested by microorganisms in the
absence of oxygen, they release a mixture of biogas that is a better fuel source.

Scene 30:
Biogas as fuel: advantages and limitations, and related usage
Title: Advantage and production of biogas
Subtitle: Advantage: it burns without smoke, very effective, renewable, useful bi-products; (next
to diagram in the tank mark the content:) 50%-75% methane, 20-25% CO2, 0-10%
nitrogen(Source: www.kolumbus.fi, 2007);
VQ: show a diagram of biogas production process
.

VO: There are many benefits to using biogas instead of burning cow dung cake directly. The
process can get rid of waste materials, and it burns without smoke, it is highly effective because
of the high methane content, it is a renewable energy source and it has many useful bi-
products.

Scene 31:

Nuclear process: principle: general relativity

Scene 32:
Nuclear fission

Scene 33:
Nuclear fusion

Scene 34:
Nuclear power plant and weaponization

Scene 35:
Nuclear power limitation

Scene 36:General message

There is no clean energy, only relatively cleaner energy
Scene 37: Review questions

--What is renewable energy

--What is conventional energy
--Is wood renewable energy
--What do you think is the responsible way of using energy?

Course requirement

Conventional energy

1. explain all Non-renewable or conventional energy sources with their properties.

2. state the definition of conventional sources of energy.
3. know what are the non renewable sources of energy. describe what are the non-
renewable sources of energy.
4. list a few examples of non-renewable sources of energy.
5. describe what are fossil fuels.
6. know the uses of different fossil fuels.
7. recall that fossil fuels need processing.
8. explain how coal was formed.
9. know coal and petrol have stored energy
10. explain environmental cost of using conventional sources of energy
11. state that the supply of non-renewable sources is limited.
12. recall that all conventional sources of energy are non-renewable sources of energy.
13. recall amount of conventional energy sources left presently and the time duration of
their depletion. (The estimated coal reserves are said to be enough to last us for another
two hundred years. )
14. explain the environmental cost of using conventional sources of energy.
15. describe the need and ways to conserve non- renewable sources of energy.??? (use less
coal and petroleum, replace fossil fuel power plants by using hydro power, wind power,
solar power instead and develop other forms of energy?)
16. identify that wood can be used as a fuel and is a non-renewable source of energy if trees
are not replanted.

Non conventional energy

1. state the definition of non-conventional sources of energy.
2. differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
3. explain all renewable or Non-conventional sources of energy with their properties.
4. explain advantages and disadvantages of using Non - Conventional sources of energy.

Note from textbook

- total energy during a physical or chemical process is conserved

- energy, in the usable form, is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms
List of conventional energy: definition? (energy source that can only be used once, non-
renewable)
1. Fossil fuels: In ancient times, wood was the most common source of heat energy, coal
and petroleum have managed to meet the growing demand of human society; they are
 formed over millions of years and have limited reserve; burning of fossil fuels >> acidic
oxides gas into air, greenhouse gas into air >> acid rain>> water air pollution and global
warming; can be used for stove, cooking, cars/vehicles, generate electricity in power
plants
2. Thermal power plant: burn fossil fuels to heat up water to move turbines, mostly built
near coal or oil fields.

