SOLAR BASED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

Capstone project

By

Aman Anand Shreechand 11503383

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA, PUNJAB (INDIA) -144402
2018- 2019
Solar based water purification system

Capstone Project
Submitted in Fulfillment of the
Requirement for Award of the Degree
Of
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By
Aman Anand Shreechand 11503383

Under the Guidance of

Mukhtiar Singh
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA, PUNJAB (INDIA) -144402
2018-19
Lovely Professional University Jalandhar, Punjab

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the capstone entitled “Solar
based water purification system” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of degree of B.Tech and submitted in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely
Professional University, Punjab is an authentic record of my own work carried out during
period of Capstone under the supervision of Mukhtiar Singh, Assistant professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab.

The matter presented in this capstone has not been submitted by me anywhere for
the award of any other degree or to any other institute. .

Date: Aman Anand Shreechand

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to best
of my knowledge.

Date: Mukhtiar Singh

Supervisor
The Integrated B.Tech capistone examination of Solar Based water purification system ,
has been held on _____________

Signature of Examiner

List of figure

Figure1.1 Overlook of the project.

Figure1.2 Activated Carbon Filter

Figure1.3 Basic RO Process

Figure1.4 Solar Pannel

Figure1.5 Photovolatic Cell

Figure1.6 Solar Recharged Batteries

Figure 1.7 Internal View Of Booster Pump

Figure1.8 Mineral Cartridge Internal View

Figure1.8 Mineral Cartridge Internal View

Figure1.9 Sediment filter

Figure 5.1 Global Solar Radiation
Figure10.1: General Osmotic Pressure Variance
Contents

Chapter-1 Introduction

Chapter-2 Literature review

Chapter-3 Material Handling

Chapter-4 Scope and Requirements

Chapter-5 Environmental Significance

Chapter-6 Research Methodology

Chapter-7 Complete Work Plan

Chapter-8 Objectives

Chapter-9 Troubleshooting
Chapter-10 System Details

Chapter-11 Conclusion

References

List of Figure

Abstract

We are making a water purifier in which basic principle behind this project is reverse
osmosis. The solar panel collects the solar radiation coming from the sun. This radiation
helps to generate energy is then stored in a battery. The battery is connected unit through an
electromagnetic relay. The purifying unit motor, the water tank and reverse osmosis system.
The motor of the system creates the necessary pressure required for the reverse osmosis
process. A human body requires a minimum of 2 liters of water in a day and also as we know
our brain is made up of 90% of water. Water does not only helps us regulating our body
temperature but also in synthesizing the nutrients and minerals as well, therefore providing
clean and healthy drinking water is the main problem faced in our country.
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction
As we know in our country the ratio of demand of supply and actual rate of supply is very
low as the availability of pure water that is safe for human consumption is quiet low. Also the
treatment of waste (either industrial or domestic) before letting the waster directly into water
bodies is avoided by many industries causing severe levels of hazardous waste in water
eventually leading to unsafe water.

Lead metal can cause the brain damage and it is very dangerous to human health and is one
the main constituents of industrial waste. Secondly, we can use the solar power for the
operation of purifier. In the most of rural area their lack of availability of electricity. Without
electricity we cannot operate the purifier plant.

Hence we can use the solar power for the processing of purifier. It is clean source of
electricity and also it will be environment friendly even where electricity might be a big
issue.
 Figure1.1 Overlook of the project.

2k

1.1 Components

In order to make this project we tried to use as less as possible, the number of components
and also cost friendly plus efficient components so as to make it suitable for use for every
part and type of population. Some of the main components are noted.

 Raw Water Tank: This is a simple open cylindrical shaped component where the
raw water is fed. The capacity can be regulated in accordance to the usage or
demand.

 Filters: These are one of the most important component which were used in this
project. Carbon filter that contains bed of activated carbon helps removing
impurities and contaminants through chemical absorption. This is a post filter for
further removal of impurities.
 Figure1.2 Activated Carbon Filter

 RO System: This system can be elaborated as reverse osmosis process. Here

a semipermeable membrane is located through which the impurities, ions,
larger particles, etc. get removed along with suspended impurities as well. But
it has some limitation as well, as it fails to remove Sodium from water.
 Figure1.3 Basic RO Process

 Solar Panel: This helps us power all the electronically functioning components. These
are made of photovoltaic cells, which simply converts sunlight into electricity.
 Figure1.4 Solar Pannel

Figure1.5 Photovolatic Cell

 Batteries: We introduced these solar power charged batteries that get charged while the
system works at the day time and provide power backup after the absence of sunlight.
This helps provide us the availability and functionality of the water purification all-day-
around.

Figure1.6 Solar Recharged Batteries

 RO Booster Pump: The purpose of the reverse osmosis booster pump is to increase
water pressure going into the RO unit. Reverse osmosis is a pressure-driven process.
Small residential RO units will theoretically operate on very low pressure--down to 35
psi, according to some membrane makers--but the reality is, you won't get a lot of water
 and the product water quality will be compromised if the unit runs below 45 psi. Low
inlet pressure makes the unit produce more reject water, produce less drinking water, fill
the storage tank more slowly, and produce lower quality water.RO units run well on
typical city water pressure of 60 psi, but they run even better with a small pump to boost
the pressure to 80 psi or higher.

Figure 1.7 Internal View Of Booster Pump

 Mineral Cartridge: Here the role of mineral cartridge comes in, as it perform the
following purposes:
1. As it acts towards post purification treatment of water
2. It help in absorbing the harmful elements present in water along with
maintaining of PH balance of water
3. It helps in maintaining Acid-alkaline balance in the water
 Figure1.8 Mineral Cartridge Internal View

 Sediment filter: Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow
and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a
body of water or other liquid. Sedimentation is the deposition by settling of a suspended
material. In a water plant these particles may be rust flakes from the water pipes, sand
grains, and small pieces of organic matter, clay particles, or any other small particles in
the water supply. Water that has a high sediment level can change the aesthetic value of
the finished beverage. It also can have a detrimental effect on the performance of your
equipment. Sediment can cause blockages in the strainers, flow controls and even the
solenoids inside your equipment. of the frame. The load is then shifted onto the wheels
with a backward lifting motion. The user can maneuver the cargo by steering it left, right
or forward.

Figure1.9 Sediment filter

 CHAPTER 2

Literature View
Solar distillation is a method of water desalination that has been applied in areas of the world
that receive relatively high amounts of solar radiation. The main developments in this
technology were in the 1960’s and 1970’s where improvements were made in the efficiency
and reductions in construction costs. Over this period many large distillation plants were
constructed around the world, however most of them are not in operation today.

Solar distillation is primarily a simple desalination process in which the energy of the sun is
used to evaporate water that is contained within a glass covered basin. Water vapor then
condenses on the coolest surface, which is normally the stills roof, and is then collected as
product water. The salt and other impurities remain in the basin and must be cleaned out on a
regular basis.

Osmosis is a naturally occurring phenomenon. Simply, if two salt solutions are separated by
a membrane, water will pass from the more dilute side to the more concentrated side of the
membrane.

Reverse osmosis (R.O) is a process whereby high purity water can be produced by reversing
this natural ‘osmotic force’ of a solution by pressurizing the water to be treated. High quality
water will then permeate though the membrane leaving the salts and other impurities behind.
Reverse osmosis is the finest filtration currently available and will allow the removal of
particles as small as ions from a solution. Most reverse osmosis technology uses a process
known as cross flow which allows the membrane to continually clean itself. Only a portion of
the liquid passes through the membrane. The rest continues downstream, sweeping the
rejected materials away from the membrane to prevent any build-up. The main energy
requirements for the reverse osmosis process are to drive a pressure pump to force the fluid
through the membrane.

Reverse osmosis is capable of rejecting bacteria, salts, sugars, proteins, particles, dyes, and
other constituents that have a molecular weight of greater than 150-250 Daltons. The
separation of ions with reverse osmosis is aided by charged particles. This means that
dissolved ions that carry a charge, such as salts, are more likely to be rejected by the
membrane than those that are not charged, such as organics. The larger the charge and the
larger the particle, the more likely it will be rejected. Commonly reverse osmosis membranes
reject from 96% to 99% of dissolved salts.

2.1 Operation of a Conventional Reverse Osmosis Unit.

A conventional R.O unit consists of four major sub-systems:

 Pre-treatment
 Pressure Pump
 Membrane system
 Post treatment

Because of the membranes sensitivity to fouling/clogging the feed water must first bepre-
treated. This may be as simple as cartridge filtration in order to reduce turbidity or more
complex, such as the addition of chemical anti-sealants, pH alteration etc. The water is then
pressurized via a high pressure pump and fed to the membrane(s). A throttle valve is used to
hold the system pressure at its optimum operation point and regulate the proportion of water
that flows through the membrane and that which will be exhausted removing the impurities.
The ratio of the purified water to that of the feed is termed the Recovery Ratio.
Because of the necessary self-cleaning process, usual recovery ratios are approximately 10 –
35%. This is inherently an energy inefficient process as the majority of the energy that has
been input to the system is exhausted in the reject stream. Literature suggests that small R.O
plants (up to 100L/hr.) use between 6-8kWhr per 1000L of purified water.
Post treatment is sometimes performed on the product water of a R.O plant. In small systems
it may take the form of an activated carbon filter to polish the permeate and remove any
odors that may be present. In commercial sized systems, pH correction may be implemented
if necessary or a residual disinfectant may be injected into the product stream so that the
water may be safely stored for a period of time.

2.2 Basic concept of Solar Based Water Purifier

A solar powered distillation device will contain three basic components: a basin in which the
contaminated water is contained, a surface above the said feed water for the water vapor to
condense onto (i.e. a glass pane), and a catch basin for the distilled water to drain into.
During operation of the distiller, solar energy is collected by the feed water. When enough
energy is absorbed by the water, the water undergoes a phase change. The water vapors then
rise and come into contact with the cooler transparent, inclined surface. Here the vapor once
again goes through a phase change from vapor back to liquid. The water then condenses and
runs off the transparent inclined surface into a collection bin. The distillation process rids the
contaminated water of any impurities and most commonly found chemical contaminants
within the environment. These contaminants are left behind in the basin.
 CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL HANDLING
3.1 PLANNING PRINCIPLE

All material handling should be the result of a deliberate plan where the needs, performance
objectives and functional specification of the proposed methods are completely defined at the
outset

A plan is a prescribed course of action that is defined in advance of implementation. In its

simplest form a material handing plan defines the material (what) and the moves (when and
where); together they define the method (how and who).

KEY POINTS: The plan should be developed in consultation between the planner(s) and all
who will use and benefit from the equipment to be employed. Success in planning large scale
material handling projects generally requires a team approach involving suppliers,
consultants when appropriate, and end user specialists from management, engineering,
computer and information systems, finance and operations. The material handling plan
should reflect the strategic objectives of the organization as well as the more immediate
needs. The plan should document existing methods and problems, physical and economic
constraints, and future requirements and goals. The plan should promote concurrent
engineering of product, process design, process layout, and material handling methods, as
opposed to independent and sequential design practices.

3.2 STANDARDIZATION PRINCIPLE

Material handling methods, equipment, controls and software should be standardized within
the limits of achieving overall performance objectives and without sacrificing needed
flexibility, modularity and throughput. Anticipation of changing future requirements

Definition: Standardization means less variety and customization in the methods and
equipment employed.
KEY POINTS: The planner should select methods and equipment that can perform a variety
of tasks under a variety of operating conditions and in Standardization applies to sizes of
containers and other load forming components as well as operating procedures and
equipment. Standardization, flexibility and modularity must not be incompatible.

3.3 WORK PRINCIPLE

Material handling work should be minimized without sacrificing productivity or the level of
service required of the operation.

Definition: The measure of work is material handling flow (volume, weight or count per unit
of time) multiplied by the distance moved.

KEY POINTS: Simplifying processes by reducing, combining, shortening or eliminating

unnecessary moves will reduce work. Process methods, operation sequences and
process/equipment layouts should be prepared that support the work minimization objective.
Where possible, gravity should be used to move materials or to assist in their movement
while respecting consideration of safety and the potential for product damage. The shortest
distance between two points is a straight line.

3.4 EROGONOMIC PRINCIPLE

Human capabilities and limitations must be recognized and respected in the design of
material handling tasks and equipment to ensure safe and effective operations.

Definition: Ergonomics is the science that seeks to adapt work or working conditions to suit
the abilities of the worker.

KEY POINTS: Equipment should be selected that eliminates repetitive and strenuous
manual labor and which effectively interacts with human operators and users. The ergonomic
principle embraces both physical and mental tasks. The material handling workplace and the
equipment employed to assist in that work must be designed so they are safe for people
3.5 UNIT LOAD PRINCIPLE

Unit loads shall be appropriately sized and configured in a way which achieves the material
flow and inventory objectives at each stage in the supply chain.

Definition: A unit load is one that can be stored or moved as a single entity at one time, such
as a pallet, container or tote, regardless of the number of individual items that make up the
load.

KEY POINTS: Less effort and work is required to collect and move many individual items
as a single load than to move many items one at a time. Load size and composition may
change as material and product moves through stages of manufacturing and the resulting
distribution channels. Large unit loads are common both pre and post manufacturing in the
form of raw materials and finished goods. During manufacturing, smaller unit loads,
including as few as one item, yield less in-process inventory and shorter item throughput
times. Smaller unit loads are consistent with manufacturing strategies that embrace operating
objectives such as flexibility, continuous flow and just-in-time delivery. Unit loads composed
of a mix of different items are consistent with just-in-time and/or customized supply
strategies so long as item selectivity is not compromised

3.6 SPACE UTILIZATION PRINCIPLE

Effective and efficient use must be made of all available space.

Definition: Space in material handling is three dimensional and therefore is counted as cubic
space.

KEY POINTS: In work areas, cluttered and unorganized spaces and blocked aisles should be
eliminated. In storage areas, the objective of maximizing storage density must be balanced
against accessibility and selectivity. When transporting loads within a facility the use of
overhead space should be considered as an option
3.7. SYSTEM PRINCIPLE

Material movement and storage activities should be fully integrated to form a coordinated,
operational system which spans receiving, inspection, storage, production, assembly,
packaging, unitizing, order selection, shipping, transportation and the handling of returns.

Definition: A system is a collection of interacting and/or interdependent entities that form a

unified whole.

KEY POINTS: Systems integration should encompass the entire supply chain including
reverse logistics. It should include suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and customers.
Inventory levels should be minimized at all stages of production and distribution while
respecting considerations of process variability and customer service. Information flow and
physical material flow should be integrated and treated as concurrent activities Methods
should be provided for easily identifying materials and products, for determining their
location and status within facilities and within the supply chain and for controlling their
movement. Customer requirements and regarding regarding quantity, quality, and on-time
delivery should be met without exception. Consistency and predictability, regarding quantity,
quality, and on-time delivery should be met without exception.

3.8 AUTOMATION PRINCIPLE

Material handling operations should be mechanized and/or automated where feasible to

improve operational efficiency, increase responsiveness, improve consistency and
predictability,

KEY POINTS: Pre-existing processes and methods should be simplified and/or re-
engineered before any efforts at installing mechanized or automated systems. Computerized
material handling systems should be considered where appropriate for effective integration of
material flow and information management. Treat all interface issues as critical to successful
automation, including equipment to equipment, equipment to load, equipment to operator,
and control communications. All items expected to be handled automatically must have
features that accommodate mechanized and automated handling.

3.9 ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLE

Environmental impact and energy consumption should be considered as criteria when

designing or selecting alternative equipment and material handling systems.

Definition: Environmental consciousness stems from a desire not to waste natural resources
and to predict and eliminate the possible negative effects of our daily actions on the
environment.

KEY POINTS: Containers, pallets and other products used to form and protect unit loads
should be designed for reusability when possible and/or biodegradability as appropriate.
Systems design should accommodate the handling of spent dunnage, empty containers and
other by-products of material handling. Materials specified as hazardous have special needs
with regard to spill protection, combustibility and other risks.

3.10 LIFE CYCLE COST PRINCIPLE

A thorough economic analysis should account for the entire life cycle of all material
handling equipment and resulting systems.

Definition: Life cycle costs include all cash flows that will occur between the time the first
dollar is spent to plan or procure a new piece of equipment, or to put in place a new method,
until that method and/or equipment is totally replaced.

KEY POINTS: Life cycle costs include capital investment, installation, setup and equipment
programming, training, system testing and acceptance, operating (labor, utilities, etc.),
maintenance and repair, reuse value, and ultimate disposal. A plan for preventive and
predictive maintenance should be prepared for the equipment, and the estimated cost of
maintenance and spare parts should be included in the economic analysis. A long-range plan
for replacement of the equipment when it becomes obsolete should be prepared. Although
measurable cost is a primary factor, it is certainly not the only factor in selecting among
alternatives. Other factors of a strategic nature to the organization and which form the basis
for competition in the market place should be considered and quantified whenever possible.

CHAPTER 4
Scope and Requirements

Some of the scopes of solar power based purification systems and its uses are described
below:-

 Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS)

Solar water disinfection is a low technology, simple process of purifying water using
solar energy and solar radiation. SODIS as a technology was first introduced in 1980 by
Aftim Acra et al. from the American University of Beirut. The process involves
contaminated water being filled in transparent PET or glass bottles which are then
exposed to the sun for approximately 6 hours. The UV rays of sun eliminate the
diarrhoea-causing pathogens, thereby making the water fit for consumption.

 Solar Water Distillation

Solar water distillation uses a solar still to condense pure water vapour and settle out
harmful substances to make clean, pure drinking water. This process is used when the
water is brackish containing harmful bacteria, or for settling out heavy metals and also
for desalination of sea water.

 Solar Water Pasteurization

Solar water pasteurization involves the use of moderate heat or radiation to kill disease -
causing microbes. This heat is provided from cookers that trap solar energy. This method
has proven to kill bacteria, viruses, worms and protozoa.

 Solar Water Purification

 This method integrates electricity generated from solar energy for water purification.
Solar panels generate power for a battery which is used for filtration and purification
systems. These structures are generally mobile and are immensely helpful for disaster
- relief efforts. They also come in various sizes meant for small scale use to
commercial/community supply.

Whereas, the requirements of water purifications are:-

 Lower Cancer Risk: Chemicals and other toxic materials can make their way into water
sources, which increases the risk of getting some types of cancer. Eliminating these through
water purification might help lower your risk of getting cancer that is associated with
exposure to these materials.

 Improved Flavour: Some contaminants do more than pose a health risk. They can also
affect the flavor of drinking water, such as giving it a metallic taste or another unpleasant
taste. Purifying water helps get rid of these contaminants, which can improve the flavor of
drinking water without having to boil it.

 Reduced Chlorine Levels: Chlorine in drinking water can cause a wide range of serious
health issues. These include the following:

 Higher risk of cancer

 Cardiovascular problems
 Asthma
 Birth defects

Using water purification Charlotte systems helps get rid of chlorine in drinking
water, which reduces your risk of these health problems. This helps keep you and
your family safe from illnesses and can improve your overall quality of life.

 Convenience: Boiling water before using it helps remove contaminants, but this is also a
time-consuming process, especially when larger amounts of water are needed. Water
purification systems offer a convenient way to get rid of contaminants while also saving
time.

 Fewer Plumbing Contaminants: If you live in an older home, your pipes and plumbing
system can introduce copper and other contaminants into your water supply. Even though
your local water supply is treated, these contaminants are able to enter your home as
 water flows through old, corroded pipes. Purifying your water helps keep these materials
out of your drinking water.

 Lower Bacteria Levels: coli and other bacteria can cause serious illnesses when you’re
exposed to them in your drinking water. While some of these bacteria might cause mild
symptoms, such as nausea, others can be life-threatening, especially in children, older
adults and those with conditions that lower their immunity. A Charlotte water purification
system helps ensure that your drinking water is free of these potentially dangerous types
of bacteria.

 Cost Savings: Purchasing bottled water provides your household with water that does not
contain contaminants, but the cost of buying these bottles can add up significantly over
time. Investing in a water purification Charlotte system leads to a lower amount of money
spent on having clean water. This can add up to considerable cost savings in the long run.

 Lower Carbon Footprint: Using a water purification system can reduce your carbon
footprint and help protect the environment. Having purified water available in your home
at all times means you don’t have to use plastic water bottles, which harm the
environment as they sit in landfills. You’re also helping by reducing the need for bottled
water that contributes to environmental damage through carbon emissions as it’s
transported from one place to another.

 Healthier Foods and Beverages: Water purification systems do more for you than just
provide you with drinking water that does not have contaminants. It also gives you a
steady supply of purified water that can be used for other purposes, such as rinsing off
vegetables and other produce, preparing meals and brewing coffee or tea. This can help
your foods and beverages taste fresher and provide you with peace of mind that what you
eat and drink is free of potentially harmful contaminants.

 Healthier Pets and Plants: Water purification doesn’t just benefit you. It also benefits
your pets and plants. Using purified water when you fill your pets’ water bowls helps
lower their risk of exposure to pollutants that might affect their health. Watering your
plants with purified supplies of water also helps reduce their risk of being harmed by
certain kinds of materials that can enter your water supply.
 CHAPTER 5

Environmental Significance
The objective of water treatment is to remove the undesired chemical compounds, organic
and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed from water. That process
also includes distillation (the conversion of a liquid into vapor to condense it back to liquid
form) and deionization (ion removal through the extraction of dissolved salts).

One major purpose of water purification is to provide clean drinking water. Water
purification also meets the needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial
applications for clean and potable water. The purification procedure reduces the
concentration of contaminants such as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses,
and fungi. Water purification takes place on scales from the large (e.g., for an entire city) to
the small (e.g., for individual households).

The rural areas of the india which are not getting the proper facility of proper drinking water

Potential

According to a World Bank report, 80% of communicable diseases in India are water related
and with a population of 1.17 billion, only 15% have access to water fit for consumption
purposes. Also, ground water sources have been over-exploited, which has caused the levels
of mineral contaminants to increase dramatically. For example, in places such as Rajasthan,
Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, the population is consuming water that has high fluoride
content which in turn will lead to increasing health risks such as mass poisoning.

Solar distillation is a proven technology for water disinfection and the system can be
customized from one person to community sized systems. They have a long life span of
about 20 years and generally do not require moving parts.The water purification business in
India is undergoing major changes, not just in terms of technology, but also in terms of
pricing and competition. The drivers of change include scarcity of clean drinking water, low
penetration of water purifiers, increasing urbanization, and waterborne diseases. The main
challenges are the lack of standards (for manufacturers) and low awareness levels amongst
potential users. The market has also started evolving for a category of consumers who do not
have access to running water electricity and lower price point products
 Figure 5.1 Global Solar Radiation

CHAPTER 6
Research Methodology

To start working on project first we have to decide the type of project which should have
good impact or consequence on nature, society or have some uniqueness. By thinking of
many topics, we had decided to make a Solar Powered Water Purification model. As it is has
chargeable batteries also, it will be able to provide us with 24 hours of electricity supply
without using any consumable or vulnerable resource of energy and also being able to get
power supply free of fluctuations eventually helping us produce a model free of any kind of
harmful products which overcomes one of the major problems that is “availability and need
of electricity”. All the reputed companies are focusing on electrical power generation as they
know that the future for power generation will be electrical power. They know that the fuel
(Gasoline, Coal, etc.) is going to be exhaust in few years, they will have to find some
alternative for power generation soon. Hence focusing on something that is free of any kind
od adverse environmental effects we need to use the solar energy as it is infinite and free of
any harmful effects.

Day by day “Water-Borne diseases” is also becoming one of the major issues all over the
world, by considering this point we have to make a design compact so that it can be easily
used by every part of the available population in our country by covering a vast area. So, we
finally came to a conclusion to make a compact water purifying system using the most
readily available form of energy that is solar energy.

After this we have to focus on some basic parameters like Weight, Compatibility,
Effectiveness, Price, etc. We know that anyone will be eager to buy this, if this will be
affordable and effective to them. By focusing on this fact, we tried our best to reduce the cost
of our model without altering the efficiency and features of the same.

By collaborating all these points, we finally continued with our project, and started collecting
all the related information, reading research papers related to this particular project. We
analyzed that many such ideas were discussed and it became difficult to analyze the best
possible design and lots of effort was applied and was not foldable with high cost
comparably. First, we have to examine that is it possible to manufacture the model which is
efficient and affordable. We started with thinking of components to be used by concentrating
on weight, price, etc.

As the major parts to be used stair case trolley are as follows:

Solar panel and RO system

We need to think effectively (in terms of weight, size, cost, portability, etc. ) about the type
of solar panel and RO system without compensating the efficiency of product.

So, let’s proceed towards the main and most challenging part of this research which is
selection part. We need to collect different parameters too. Subsequently, we need to analyze
the final design and check whether it is compatible. Afterwards, we need focus on gathering
of parts by concentrating on one of the main constraints which is cost of this water
purification system which is solar powered, should not be high.

After deciding the specifications or rating of components, we will proceed towards

connection section of the model intended. We need to modify the preexisting similar water
purification system by using various quality and type of components. While doing this we
faced many challenges and constraints in between as we have added or removed some of the
elements to make it light and cheap.. At last, after successful completion of the model we
need to test various factors ergonomics, comfort ability, and test it under real conditions and
to required change if needed.
 CHAPTER 7

Complete Work Plan

We have started by thinking about a unique type of water purification system, like nowadays
we get number of water purification system which are not portable or ready to use and just
keeping in mind this, we worked upon our project and finally decided to make water
purification system which is portable as well as solar powered. We are making a water
purification system which runs on battery. Our main aim is to make this water purification
system compact, solar powered, cheaper and portable. By keeping this in mind, we
proceeded further and started collecting information, reading research papers related to this
idea. One of the main things of the project is design section, if you can design, you can
implement your ideas in real life. Hence to summarize our complete work plan, we had
performed following planned to accomplish it in given timeline:

1. Selecting the topic.

2. We have thought about making the project unique.
3. Requirements of the project.
4. Special features of the water purification system.
5. Designing the water purification system.
8. Later on we have to modify the solar panel to meet their requirements.
9. Discussion and calculations about required specifications and ratings of components.
10. We have gone through a lot of research papers to minimize the difficulty of project.
11. Buying and Manufacturing of all the calculated components.
12. Modifications of required parts according to project.
13. Assembly of all the components with required operations.
14. Testing of the final project.
 CHAPTER 8
Objectives

 For running a water purification plant we need to run many electrically functioning
appliances and to run this we need to provide electricity or fossil fuels. These offer
large amount of both environmental and resource losses. Consumption of these fuels
is one of the main reason behind this ever increasing level of pollution in our country.
Hence using solar powered appliances not only saves our environment from these
drastic effects, but also provides us easier, cheaper and readily available source of
energy.
 After that, another type of water industry which is very vital for the Mother of Nature
is the wastewater treatment industry. Wastewater treatment refers to the processes of
controlling the wastewater on Earth; this is the most important method to solve the
water pollution. Wastewater is directing to the chemical wastewater from factories,
wastewater from household and some water from polluted river or lake. The usage of
wastewater treatment is to killing the gem/bacteria in the wastewater; remove solid
impurities and odor smell. Irresponsible human behavior will make the wastewater
treatment become more essential for the world.
 The new type of water industry is about the desalination. Desalination is a meaning of
transforming the seawater or saltwater into pure water or drinking water. Due to the
natural water on the land is getting lesser and the population of human is increasing,
hence we found out a new method to produce normal water from seawater. Seawater
source is so much on Earth, so this method is highly developing around the world.
Seawater cannot consume by human because it consists of high salt component such
as NaCl, this cause our body unaffordable to consume the seawater.
 The choice of technology to remove the great majority of impurities in the feed water
lies between distillation and reverse osmosis (RO). In environmental (and economic)
terms, distillation requires far more energy. For example, producing 1 liter of distilled
water typically requires 1.65kW of power and about 9 liters of cooling water; in
comparison, producing 1 liter of RO permeate requires less than 0.1 kW and less than
5 liters of water. The waste water from RO is cold and similar to the feed water and
could be used in various grey water roles. ELGA uses only reverse osmosis in its
water systems due to the energy costs of distillation and its limited purification
capabilities.
 Optimum operation of RO systems minimizes the frequency of changing subsequent
purification consumables, notably the purification packs. For this reason, simply
 minimizing water rejection in RO can be counter-productive environmentally in the
long term.

 Whereas, solar energy systems/power plants do not produce air pollution, water
pollution, or greenhouse gases. Using solar energy can have a positive, indirect effect
on the environment when solar energy replaces or reduces the use of other energy
sources that have larger effects on the environment.

 However, some toxic materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic (PV)
cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Some solar thermal systems use potentially
hazardous fluids to transfer heat. Leaks of these materials could be harmful to the
environment.

Troubleshooting
Probable Cause
No water or not enough water
1. Feed water shut off
2. Storage tank valve shut off
3. Plugged or crimped lines
4. Pre-filter cartridge clogged
5. Low feed water pressure
Low flow rate from faucet
1. Low air pressure in storage tank
2. Storage tank valve partially closed
High product water TDS
1. Insufficiently flushed filters
2. Increase in feed water TDS
3. Membrane life expired
Bad tasting water
1. Taste from glass or plastic containers
2. Post carbon filter cartridge exhausted
3. Storage tank and/or system contaminated
4. Membrane life expired
Cloudy water
1. Dissolved air in feed water gets
concentrated in product water.
CHAPTER 9
Solutions
Turn on feed water
Open tank valve
Remove blockage or crimp in lines
Replace pre-filter cartridge
Feed water pressure at membrane must be at least 50
psi
Increase air pressure to 7 psi in storage tank with
product water drained
Open tank valve completely
5 gallons (approx. 2 full tanks) must be drawn from
spigot to sufficiently flush filters
Contact dealer for revised product water TDS
Replace membrane
Contact dealer for explanation
Replace post carbon filter cartridge
Contact dealer for assistance
Replace membrane
Condition usually clears up eventually as feed water
Changes. Letting water stand will allow dissolved air
to dissipate.
Cloudy ice cubes

1. See cloudy water

2. Certain ice cube shapes trap dissolved air Change ice cube mold shape, make cubes manually
more than others. The larger, more squared if using automatic ice cube maker, let stand to release
off cubes are clearest, smaller rounded dissolved air before freezing
surface ice cubes are cloudier

CHAPT
ER 10
System Details

 Rating of Solar Panel:

 Voltage - 12V
 Power - 10W
 Batteries: (Total Number = 2, In Parallel Connection)
 Voltage - 12V
 Current - 2.5
 RO System
 Inlet Pressure - 300-400 kPa
 Outlet Pressure - 80kPa

The system is designed to work under a maximum pressure of 10bar. Whereas the average
working pressure remains at 5-6 bar whereas, the weakest part that are namely valves can
beau up to a maximum of 3-4 bar of pressure.

Figure10.1: General Osmotic Pressure Variance

CHAPTER 11
Conclusion

The aim and objective of this research study was achieved as an improved solar water
purifier was designed and developed by improving the efficiency of the already existing
purifiers. This is so because most purifier especially solar stills have efficiencies of between
46% and 52%. This is due to the time in producing purified water and also the small volume
being produced. But this has been improved as we have made it portable which makes it
more reliable for the Indian climate as most part of the India get radiation from the sun .The
percentage of purified water for each of the days of testing has an average rate of 65%. This
is a good and tangible result for a low technological machine model. The Solar Water
Purification system could work better by starting with less water. It seems it would take a
longer time for the first drops to form if it was a bit cloudy and the sun not being very hot.
Water purification through solar power is one of the best inventions to save energy and to
have uncontaminated water. A normal purifier system requires more power and costs a lot
more too. A normal water purifier can also be at a disadvantage in places of no or little
electrical power source. This is where the solar design gets high credibility due to the ever-
presence of the sun as the source of its own energy.
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