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structural Analysis - 1
TOPIC :-
1. Bhatti Anisahmed A. 130853106003
Direct stress = σo =
Direct stress = σo =
I
Bending stress = σb = = .y ∴ Z=
y
Maximum and Minimum Stresses :-
When a column is subjected to eccentric load, the edge of
column towards the eccentricity will be subjected to maximum
stress (σmax) and the opposite edge will be subjected to
maximum stress.
Maximum Stress (σmax) Minimum Stress (σmin)
σmax = direct stress + bending stress σmin = direct stress - bending stress
= σo + σb = σo - σb
= + = -
= (1+ ) = (1- )
σo = direct stress, σb = bending stress, M = Moment = P . e, e = eccentricity
Z = section modulus = , I = moment of Inertia, y = distance of extreme fibre
from c.g. of column.
Stress distribution in Column :-
Stress distribution in column as the load (P) moves from
centre of column to the edge of column as shown in fig.
Limit of eccentricity (e limit):
y= = = 149.70 mm
Ixx1 = Ig + ah2
+ 4000 x (190 – 149.70)2
=
= 6.629 x 106 mm4
Ixx2 = Ig + ah2
= 14.92 − 25.43
= 10.51 N/mm2 (Tensile)
(B). Dams and Retaining Wall :-
Maximum and Minimum pressure at the base of Dam :
(1) Weight of Dam:
Weight = cross sectional area of dam x density of
dam material
𝐻
∴ W = (a + b) x x ᵟ
2
where ᵟ = density of dam material in kN/m3
(2) Total water pressure on Dam:
Total water pressure = Area of water pressure diagram
1
∴ P= x wh xh Where, w = density of water
2
wh2
∴ P= = 1000 kg/m3
2
= 10 kN/m3
(3) Eccentricity (e) :
h
Total water pressure (p) acts horizontally at height from
3
the base of dam.
Total weight of dam (W) acts vertically downwards.
R is the resultant of P and W.
R = P2 + W2
Resultant (R) cut the base at point K.
P h
distance JK = x = x
W 3
a2 +ab+b2
distance AJ =
3 (a+b)
∴ d = AJ + JK
b
∴ eccentricity = e = d −
2
(4) Maximum and Minimum Pressure :
Maximum Pressure.
W 6e
𝜎max = (1 + )
b b
Minimum Pressure.
W 6e
𝜎min = (1 − )
b b
Retaining Wall :
A retaining wall is a structure used to retain soil(earth).
The basic difference between dam and retaining wall is that, a
dam retain water and subjected to water pressure while, a
retaining wall retain earth and subjected to earth pressure.
Total earth pressure :
wh2
P= x Ka
2
wh2 1 −sin∅
∴P= x( )
2 1+sin∅
Where,
K a = active earth pressure coefficient
1 −sin∅
=
1+sin∅
∅ = Angle of repose of soil
h
Total earth pressure (P) acts at height from the bases of
3
retaining wall.
(C). Chimney
Chimney And Wall Subjected to Wind Pressure:
Consider a chimney or wall having plan dimension b x d and
height h.
Let, 𝛿 = unit weight of chimney or wall
total weight
𝛿= Where,
volume
W
∴ 𝛿 = A = base area
v
∴ w = 𝛿xV
w =𝛿 xAxh
W
∴ direct stress = σo =
A
δxAx h
=
A
σo = 𝛿 x h ….(i)
If there is a uniform horizontal wind pressure (p) acting
on a side of width b,
wind force = P = p x b x h
This force will induce a bending moment on the base.
This force will induce a bending moment on the base.
h
∴ M=Px
2
Solution :-
𝛿 = 22.4 kN/𝑚3
h = 5.0m
b = 3.0m
p = 1.2 kN/m2
𝜎0 = 𝛿 x h
= 22.4 x 5.0
= 112 kN/m2
h
M=Px
2
P = total wind force
=pxbxh
= 1.2 x 3 x 5
= 18 kN
h
M=Px
2
5
= 18 x = 45 kN.m
2
𝑏𝑑 2 3 x 12
Z= = = 0.5m3
6 6
M 45
𝜎𝑏 = = = 90 kN/m2
Z 0.5
𝜎max = σo + σb
= 112 + 90
= 202 kN/m2 (compressive)
𝜎min = σo − σb
= 112 − 90
= 22 kN/m2 (compressive)