1 Laboratory work LOADS OF SCREW JOINTS

THE STUDY OF A SCREW JOINT LOADED WITH A In mechanical engineering, screw thread elements as detachable
TRANSVERSAL FORCE joints are widely used. Frequently, the bolts used for a joint are placed
in such a way that an external load acts in the direction perpendicular to
The abbreviations and their meanings: the axis of a bolt. In such a case, two versions of the structure of the
connection are possible – with bolts inserted in exactly matched holes
fs – the friction coefficient in the joint = 0.15 and with bolts inserted in holes of a larger diameter. In this laboratory
i – the number of pairs of the contacting planes = 2 works, the latter version of joining shall be studied. When elements 3, 4
Fx – the joint clamping force; and 5 are joined by the bolt (Fig. 1.1) and the nut 2 and a clearance
F – the displacing force; exists between a bolt and an element, the joint is considered reliable, if
Fx, adm – ultimate screw joint clamping force; elements cannot shift (change their positions) with respect to each
x, adm – ultimate stress of the screw material; other. This condition is satisfied, when the friction force in the zone of
ST – the strength reserve factor (the safety factor); contact that appears on clamping the bolt by the force Fx
Tuž – the screw or the nut tightening torque; counterbalances the external displacing force F.
Tsr – the thread tightening torque;
Td – the moment of friction between the nut and the element;
d2 – the pitch diameter of thread;
 - the thread helix angle;
fd – the friction coefficient between the nut and the element;
D1 – the major diameter of the nut bearing surface equal to the size of
the nut wrench;
d0 – the minor diameter of the nut bearing surface equal to the diameter
of the hole for the screw;
q‘ – the reduced friction angle;
f‘– the reduced friction coefficient;
f – friction coefficient of a thread;
T, – the yield strength of the material of the screw;
d1 – the minor diameter of thread.
Fig. 1.1. A screw joint loaded by a transversal force

The element 4 will not displace, when

F ≤ Fx fsi; (1.1)
here fs – the friction coefficient in the joint; i – the number of contacting q ' = arctg f ‘ ;
pairs of planes. here f‘– the reduced friction coefficient;
Using the formula (1.1), we can calculate the required bolt clamping
force. In should not exceed the allowable value of Fx, adm from the
condition for tension strength of the bolt:
πd 21 σ t , adm
F x ,adm ≤ × (1.2)
4 1,3
here d2 – the minor diameter of thread; x, adm – the allowable tension
stresses of the material of the bolt:
σT
σ t ,adm = ;
SσT
here T, – the yield limit of the material of the bolt; ST – the strength
reserve factor (the safety factor).
In this work, the required fastening force is created on tightening the
nut.
The tightening torque:
Tuž = Tsr + Td;
here Tsr – the thread tightening torque; Td – the moment of friction
between the nut and the element.
Because
d2 '
T sr =F x tg(β +q ), ir
2
D 1 +d 0
T d=F x f d
4
then
d2 D 1+ d 0
T už=F x [ 2
'
tg ( β +q ) + f d
4 ] ; (1.3)
here d2 – the pitch diameter of thread;  - the thread helix angle; fd – the
friction coefficient between the nut and the element; D1 – the major
diameter of the nut bearing surface equal to the size of the nut wrench;
d0 – the minor diameter of the nut bearing surface equal to the diameter
of the hole for the screw; q‘ – the reduced friction angle.
 f Upon applying the formulas (1.1) and (1.3), we obtain the
f '=
α following expression of the displacing force:
cos
2 f s∙i
F= T už (1.4)
fs – the friction coefficient in the thread. d2 ' D 1+ d 0
In the metric system, the thread profile angle  = 60º, so
tg ( β+ q ) + fd
2 4
f As it may be seen from the formula (1.4), the force F will depend
f '= ≈ 1,15 f
cos 30° not only on Tuž , but also on other parameters; however, it is almost
impossible to establish their values. So, the dependence of F on Fx will
be established in an experimental way.

Aim of the work

To establish the dependence of the force displacing the joined

elements on the fastening force of the threaded joint for different
degrees of roughness of the joined elements and the thread of the screw.

