(Ababneh, Al-Rousan et al.

2020) studied different techniques for anchoring

reinforced concrete beams strengthened using (FRP) composites. Three different
techniques were tested: (FRP) anchors; bolted steel plates anchors, and (FRP)
sheet and bolted steel plates anchors. The results showed that the unanchored
beams failed by the debonding of (FRP) while the (FRP)-anchored beams
experienced concrete cover separation failure. The anchored beams showed an
increase in the ultimate load carrying capacity accompanied by a reduction in
mid-span deflection in different percentage with respect to the unanchored
beams, (FRP) and/or steel U-jackets increase the shear capacity of the anchorage
zone. Also the results present that the FRP sheet and bolted steel plate’s anchors
U configuration was the best anchorage system in terms of the structural
performance factor.

Mahdawi (2010) studied strengthening of lightweight reinforced concrete beams

in flexure using different schemes of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced
polymers (CFRP) . The tested parameters were; the reinforcement ratio, the
bonding configurations, the sheets length and width. Three different schemes
were used for strengthening of beams using (CFRP) : (CFRP) Jacket of variable
length , (CFRP) sheet strip of variable length that covers the whole beam width
and CFRP sheet strip of variable length covers half beam width. The results
present that jacketing gives a higher ultimate load capacity however it reduce the
ductility, therefore this type of Strengthening should be used with a caution of
sudden failure. Load capacity increment percentage reached to 42% and
deflection reduction varied from 24% to 63%. Stiffness also increased up to
38%.

(Jin and Leung 2011) M.ASCE2 (2011) :Studied how to improve the fiber-
reinforced polymer (FRP)/concrete bond capacity, In order to amount the
development in ultimate load and deformation capacity and to study the failure
mechanisms around the anchored area, the direct shear bond test is performed
on concrete prisms with bonded FRP. Several sets of tests have been carried out
with anchoring plates of different FRCC compositions and offerings a new
anchoring gluing of precast fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC) plate
on top of the FRP sheets. Comparison with the control sample shows that the
installation of FRCC plate can significantly increase both the bond and
deformation capacities On the basis of the shear bond test, two types of FRCC
plate materials were found to be particularly effective and were selected for
strengthening of beam members to be tested under four-point bending.
Comparison with control members(without anchor) and those with conventional
U-shaped FRP anchors indicates that both the ultimate load and central deflection
can be improved by the new anchoring method.

Wu and Huange (2008) : studied how to increase the interfacial bond by prevent
the separation of the FRP laminate from the concert substrate , he present a new
hybrid technique that combines adhesive and new type of mechanical fasting
,based on experimental test demonstrate that the new bond strength with this
hybrid bond method was 7.5 times that of conventional adhesive bonding . and
also the new bonding technique is applicable to all types of commercially
available FRP laminate _fabric, sheet, plate, and strip_, and in principle is also
applicable to materials other than FRP.

Yalim (2008): investigate the effect of concrete surface roughness on the bond
behavior and general performance of FRP strengthening system .based on
experimental data he tested 26 specimens with two different carbon FRP system
and different levels of surface roughness smooth, intermediate, and rough. The
influence of six different levels of anchorage by means of U-straps was also
evaluated. Additionally, 10 bond specimens were tested in double shear for the
wet layup FRP system to compare with the results of beam tests and to further
investigate the debonding issue. Bond dependent coefficient was analyzed with
respect to different level of surface roughness and shear span the following
conclusion can be made Surface roughness did not appear to have a significant
influence on the overall performance of the FRP strengthening system with or
without adequate anchorage, and whether failure was by debonding or rupture of
FRP.
(Diab, Wu et al. 2009) studied the short and long-term behavior of the anchorage
zones
of prestressed fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. seven beams were
investigated with prestressed FRP including anchored and unanchored FRP sheet
ends. This study provides that anchored end of the FRP sheets using steel plates
and anchor bolts is an effective solution to enhance the bond capacity of FRP-
concrete interface for short and long-term loading.

(Smith, Hu et al. 2011) studied the behavior of one-way spanning simply

supported RCslabs which have been strengthened in flexure with tension face
bonded FRP composites and anchored with different arrangements of FRP
anchors. Different types of anchorages have therefore been investigated in order
to delay or even prevent debonding. FRP anchor made from rolled fibre sheets or
bundles of lose fibres, is particularly suitable for anchoring FRP composites to a
variety of structural element shapes. The results present that the structural
performance for the slabs strengthened with FRP plates and anchored with FRP
anchors better than the unanchored FRP-strengthened control slab.

