CALCULATION OF CABLE IMPEDANCES (Trefoil Formation)

A. Calculation Conditions:
1) Reference Standard IEC 60287 & Electric Cable Handbook BICC 3rd Ed.
2) System Volatage [V]
3) Frequency [Hz]
4) Maximum Operating Conductor Temperature [°C]
5) Nominal Conductor Cross Section Area [mm²]
6) Conductor Material
7) Sheath Bonding Method
8) Cable Arrangement Trefoil Formation
9) Axial Cable Distance of Phase [mm]

B. Calculation Procedure:

1) AC Resistance of Conductor at Maximum Temperature

1.1) DC Resistance of conductor at maximum temperature

𝑅𝑥=𝑅20 [ 1+ 𝛼(𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 −20)] [Ω/m]

where,
R 20 : DC resistance of conductor at 20 °C [Ω/m]
a : Temperature coefficient of conductor
θmax : Maximum conductor temperature [°C]

1.2) Skin Effect Factor

λs =

For 0 < Xs ≤ 2.8

𝜆𝑠 = (𝑋_𝑠^4)/(192+0.8𝑋_𝑠^4 )

For 2.8 < Xs ≤ 3.8

𝜆𝑠 = −0.136−0.0177𝑋𝑠+0.563 𝑋_𝑠^2

For Xs ˃ 3.8

𝜆𝑠 = 0.354𝑋𝑠− 0. 733

𝑋_𝑠^2= 8𝜋𝑓/𝑅_𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−7) 𝐾_𝑠

Where,
𝑓 : System frequency [Hz]
 Ks : Factor used in calculating skin effect
Xs :

1.3) Proximity Effect Factor

𝜆_𝑝 = (𝑋_𝑝^4)/(192+0.8𝑋_𝑝^4 ) (𝑑_1/𝑆)2

[0.312(𝑑_1/𝑆)2 + 1.18/((𝑋_𝑝^4)/(192+0.8𝑋_𝑝^4 )
+0.27)]

𝑋_𝑝^2= 8𝜋𝑓/𝑅_𝑥 〖 10 〗 ^(−7) 𝐾_𝑝

Where,
d1 : Conductor diameter [mm]
Kp : Factor used in calculating proximity effect
S : Axial distance of the conductor [mm]

1.4) AC Resistance at maximum conductor temperature

𝑅_𝑎𝑐= 𝑅_𝑥 (1+ 𝜆_𝑠+𝜆_𝑝 ) [Ω/m]

2) Inductive Reactance between conductors

𝑋_𝐿=2𝜋𝑓∙𝐿∙ 〖 10 〗 ^(−3) [Ω/km]

Where,
𝑓 : System frequency [Hz]
L : Inductance between conductors [mH/km]
𝐿 =0.2 ln⁡〖 (2𝑆/𝑑)+𝐾 〗
[mH/km]

K : Constant factor
S : Axial Spacing between conductors [mm]
d1 : Conductor diameter [mm]

3) Positive (Negative) Phase Sequence Impedance

𝑍=√(𝑅_𝑎𝑐^2+𝑋_𝐿^2 )
[Ω/km]

Where,
Rac : AC resistance of conductor [Ω/km]
XL : Inductive reactance between conductors [Ω/km]
 4) Zero Sequence Resistance per phase
4.1) AC Resistance of Conductor at 20°C
for Zero sequence proximity effect is neglected

𝑅_𝑎𝑐= 𝑅_𝑥 (1+ 𝜆_𝑠 ) [Ω/m]

where,
𝑅𝑥=𝑅20 [ 1+ 𝛼(𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 −20)] ∴𝑅𝑥=𝑅20
Since at 20°C therefore
R 20 : DC resistance of conductor at 20 °C [Ω/m]
λs : Skin Effect