Description of the structure of the work-bench

The work-bench DM-23 M (Fig. 1.2) consists of the base 1,

two supporting slabs 3 and 11, two plates 4, the bolt 6 with the nut 10,
bushings 7 and 9, the slide 5 with the support 8. The supporting slabs
are connected with the axle 2 of the base and fixed by the plate 12. The
slope of the bushing prevents rotation of the bolt while fastening the
nut. Special marks on the slide and the plates enable observing possible
displacements. At the initial moment, the mark on the slide coincides
with the upper mark on the panels. The threaded joint is fastened by a
dynamometric wrench.
From the readings of the indicators, the value of the force acting the
In the works, panels of three degrees of the surface roughness
screw joint may be concluded.
may be used with the slide.
Fig. 1.2. The scheme of the device DM-23 M
The force displacing the joined elements is created by the
screw press DM-30 M (Fig. 1.3). The slide through the screw is
connected to the dynamometric ring with the indicator 5 fixed in it.
 Procedure of the work thread helix angle  and the pitch diameter of thread d2 from
the Table 1. Consider the coefficient of friction in the thread f s
1. Take the couple of a bolt and a nut, the slide and the plates and the friction coefficient between the nut and the element fd
specified by the university teacher. equal to 0.15.
2. Measure the diameter d0 in the washer of the hole and the major 5. According to the formula (1.4), calculate the displacing force F
diameter of the bearing surface of the nut D1. that corresponds to different values of the tightening torque: 0.2
3. According to the formula (1.2), calculate the allowable screw Tuž ; 0.4 Tuž ; 0.6 Tuž ; 0.8 Tuž ; and Tuž . According to the results of
joint fastening force Fx,adm upon considering that the yield the calculation, draw the curve of dependence of F on Tuž .
strength T, = 350 MPa and ST = 1.5. 6. According to the Fig. 1.2, assembly the screw joint on the
4. According to the formula (1.3), calculate the tightening torque work-bench.
Tuž that corresponds to the fastening force Fx not exceeding 7. Fasten the joint by the dynamometric wrench using the torque
Fx,adm calculated according to the formula (1.2). Choose the 0.2 Tuž .
Table 1. The parameters of threads 8. Put the device on the table of the press DM-30 M.
Major Pitch Minor Thread helix 9. Load gradually the screw joint, until the slide will displace in
diameter of Pitch diameter of diameter of angle respect of the slabs. The beginning of the displacement is
the thread (mm) the thread the thread (°) β
(mm)~d0 (mm) d2 (mm) d1
shown by a jump of the needle of indicator of the
1.5 9.026 8.376 4.037 dynamometric ring (the displacement does not increase the
10 1.25 9.188 8.647 2.511 force). The maximum reading of the indicator conforms to the
1 9.350 8.918 1.951 friction of rest. Upon using the specified graphical value of the
1.75 10.863 10.106 2.937 calibration constant for the dynamometric ring, establish the
12 1.5 11.026 10.376 2.481
1 11.350 10.918 1.607 factual value of the displacing force.
2 12.701 11.835 2.871 10. According to provisions of the Paragraph 9, establish the
14 1.5 13.026 12.376 2.128 factual value of the displacing force at the following values of
1 13.350 12.918 1.367 the tightening torque: 0.4 Tuž ; 0.6 Tuž ; 0.8 Tuž ; and Tuž . It
2 14.701 13.835 2.480 should be observed whether the mark on the slide is not
16 1.5 15.026 14.376 1.820
1 15.350 14.918 1.188 under the lower mark on the slab, because that shows that a
2.5 16.376 15.350 2.782 clearance between the slide and the bolt does not exist
18 1.5 17.026 16.376 1.606 anymore, i.e. the latter is being bent already.
1 17.350 16.918 1.051 11. Fix the values of F obtained during the experiment. Form the
2.5 18.376 17.350 2.480 curve of dependence of F on Tuž and compare it with the
20 1.5 19.026 18.376 1.438
1 19.350 18.918 0.942 dependence calculated in the Paragraph 5.
12. Formulate the conclusions; explain the differences between the
results of the calculation and the experiment.
 Report of 1 laboratory work
THE STUDY OF A SCREW JOINT LOADED WITH A TRANSVERSAL FORCE
1. Measurement of screw joint parameters.

Parameters of screw joint were measured using a caliper, which has a minimum scale step of :..0.05....mm
Minor diameter of the nut bearing surface d0 = ......20....mm.
Major diameter of the nut bearing surface D1= ......30.....mm.
Pitch screw threadline =.....................mm.

2. Thread parameters taken from table 1:

Pitch diameter d2=........18.376..mm.

Minor thread diameter d1=...17.350....mm.
Thread helix angle β=.........2.480............°

3. Calculation of ultimate screw joint clamping force.

σT
Ultimate stress of the screw material: σ t ,adm = =¿ 233.33 Mpa.
SσT
Ultimate screw joint clamping force:
πd 21 σ t , adm
F x ,adm = × =¿ 42434.2 N
4 1,3

4. Calculation of clamping force.

Friction coefficient equal to:

f=fd=fs=0.15
Reduced friction coefficient:
f
f '= =¿
α 1.732
cos
2
Reduced friction angle:
q ' =arctg f ‘=¿9.83֯֯

Screw or nut tightening torque:

d2 D 1+ d 0
T už=F x [ 2
'
tg ( β +q ) + f d
4 ] =¿ 184.84 Nm

5. Calculation of displacement force.

f s∙ i
F= ∙T už=¿
d2 D1 +d 0 12895.814 N
[ 2
'
tg ( β +q ) +
4
fd ]
 6. The dependence of the displacing force on the tightening torque.

Displacement force F (N) (1 step = 500N)

eksperimentinė
Indicator readings
Values of tightening Value of the
of the
torque (Nm) calculated force according
dynamometric ring
to calibration
on the work
curve (N)
bench(mm)
0,2 Tuž= 2579.16 4 2000
0,4 Tuž= 5158.32 9 4500
0,6 Tuž= 7737.5 11 5500
0,8 Tuž= 10316.65 14 7000
Tuž= 12895.8 17 8500

7. Graphs of calculated and experimental force dependancies F=(T už).

The differen

8. Conclusions:
Since the coefficeient of friction value is not precise , we see a difference doing the experimented
and theoreticl and experimented values
.
Work done by:
Viren Singh Bajwa
MrFUC17
20160961