(El Maaddawy and Soudki 2008) studied the potential use of mechanically-
anchored unbonded fibre reinforced polymer (MA-UFRP) system to upgrade
reinforced concrete (RC) slabs deficient in flexural strength . slabs were
strengthened with externally-bonded FRP (EB-FRP) system, one slab with end-
anchorage and one slab without end-anchorage. Test results showed that MA-
UFRP system resulted in up to 43% enhancement in the slab flexural strength. The
strength of the slabs strengthened with MA-UFRP system was lower than that of
the slab strengthened with externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (EB-FRP)
system with end anchorage and the slab strengthened with EB-FRP system
without end-anchorage.
(Khalifa, Alkhrdaji et al. 1999) studied a novel anchor system called U-anchor that
can be used to significantly improve the performance of surface mounted
reinforcement for concrete/masonry made of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites. The anchor is based on the idea of embedding a bent portion of the
end (or near the end) of the FRP reinforcement into a preformed groove in the
concrete/masonry. The groove is filled with a viscous paste and may or may not
include an FRP bar. U-anchor system provides an effective solution for cases in
which the bonded length of FRP composites is not sufficient to develop its full
capacity or where anchorage to adjacent members is required. the FRP
strengthening system and avoids high stress concentration and durability
concerns. The experimental results indicate for a beam strengthened with CFRP
without U-anchor, shear capacity increased but failure was governed by
debonding of the CFRP. In the specimen where the anchor was used, shear
capacity of the member further increased and no FRP debonding was observed at
ultimate. Laboratory testing confirms the excellent performance of the U-anchor
system.

(Garden and Hollaway 1998) studied different techniques for anchoring

reinforced concrete beams strengthened using (FRP) composites. Two different
techniques on which the two types of plate end anchorage systems bolt and
clamping force, the plate bonded to beam was continued under the supports of
the beam thereby causing a clamping force to be applied normal to the plate. The
magnitude of this force was equal to the shear force in the shear spans, equal to
half the applied load on the beam. The bolted plate end anchorage system
comprised a steel anchorage block, and their length is same as the composite
plate, bonded to the composite plate with the adhesive. the ends of plates are
required to delay or prevent premature failure. The installation of plate end
anchorage provides greatest benefit when the ratio of maximum shear force to
bending moment is high. Also, the results present that the bolted anchorage
system which provides the same improvement in composite action as a large
plate end clamping force generated by trapping the plate under the beam
supports. Although the plate end anchorage has most structural benefit under a
low shear span/depth ratio.

(Tanarslan, Ertutar et al. 2008)The purpose was to obtain ductile behavior from
the shear deficient reinforced concrete beams by using CFRP strips. Studied
different techniques for anchoring reinforced concrete beams strengthened using
(FRP) composites. Three different techniques were tested: (FRP) anchors; L-
shaped strips with anchorage prevented premature debonding but specimens
failed because of the new emerged failure mode, tearing of the concrete cover
below the level of the lower rebar. The behavior proved that the anchorage
worked well and U-jacketing also prevented loss of concrete cover of the
longitudinal reinforcement. U-jacketing with anchorage denoted the best
performance up to then. It had nearly reached its yielding strength but failed
because of a shear crack that occurred because of CFRP rupture. . -jacketing
prevented loss of concrete cover of the longitudinal reinforcement. According to
the experimental results, -jacketing with anchorage seems the best way for
shear strengthening.

(Ceroni, Pecce et al. 2008) studied eight types of end fixing for reinforced
polymers (FRP) sheets glued on RC elements. The experimental results represent
that failure modes of concrete elements strengthened with CFRPsheets also
introducing different types of mechanical end anchorages. Debonding
phenomena happen before FRP failure and available formulations for predicting
the ultimate load are quite reliable. The best performances are obtained when
the tensile failure of fibers is attained, in particular it happens when CFRP or steel
plates or a NSM bar is applied at the end of reinforcement transversally to
strengthening direction
References

Ababneh, A. N., et al. (2020). Experimental study on anchoring of FRP-

strengthened concrete beams. Structures, Elsevier.

Ceroni, F., et al. (2008). "Debonding strength and anchorage devices for
reinforced concrete elements strengthened with FRP sheets." Composites Part B:
Engineering 39(3): 429-441.

Diab, H., et al. (2009). "Short and long-term bond performance of prestressed FRP
sheet anchorages." Engineering Structures 31(5): 1241-1249.

El Maaddawy, T. and K. Soudki (2008). "Strengthening of reinforced concrete slabs

with mechanically-anchored unbonded FRP system." Construction and Building
Materials 22(4): 444-455.

Garden, H. and L. Hollaway (1998). "An experimental study of the influence of

plate end anchorage of carbon fibre composite plates used to strengthen
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Jin, Q. and C. K. Leung (2011). "Fiber-reinforced-cementitious-composites plate

for anchoring FRP sheet on concrete member." Journal of Composites for
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Khalifa, A., et al. (1999). "Anchorage of surface mounted FRP reinforcement."

CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL-DETROIT- 21: 49-54.

Smith, S. T., et al. (2011). "FRP-strengthened RC slabs anchored with FRP

anchors." Engineering Structures 33(4): 1075-1087.

Tanarslan, H. M., et al. (2008). "The effects of CFRP strips for improving shear
capacity of RC beams." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 27(12):
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Mahdawi, S. F., (2010) “Strengthening of lightweight reinforced concrete
beams in flexure using fiber-reinforced polymers,” M.S thesis, Jordan
University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.