4.2.1) Resistance of Aluminum Wire Shield at 20°C

𝐴𝑊𝐴= ( 𝜌_𝐴𝑊𝐴 √(1+ ((𝜋 𝑑_𝑛)/𝑙_𝑛 )^2 ) {1+𝛼_𝐴𝑊𝐴 (𝜃_𝐴𝑊𝐴−20)})/((𝜋/4)×(𝑑_𝐴𝑊𝐴^2×𝑁_𝐴𝑊𝐴 ) )

[Ω/m]

Where,
aAWA : Temperature coefficient of Aluminum wire shield
θAWA : Aluminum wire shield temperature [°C]
dAWA : Diameter of Alu wire shield [m]
NAWA : Number of Alu wire shield [Nos]
rAWA : Resistivity of Alu wire shield [Ω.m]
dn : Mean diameter of Alu wire shield [m]
Ln : Lay Length of Alu wire shield [m]

4.3) Zero Sequence Resistance per phase

𝑅_0=𝑅_𝐴𝐶+𝑅_𝑆 [Ω/km]

5) Zero Sequence Reactance per phase

𝑋_0=2𝜋𝑓∙𝐿∙ 〖 10 〗 ^(−3) [Ω/km]

Where,
𝑓 : System frequency [Hz]
L : Inductance between conductors [mH/km]
𝐿 =0.2 ln⁡〖 (𝐷/𝑑)+𝐾 〗
 𝐿 =0.2 ln⁡〖 (𝐷/𝑑)+𝐾 〗
[mH/km]

K : Constant factor
D : Mean Diameter of Sheath (AWA) [mm]
𝐷=𝐷_𝐴𝑊𝐴−𝑡_𝐴𝑊𝐴
[mm]
DAWA : Outer Diameter of AWA [mm]
d1 : Conductor diameter [mm]

6) Zero Sequence Impedance per phase

𝑍_0=√(𝑅_0^2+𝑋_0^2 )
[Ω/km]

Where,
R0 : Zero sequence resistance per phase [Ω/km]
X0 : Zero Sequence reactance per phase [Ω/km]

7) Surge Impedance
𝑍_ =(60/√𝜀)×ln⁡(𝐷_𝑖/𝑑_𝑐𝑠 )
[Ω]

Where,
Ɛ : Relative permitivity of Insulation
Di : External diameter of insulation [mm]
dcs : Diameter of conductor screen [mm]

C. Tabulation of Calculated Results

Positive(Negative) Sequence Impedance 0.041+0.091j 0.0998

Zero Sequence Impedance 0.182+0.038j 0.1859

Surge Impedance 7.468

e Handbook BICC 3rd Ed.
400
50
90
630
Copper

Trefoil Formation
46.5

3.61E-05

2.83E-05 Value taken from IEC 60228 Table 2

3.93E-03 Value taken from IEC 60287 1-1 Table 1
90

0.06

6.00E-02

1.7913378

-0.072436

3.482

50
 1 New Value taken From IEC 60287 1-1 Table 2 Revision 2014
1.866

8.23E-02

3.482

28.32209232 28.32209 if cable cross section available then use the same at cross section
1 Value Taken from IEC 60287 1-1 Table 2
46.5

4.12E-05 4.12E-02 [Ω/km]

0.09085218

50
0.289191469

0.289191469 From Electric Cables Handbook, 3rd Edition BICC

No of wires K
0.0514 3 0.0778
46.5 assumed touching 7 0.0642
28.32209232 19 0.0554
37 0.0528
61 and over 0.0514
1 (Solid) 0.05
Hollow core 0.0383

0.0998

0.0410
0.0910
 3.00E-05

2.83E-05
0.06

1.52E-04

4.03E-03
20
0.002
Assumed if circumference 𝐶=𝜋𝑑 125.9779
60
2.8264E-08 d= 40.1 mm
0.041 No of AWA wires = 62.98893
0.72

1.82E-01

0.03799657

50
1.21E-01
 1.21E-01

0.0514
40.1 circum 125.9778654 62.98893

2
42.1
28.32209232

0.1859

0.1820
0.0380

7.468

2.5
35.7
29.32209232

[Ω/km]

[Ω/km]

[Ω]
same at cross section