Renewable energy: definition ( assured of a constant supply of energy at a particular rate. Such
energy sources that can be regenerated are called renewable sources of energy.)
1. Hydro power plant: dams, convert kinetic and potential energy of water falling into
electrical energy, In the last century, a large number of dams were built all over the
world, Dam and limitation: location, local ecological disruption, green-house emissions,
displacement of people, political ecological issue
2. Bio-mass: organic (waste) materials such as animal manure, leftover crop/agricultural
waste, vegetable waste, human waste (sewage) can be decomposed anaerobically by
bacteria into biogas. The plant has a dome-like structure built with bricks. A slurry of
cow-dung and water is made in the mixing tank from where it is fed into the digester.
The digester is a sealed chamber in which there is no oxygen. Anaerobic microorganisms
that do not require oxygen decompose or break down complex compounds of the cow-
dung slurry. It takes a few days for the decomposition process to be complete and
generate gases like methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. The bio-
gas is stored in the gas tank above the digester from which they are drawn through
pipes for use. Bio-gas is an excellent fuel as it contains up to 75% methane. It burns
without smoke, leaves no residue like ash in wood, charcoal and coal burning. Its
heating capacity is high. Bio-gas is also used for lighting. The slurry left behind is
removed periodically and used as excellent manure, rich in nitrogen and phosphorous.
The large-scale utilisation of bio-waste and sewage material provides a safe and efficient
method of waste-disposal besides supplying energy and manure.
3. Wind energy: different heating capacity of landmass and water bodies through sun
 radiation cause wind to blow, transforming radiating energy to kinetic energy and can
be transformed into electricity through wind turbine. Mostly constructed into large
farms, because single turbine can’t generate lots of energy. Limitation: only at those
places where wind blows for the greater part of a year. The wind speed should also be
higher than 15 km/h with back-up facilities (like storage cells). For a 1 MW generator,
the farm needs about 2 hectares of land. The initial cost of establishment of the farm is
quite high. need a high level of maintenance
4. Solar energy: during a year India receives the energy equivalent to more than 5,000
trillion kWh. Darker surface absorbs more heat than lighter surface this principle is used
to make solar cooker using mirrors to focus sun rays and covered with a glass plate.
(greenhouse principle), direct usage is limited to hours of solar exposure, thus
converting solar energy into electricity that is stored in solar cell can make use of solar
energy even when there is no sun. A typical cell develops a voltage of 0.5–1 V and can
produce about 0.7 W of electricity when exposed to the Sun, a large number of cells can
be arranged to form solar cell panel for practical and commercial use. Can be set up in
lots of places as long as there is sun, even remote areas where electricity lines can’t
reach. Requires low maintenance. Though high cost because solar cell grade silicon is
scarce. Used for many scientific and technological applications such as satellites and
space probes. Radio, TV, wireless transmission in remote areas use solar power,
domestic use is rising as cost goes down.
5. Energy from the sea: Tidal energy: harness energy from tidal movement by building
dams at narrow opening of the sea; wave energy: harness energy from wave movement
by placing devices that capture waves in the ocean; ocean thermal energy conversion
plant: harness thermal energy of different ocean layers, due to different their
temperatures at different depths of the sea. Use warm water to heat up volatile liquid
into vapor to rotate turbines.
6. Geothermal energy: use steam from hot spots to rotate turbines to generate electricity,
costs are not high, but not so many places are commercially viable
7. Nuclear energy: nuclear fission, the splitting of heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei thus
 release tremendous amounts of energy. The fission of an atom of uranium, for example,
produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon
from coal, fission chain >> heat energy >> steam >> turbine. E = ∆m c2, general relativity
Einstein. Nuclear waste storage and disposal is a major challenge for the world today.
Radiation hazard. High cost to build, large environmental risk and limited uranium
deposit in the earth. Safer alternative: nuclear fusion, joining lighter nuclei to make
larger nucleus. 2H + 2H → 3He (+ n), the source of energy in the sun and other stars.
Nuclear fusion only happens under extreme conditions: extremely high temperature
and pressure.

Interesting questions:
Discuss in class the question of what is the ultimate source of energy for bio-mass, wind and
ocean thermal energy. Is geothermal energy and nuclear energy different in this respect? Why?
Where would you place hydro electricity and wave energy?
Can any source of energy be pollution-free? Why or why not? 2. Hydrogen has been used as a
rocket fuel. Would you consider it a cleaner fuel than CNG? Why or why not?
Gather information about various energy sources and how each one affects the environment.
Debate the merits and demerits of each source and select the best source of energy on this
basis.

Environmental consequences:
Exploiting any source of energy disturbs the environment in some way or the other. In any
given situation, the source we would choose depends on factors such as the ease of extracting
energy from that source, the economics of extracting energy from the source, the efficiency of
the technology available and the environmental damage that will be caused by using that
source. Though we talk of ‘clean’ fuels like CNG, it would be more exact to say that a particular
source is cleaner than the other. the actual operation of a device like the solar cell may be
pollution-free, but the assembly of the device would have caused some environmental damage.
Research continues in these areas to produce longer lasting devices that will cause less damage
throughout their life.

Story Sketch/brain-storm
storyworlds::::
Hook? : (we have something in common with all other beings on earth, past or present: we all
need energy to survive) if we were to take a time machine and bring us back to the past, what
will we see? — at first we don’t see anything, then different tiny life forms, some transforming
energy from the sun to grow, some eat others to gain energy, we see life starts and are
sustained from getting energy from the sun. then we see bigger life forms, plants, vegetation,
they are born and die, decomposed, buried under extreme pressure deep underground (they
will turn into something we rely on heavily later),

Alien learning history of the earth?

What do you think you have in common with

Welcome to Time Lab, here we manufacture time.

Here is a plankton, it has been around for millions? of years,

A long image board starting from past, current scenarios to future scenario?
Past: hunt and gather using burning wood as an energy source, dead trees, vegetation
buried (becoming coal), dead organisms (plankton etc) buried (becoming petroleum)
Past-current: burning coal petroleum (fossil fuels) for cooking, transportation, generate
electricity

Scenarios of different life situations that connect us all, the need and ability to convert
different energy forms to our benefit.
- Scenes go from ancient times to modern times?
- Scenes go from a person to a power plant?
- From city to dessert?
- Make a circle that connects everything in an energy flow?
- Specific process:
- Fossil fuels: formation of coals; formation of petroleum; processing of fossil fuels
- Coal: dead plant matter decays into peat and because of the heat and
pressure being buried deep under for millions of years it turns into coal
 like a rock.
- Petroleum:
- Natural gas:
- steam(Geothermal energy):
- Nuclear fission:
- Nuclear fusion: