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Nod_5
220 kV
CTE_HVDC U=224.998 kV
P=-400.000 MW u=102.27 %
Q=-100.292 Mvar L5_2
P=182.103 MW
Q=62.481 C_3
L5_1 Mvar P=220.000 MW
CTE_BETA P=182.103 MW Q=135.000 Mvar
P=-240.000 MW Q=62.481 Mvar
Q=-100.292 Mvar
Nod_6
220 kV Nod_7
U=209.200 kV 220 kV
L4 L6
Nod_4 P=275.794 MW u=95.09 % U=214.039 kV
P=134.305 MW
220 kV Q=75.621 Mvar Q=-47.072 Mvar u=97.29 %
U=213.385 kV
Nod_8
u=96.99 %
220 kV
C2 U=208.267 kV
P=190.000 MW
Q=130.000 Mvar u=94.67 % L7
P=65.548 MW
C_1 C_4 Q=29.679 Mvar
P=60.000 MW P=65.000 MW CTE_GAMA
Nod_2 L3 Q=35.000 Mvar Q=35.000 Mvar L8 Nod_9
P=-240.000 MW
P=79.281 MW P=305.751 MW Q=-180.000 Mvar
220 kV Q=-85.752 MvarL2 Q=97.003 Mvar 220 kV
U=229.024 kV P=60.475 MW U=199.619 kV
u=104.10 % Q=26.546 Mvar Nod_3 u=90.74 %
220 kV
U=223.196 kV C5
u=101.45 % L9 P=130.000 MW
Q=70.000 Mvar
P=166.701 MW
L1 L10 Q=-20.595 Mvar
P=271.670 MW P=33.944 MW
CTE_ALFA Q=70.982 Mvar
P=-255.000 MW Q=39.373 Mvar
Q=-190.000 Mvar
Nod_1
220 kV Nod_10
U=207.205 kV 220 kV
u=94.18 % U=199.699 kV
C_7
P=250.000 MW u=90.77 %
Q=155.000 Mvar
C_6
P=200.000 MW
Q=140.000 Mvar
L15_2
L15_1
P=13.734 MW P=13.734 MW
Q=98.281 Mvar
Q=98.281 Mvar
L11
P=3.478 MW
Q=128.993 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-441.581 MW
Q=-326.873 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
U=235.000 kV U=229.586 kV
U=215.616 kV L14 L13
P=313.158 MW u=106.82 % P=97.207 MW u=104.36 %
u=98.01 % Q=107.161 Mvar Q=38.988 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=247.892 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=38.447 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
Pentru a analiza reteaua din figura 1.2, este necesar ca abaterea admisibila de tensiune
sa fie de ±5%. In acest sens, se va urmari ca tensiunea sa se incadreze in intervalul
[209,231]kV, adica modulul tensiunii sa nu scada sub 95%, respectiv sa nu creasca peste
105%.
Cu ajutorul programului NEPLAN s-a realizat calculul de regim permanent pentru
sistemul de transport studiat. În tabelul 1.1 si in figura 1.3 sunt reprezentate valorile tensiunii
in nodurile retelei studiate.
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
Nod 1 Nod 2 Nod 3 Nod 4 Nod 5 Nod 6 Nod 7 Nod 8 Nod 9 Nod Nod Nod Nod
10 11 12 13
u [%]
Din Fig 1.3. Reprezentarea grafica a valorilor tensiunii in nodurile retelei de baza, se
observa faptul ca valorile teniunii in nodurile 1,8,9 si 10 se afla sub limita inferioara de 95%,
respectiv valoarea tensiunii in nodul 12 depaseste limita superioara de 105%. Tinand cont de
faptul ca nodul 12 este un nod de tip generator, valoarea tensiunii este mai ridicata decat
valoarea tensiunii nominale, datorita puterii active introdusa de grupul generator si a
posibilitatii de reglaj a puterii reactive introduse in acest nod.
Acest regim nu este acceptabil din punct de vedere al calitatii tensiunii.Se va dori astfel,
imbunatirea regimului de functionare.
Datele cu privire la nivelul de incarcare al liniilor electrice aferente retelei studiate sunt
prezentate in Tabelul 1.2 :
In cadrul tabelului 1.2. Nivelurile de incarcare al liniilor retelei, se poate observa faptul ca
reteaua electrica este subincarcata din punct de vere al limitei de transport a liniilor electrice.
Tot din cadrul acestui tabel se poate observa faptul ca cele mai incarcate linii sunt cele care
evacueaza puterea excedentara catre zonele deficitare. Un exemplu al acestei observatii poate fi
linia L8 care face legatura dintre nodul consumator Nod 13 si nodul generator N12, un alt exemplu
poate fi si linia L14 care face legatura intre nodul consumator Nod 9 si nodul Generator Nod 7,
respectiv linia L1 care ar face legatura intre nodul generator Nod 2 si nodul consumator Nod 1.
Incarcare [%]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_ L15_
1 2
Din tabelul 1.3 se poate observa faptul ca liniile mai solicitate determina pierderi de putere
activa, respectiv putere reactiva mai mari (cazul liniilor L1, L8, L12, L14) fata de liniile slab incarcate
care determina pe langa pierderile de putere activa, injectie de putere reactiva din cauza aceasta
apare cu semnul “-“ in histograma din figura 1.5.
Pierderile de putere activa si reactiva sunt determinate de parametrii electrici ai LEA, de
circulatia de puteri dintre nodurile sistemului si de sarcina transportata la un moment dat pe linia
electrica.
Pierderi de putere
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_ L15_
-10 1 2
-20
P[MW] Q[MVAr]
Sistemul electroenergetic studiat contine 5 noduri de tip generator, dintre care Nod_5 este cel
mai “puternic” (are puterea cea mai mare). Nodul de echilibru al sistemului este reprezentat de
Nod_12, la care nu se impun limitele de putere reactiva .
Puterea activa generata [MW]
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 10 11 12 13 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_ d_
No N o N o N o N o No No No No No No No No
Puterea activa este deosebit de importanta in cadrul unui sistem electroenergetic iar
necesitatea analizarii rezervelor acesteia rezulta din faptul ca o lipsa de putere activa inseamna o
stabilitate precara a sistemului de transport. Orice modificare a puterii active sau reactive, respectiv
a puterii aparente, cerute de consumatorii din nodurile adiacente nodurilor generatoare va
determina o scadere a tensiunii atat in nodurile consumatoare cat si in cele generatoare, putand
duce la pierderea stabilitatii statice a sistemului.
400 Figura.
1.7.
350 Puterea
Qgen
[MVAr] reactiva
300
250 Qrezervă
200 [MVAr]
Un=+400 kV;
Un=+600 kV.
P=400 MW;
P=600 MW;
P=400 MW;
P=600 MW;
L11
P=161.319 MW
Q=73.075 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-381.780 MW P=-419.713 MW
Q=256.233 Mvar Q=-398.579 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
L14 U=235.000 kV L13 U=227.085 kV
U=205.010 kV
P=109.155 MW u=106.82 % P=69.509 MW u=103.22 %
u=93.19 %
Q=188.177 Mvar Q=68.972 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=64.020 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=133.636 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-43.419 Mvar
Fig.2.1.1.2.Regimul de functionare, contingenta L5_2 deconectata, Un=400kV
u [%] u [%]
Regim Normal Contingenta
Nod 1 96.2 95.48
Nod 2 104.55 104.55
Nod 3 101.91 101.91
Nod 4 97.71 96.98
Nod 5 102.27 101.18
Nod 6 97.75 92.08
Nod 7 102.25 98.36
Nod 8 99.8 95.78
Nod 9 95.93 92.91
Nod 10 93.43 91.8
Nod 11 103.63 103.22
Nod 12 106.82 106.82
Nod 13 93.37 93.19
105
100
95
90
85
80
Nod 1 Nod 2 Nod 3 Nod 4 Nod 5 Nod 6 Nod 7 Nod 8 Nod 9 Nod 10 Nod 11 Nod 12 Nod 13
Din tabelul 2.1.1.1si din figura 2.1.1.3 se observacatensiunea se incadreaza in limitele de +-10%.
Tabelul 2.1.1.2.Nivelurile de incarcare ale liniilor electrice
Incarcare [%]
Regim Normal Contingenta
L1 26.25 29.79
L2 18.93 18.93
L3 38.46 37.08
L4 0 0
L5_1 0 0
L5_2 0 0
L6 25.78 34.18
L7 20.94 21.9
L8 46.41 41.05
L9 11.85 11.09
L10 22.28 27.31
L11 54.77 57.86
L12 48.69 47.69
L13 25.12 27.49
L14 60.28 61.08
L15_1 41.32 42.24
L15_2 41.32 42.24
Incarcare [%]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_ L15_
1 2
L11
P=159.182 MW
Q=70.944 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-391.486 MW P=-403.258 MW
Q=202.866 Mvar Q=-303.501 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13 220 kV 220 kV
220 kV U=235.000 kV U=230.238 kV
U=212.033 kV L14
u=106.82 %
L13
u=104.65 %
u=96.38 % P=100.710 MW P=62.787 MW
Q=140.202 Mvar Q=36.650 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=60.953 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=113.880 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-46.444 Mvar
L11
P=162.769 MW
Q=76.826 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-391.486 MW P=-406.619 MW
Q=201.562 Mvar Q=-321.215 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13 220 kV 220 kV
220 kV U=235.000 kV U=229.556 kV
U=211.745 kV L14
u=106.82 %
L13
u=104.34 %
u=96.25 % P=101.812 MW P=65.861 MW
Q=142.084 Mvar Q=43.412 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=59.929 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=111.307 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-46.318 Mvar
u [%]
RegimNorma
Nodul l RegimContingenta
Nod 1 96.39 95.84
Nod 2 104.55 104.55
Nod 3 101.91 101.91
Nod 4 97.71 97.74
Nod 5 102.27 102.27
Nod 6 97.76 93.23
Nod 7 102.27 99.35
Nod 8 99.82 96.8
Nod 9 96.13 93.86
Nod 10 93.86 92.62
Nod 11 104.65 104.34
Nod 12 106.82 106.82
Nod 13 96.38 96.25
105
100
95
90
85
Nod 1 Nod 2 Nod 3 Nod 4 Nod 5 Nod 6 Nod 7 Nod 8 Nod 9 Nod 10 Nod 11 Nod 12 Nod 13
Incarcare[%]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_1 L15_2
L11
P=78.031 MW
Q=100.583 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-195.630 MW P=-406.687 MW
Q=100.951 Mvar Q=-237.090 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
U=235.000 kV U=232.308 kV
U=217.969 kV L14 L13
P=203.158 MW u=106.82 % P=75.613 MW u=105.59 %
u=99.08 %
Q=91.259 Mvar Q=13.080 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=156.271 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=69.613 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-49.081 Mvar
L11
P=85.659 MW
Q=106.719 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-195.609 MW P=-413.463 MW
Q=101.086 Mvar Q=-260.558 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
U=235.000 kV U=231.482 kV
U=217.472 kV L14 L13
P=205.464 MW u=106.82 % P=81.670 MW u=105.22 %
u=98.85 %
Q=94.608 Mvar Q=20.997 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=154.147 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=67.623 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-48.858 Mvar
u [%]
Nodul Regim Normal Regim Contingenta
Nod 1 96.39 95.65
104.55
Nod 2 104.55
101.91
Nod 3 101.91
97.62
Nod 4 97.69
102.27
Nod 5 102.27
91.88
Nod 6 97.28
98.09
Nod 7 101.57
95.5
Nod 8 99.1
Nod 9 95.51 92.89
92.65
Nod 10 94.07
105.22
Nod 11 105.59
106.82
Nod 12 106.82
Nod 13 99.08 98.85
105
100
95
90
85
80
Nod 1 Nod 2 Nod 3 Nod 4 Nod 5 Nod 6 Nod 7 Nod 8 Nod 9 Nod 10 Nod 11 Nod 12 Nod 13
Incarcare [%]
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_ L15_
1 2
L11
P=157.745 MW
Q=64.981 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-381.780 MW P=-415.890 MW
Q=257.821 Mvar Q=-375.234 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
U=235.000 kV U=227.976 kV
U=205.405 kV L14 L13
P=107.989 MW u=106.82 % P=66.369 MW u=103.63 %
u=93.37 % Q=185.551 Mvar Q=60.007 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=65.060 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=136.894 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-43.586 Mvar
L11
P=161.319 MW
Q=73.075 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-381.780 MW P=-419.713 MW
Q=256.233 Mvar Q=-398.579 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
L14 U=235.000 kV L13 U=227.085 kV
U=205.010 kV
P=109.155 MW u=106.82 % P=69.509 MW u=103.22 %
u=93.19 %
Q=188.177 Mvar Q=68.972 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=64.020 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=133.636 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-43.419 Mvar
Valorile obtinute in urma simularii sunt similare cu cele obtinute in cazul functionarii
conexiunii HVDC la Un=400kV (cazul 2.1.1)
Nivelul tensiunii in nodurile retelei
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
Nod 1 Nod 2 Nod 3 Nod 4 Nod 5 Nod 6 Nod 7 Nod 8 Nod 9 Nod 10 Nod 11 Nod 12 Nod 13
Incarcare [%]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_ L15_
1 2
L11
P=77.969 MW
Q=100.630 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-194.602 MW P=-407.748 MW
Q=100.236 Mvar Q=-236.562 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
U=235.000 kV U=232.321 kV
U=218.012 kV L14 L13
P=203.794 MW u=106.82 % P=75.975 MW u=105.60 %
u=99.10 %
Q=90.935 Mvar Q=12.899 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=156.683 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=69.319 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-49.100 Mvar
L11
P=85.598 MW
Q=106.765 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-194.575 MW P=-414.528 MW
Q=100.366 Mvar Q=-260.025 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
U=235.000 kV U=231.495 kV
U=217.516 kV L14 L13
P=206.104 MW u=106.82 % P=82.035 MW u=105.22 %
u=98.87 %
Q=94.281 Mvar Q=20.815 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=154.560 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=67.327 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-48.877 Mvar
u [%]
Regim
Nodul Normal Regim Contingenta
Nod 1 96.39 95.65
Nod 2 104.55 104.55
Nod 3 101.91 101.91
Nod 4 97.69 97.62
Nod 5 102.27 102.27
Nod 6 97.28 91.88
Nod 7 101.57 98.1
Nod 8 99.1 95.5
Nod 9 95.51 92.9
Nod 10 94.08 92.65
Nod 11 105.6 105.22
Nod 12 106.82 106.82
Nod 13 99.1 98.87
105
100
95
90
85
80
Nod 1 Nod 2 Nod 3 Nod 4 Nod 5 Nod 6 Nod 7 Nod 8 Nod 9 Nod 10 Nod 11 Nod 12 Nod 13
Incarcare [%]
Regim
Linia normal Regim contingenta
L1 53.23 59.23
L2 18.93 20.44
L3 21.71 21.3
L4 0 0
L5_1 0 0
L5_2 0 0
L6 22.48 29.03
L7 21.1 21.97
L8 69.07 62.29
L9 25.12 18.2
L10 18.1 24.28
L11 40.58 44.3
L12 50.46 49.77
L13 22.12 24.41
L14 62.66 63.64
L15_1 25.88 27
L15_2 25.88 27
Incarcare[%]
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_ L15_
1 2
L11
P=157.626 MW
Q=65.855 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-377.709 MW P=-419.605 MW
Q=249.285 Mvar Q=-364.578 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13 220 kV 220 kV
220 kV U=235.000 kV U=228.292 kV
U=206.329 kV L14 L13
P=110.257 MW u=106.82 % P=67.726 MW u=103.77 %
u=93.79 %
Q=178.872 Mvar Q=56.487 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=66.661 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=133.374 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-43.979 Mvar
L11
P=161.186 MW
Q=73.103 Mvar
CTE_RO1
P=-377.709 MW P=-423.224 MW
Q=247.848 Mvar Q=-385.811 Mvar
Nod_12 Nod_11
Nod_13
220 kV 220 kV
220 kV
U=235.000 kV U=227.481 kV
U=205.969 kV L14 L13
P=111.398 MW u=106.82 % P=70.824 MW u=103.40 %
u=93.62 %
Q=181.257 Mvar Q=64.622 Mvar
CHE_RO2
P=-165.000 MW
Q=-160.000 Mvar
L12
C_8 P=65.635 MW
P=400.000 MW Q=130.415 Mvar
Q=90.000 Mvar
L-33400
P=150.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
SHUNT-33544
P=0.000 MW
Q=-43.826 Mvar
u [%]
Regim
Nodul Normal Regim Contingenta
Nod 1 96.23 95.58
Nod 2 104.55 104.55
Nod 3 101.91 101.91
Nod 4 97.71 97.39
Nod 5 102.27 101.77
Nod 6 97.76 92.62
Nod 7 102.27 98.76
Nod 8 99.82 96.19
Nod 9 95.97 93.24
Nod 10 93.49 92.02
Nod 11 103.77 103.4
Nod 12 106.82 106.82
Nod 13 93.79 93.62
105
100
95
90
85
80
Nod 1 Nod 2 Nod 3 Nod 4 Nod 5 Nod 6 Nod 7 Nod 8 Nod 9 Nod 10 Nod 11 Nod 12 Nod 13
Incarcare [%]
Regim
Linia normal Regim contingenta
L1 29.69 32.95
L2 20.44 20.44
L3 38.46 35.5
L4 0 0
L5_1 0 0
L5_2 0 0
L6 23.42 31.34
L7 22.18 23.03
L8 47.94 42.75
L9 14.51 12.93
L10 23.6 28.5
L11 52.74 55.52
L12 44.81 43.91
L13 26.5 28.68
L14 61.86 62.6
L15_1 38.49 39.2
L15_2 38.49 39.2
Incarcare [%]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5_1 L5_2 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15_ L15_
1 2