IOT BASED HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEM

Subm i tt ed by:

JATIN KAP OOR 16102193

S IDDHAR TH S AXENA 16102034

Nam e of S upervi sor: SH IVAJI T YAG I

Nam e of Ext ernal S upervi sor: DR. VINE ET K H ANDE L WAL

Major Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the B. Tech Degree

JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
NOIDA-62
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work submitted by JATIN KAPOOR in partial fulfilment
for the award of degree of B. Tech of Jaypee Institute of Information Technology,
Noida-62 has been carried out under my supervision. This work has not been
submitted partially or wholly to any other University or Institute for the award of
this or any other degree or diploma.

Signature of Supervisor ……………………..

Name of Supervisor Mr. SHIVAJI TYAGI
Designation ……………………..
Date ……………
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. SHIVAJI TYAGI,
Electronics Department for encouraging us to take this project. We
are highly indebted to for continuous support, supervision,
motivation and guidance throughout the tenure of our project in
spite of their hectic schedule and their experience gave us the light
in handling this project and helped us in clarifying the abstruse
concepts, requiring knowledge and perception, handling critical
situations and in understanding the objective of our work.
Lastly, we would like to thank our colleagues and friends without
whose support and constant help this project wouldn’t have been a
reality.
 LIST OF CONTENTS

PART A

1. INTRODUCTION
 REPORT OUTLINE
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 FABRICATION
 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
4. WORKING
5. CONCLUSION
6. FUTURE SCOPE
7. REFERENCES

PART B

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
4. BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETRES
 BLOOD PRESSURE
 PULSE RATE
 BODY TEMPERTURE
 SPO2
 ECG
5. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 B . P. A N D P U L S E R A T E M O D U L E
 FALL DETECTION SENSOR
 SPO2 SENSOR
 ARDUINO UNO
 RASPBERRY PI
 ZIGBEE
 GSM MODULE
6. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
 ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPEMENT SOFTWARE
 PYTHON LANGUAGE
 HTML/PHP
7. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND FLOW CHART
 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
 FLOW-CHART
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES
 PART A
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Humans have always developed technology to support their needs
and requirements. The basic need of alteration in technology,
irrespective of the domain has been to simplify task and making
everyday chores accessible and faster .As the growth of
modernization a tremendous growth of people going to big super
and hyper markets for shopping and various pursose is seen.
Shopping at big malls has become daily activitynow days in
cities.We can see huge rush during festive seasons in hyper and
super markets. People purchase diverse products and rush to billing
counters that causes problem of big queue at the end. The motive of
the system of the system is to make a system that can solve the
entire problem faced in malls by people.In the today‟s world, all
super and hypermarkets should engage shopping baskets and
shopping trolleys in order to aid purchasers to select and store the
products which they have in mind to purchase. The process of
billing consumes lot of time and has created the need for shops to
hire many labour resources in the billing section, and yet the
waiting time remains considerably much for the customers. In the
paper, we seemed it convenient to propose the “RFID enabled
automatic billing system ” which targets to reduce ,and possibly
eliminate the total waiting time of purchasers, reduce the total
manpower and raw material requirement and expenses for markets
and hike the efficiency of the overall system.. The whole
arrangement of the components along with RFID tag will be
implanted in the trolley and all the items in the mall will have RFID
tags. When people will pick up any product and place it in trolley
its code will be discovered and its price will be saved in memory,
all the bill will be showed on the LCD screen. Therefore this system
will reduce the overall time of shopping and make our shopping
quite easy and simple.

1.1 Report outline-

The recent couple of years have witnessed explosive interest in
RFID and supporting technologies due to rapid expanding use to
track products. Similar technology can be used for unique
identification of each product in the supermarket. Since, item-level
tagging is not practical due to relatively high cost of RFID cards
deployment in respect with the very low profit margin of products, a
situation with item tagging with RFID labels can be easily
envisioned. Accessorizing each cart with one (or more, depending
on the size of the cart) RFID reader makes easy enlisting of items
and their cost as and when the items are put into the cart. This
enlisting is possible on practically every screen with the personal
choice of size. This helps to generate an automated bill along with
keeping track of the expenditure.
The addition of items into the system is very easy. The RFID reader
are non-contact sensors that can read over a considerable distance.
The items are added just by hovering the item over the reader once
only. Deleting the item from the cart is just as simple, which can be
done by hovering the item over the reader a second time.
Every cart can be uniquely identified by its RFID reader. Once
shopping is complete the user can use the buttons on cart to “Enlist”
the items, “Calculate” the total cost and “Send” the generated bill to
the billing counter. There the customer can quickly pay and leave.
This not only saves money but also helps in easy tracking of lost
carts.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Secure Smart Environment Using IOT based on RFID Jebah
Jaykumar[1] This paper describes about IOT and its use in
improving future shopping, shows how RFID technology makes life
easier and secure and thus helpful in the future. Smart Trolley in
Mega Mall J.S.Awati1 [2] in modern era, for automation of mall we
use a microcontroller based TROLLEY which is totally automatic is
developed. Only customer has to display the barcode side of the
product envelope in front of barcode scanner. Then data regarding
product will be visible and spread out on screen using this trolley
and customer can buy bulk of product in very minimum time with
minimal effort. Trolley for Super Market Billing System S. Senath,
[3] The Automated and programmed Shopping Trolley is a Smart
Trolley which uses a Rasberry Pie Embedded Chip with two Bar
code Scanners and a Battery kit to allow users to self checkout at
Super Markets Smart Trolley using IOT Shraddha Nitnaware1 [4]:
The IOT based smart trolley is designed using ARM processor. This
structure eliminates the unnecessary time at a queue. In shopping
mall shopping is a daily activity in metro cities. User will have to
various products and keep them inside the trolley & will have to go
to the counter for bill payment of all products. By using barcode
reader the cashier will make the bill at the billing counter. IOT
Based Intelligent Trolley for Shopping Mall 1Dhavale Shraddha[5] .
The whole structure with RFID tag will be placed in the trolley and
all the products in the mall will have RFID tags. When people will
pick up any product and place it in trolley its code will be detected
and its price will be stored in memory, all the bill will be showed on
the LCD screen Electronic Shopping Cart For Effective Shopping
based on RFID Kalyani Dawkhar1[6] to overcome the problem of
queues in the shopping malls there has been developed a smart
trolley with RFID and LCD display. When a person put any product
in the trolley it will scan and the cost, display name and expire date
of the product will. Cost will add into final bill. Bill will be stored
in microcontroller memory. It will transfer from RF transmitter to
RF receiver. Receiver will transfer this information to the PC
through serial communication. Intelligent Trolley for Automatic
Billing in Mall Using Internet Server 1Gaikwad Payoj Dilip, [7] s.
 CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED METHODOLGY

3.1 Block diagram

The block diagram of the system which is to be made by us is given
below.

3.2 FABRICATION-
1. ARDUINO NANO – The Arduino Nano is a small, compact,
complete, and breadboard-friendly board related on the Atmega328
(Arduino Nano 3.0) or Atmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x). It has
more or less the same functional of the Arduino Duemilanove, but
in a different and easy package.

2. RFID – (radio frequency identification) it is a wireless

transmission of communication method that uses of electromagnetic
or electrostatic couple in the radio frequency portion of the
electromagnetic spectra for unique identification of an object,
animal ,item or any pe

LCD – It stands for liquid-crystal display that is a light emitting

device and it is electronically flucting device that makes use of the
light fluctuation properties of the liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
never ever emit light directly , instead it makes use of a backlight or
reflector to give
production of images in color or monochrome .

6. ESP- ESP is a electronic device that stands for electronic

stability program is is the device that connects our working system
to the WIFI and allows the whole working system to connect to
android and WIFI, now over here in our system it finds a use as the
ESP connects the system with the WIFI and android that helps use
to get the bill online available on our cell phones .It has its work on
the future scopes of this project as due to it we will be Able to do
lot of this online as online payments and checking of purchase
keeping records etc for the system .
3.3 Functional diagram-
The functional diagram of our system is given below
 CHAPTER 4
WORKING
We are using a 3.7*3.7voltage lipo battery( that gives a total output
of 11v) due to its small,compact, little size and high capacity of
work, with the aid of capacitor we filter voltage and we make it to 5
voltage that is optimal for our system to work.The 5v power is then
assed on to the arduino bord and it divides voltages to different
system according to its need .It supplies 3 volt to RFID and 3.3 to
AS117 that is used to connect to WIFI .RFID helps the recognition
of the materials being purchased from the shopping mall.It is a
wireless transmission of communication method that uses of
electromagnetic or electrostatic couple in the radio frequency
portion of the electromagnetic spectra for unique identification of
an object, animal ,item or any person .Understanding the function
and working of RFID in a lay man language we say that a receiver
and transmitter end is there the catches the signal from the receiver
end and pushes it to transmitter from that it is attached to led buzzer
or any other object to get output so that it is comprehendible .It
reads all those objects in which there are RFID tags so that IOT can
catch its frequency . In our project we are using RC522 which is
compact, small ,easy and user friendly to use. Previosly used
125khz EM-18 RFID which was hard to control and had problem of
bugging In our project we are using 13.56mh RFID that is easy to
control compact in shape size and has no problem of bugging .It
produces a 13 bit data that is easily managble we are using AS117
to connect shopping bill to a online application from there we will
be able to get a bill of all the items that we have purchased and
bought .Finally we have a LCD that is of size 16*2 which compact
and enough for our system . what ever we are purchasing along with
its amount will be displayed on the LCD screen ,after all the
shopping is done overall price of the product will also we displayed
on the screen of the LCD.There is one major change in system that
is previously vrdio cameras were mounted on the trolley or the
basket made system bulky and bigger but in our system we are using
RFID tags with RFID that made overallsystem look compact and
quiet simple
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
This smart trolley envisions simplifying billing process by helping
customers in creating a shopping session which lasts until the
customer commands it to be cleared. This session maintains the data
of each product in the basket by using RFID tags to make the entry.
It also helps in keeping the shopping experience in budget by
displaying the total cost to the customer. By the emerging trend of
online shopping, which reduces the hassle while shopping at stores,
introduction of smart carts and smart baskets not only help the
stores to eliminate the surge but also help to reduce the usage of
paper, unnecessarily wasted in printing copies of bill, and the
number of employees making it more economical and environment
friendly. Thus the use of RFID based smart trolley is of the great
interest and benefit to the society. The ESP attached to the system
makes is far more compatable by giving the whole information of
the shopping available on the android cell phones.
 CHAPTER 6
Future Scope
The proposed and suggested Smart Shopping Trolley System will be
very beneficial and time saving in the future of shopping in malls
.The customer will just need to write the name of the product and
that he or she wants to search on the Android device, and the
wheeled system will automatically guide him/her to the product/s
locations and he can do his shopping with lots of comfort and ease .
In the addition to this we see that our android cells will go to the
counter and can pay bill of the shopping online and just show it at
the billing counter and walk off showing the whole purchase to the
security it will further reduce the overall time of the shopping and
even further cut down the billing rush at the counter .One more
thing can be added to the system that is a buzzer is the weight of
trolley accedes ten kg to help old customers of the malls. It will be
of the great help to the older people who are there in the malls
going for the shopping.
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
 Jebah Jaykum ar1 , S ecure S m art
Envi ronm ent Usi ng IOT based on
R F ID et al , / (IJC S IT)
Int ernat i onal Journal of C om put er
S ci ence and Inform at i on
Technol ogi es, Vol . 5 (2) , 2014,
 J.S .Awat i 1 , S .B .Awat S m art
Trol l ey in Mega Mal l
Int ernat i onal Journal of Em ergi ng
Technol ogy and Advanced
Engi neeri ng Websi t e:
www.i j et ae .com (IS S N 2250-2459,
Vol um e 2, Issue 3, March 2012)
 S . S ai nat h, K. S urender, V.
Vi kram Arvi nd Aut om at ed
S hoppi ng Trol l ey for Super
Market B il l i ng Syst em .
Int ernat i onal Journal of C om put er
Appl i cat i ons (0975 – 8887)
Int ernat i onal C onferenc e on
C omm uni cat i on, Com puti ng and
Inform at i on Technol ogy
(IC C C MIT- 2014)
 S hraddha Ni t naware1 , Geet a
P awar2 , Kanchan Gavade3 .S m art
Trol l ey usi ng IOT .Int ernat i onal
Journal for R esearch i n Appli ed
S ci ence & Engi neeri ng
Technol ogy (IJR AS ET)2017
 1Dhaval e Shraddha D.,
2DhokaneTrupt i J., 3S hi nde
P ri yanka S., IOT B ased Int el l i gent
Trol l ey for S hoppi ng Mal l© 2016
IJEDR | Vol um e 4, Issue 2 | IS S N:
2321- 9939
 Kal yani Dawkha r1 , S hraddha
Dhom ase2 , S am ruddhi
Mahabal eshwa rkar3 El ect roni c
Shoppi ng C art F or Effect i ve
Shoppi ng based on RF ID.
INTER NATIONAL JOUR NAL OF
INNOVATI VE R ES EAR C H IN
ELEC TR IC AL, ELEC TR ONIC S ,
INS TR UMENTATION AND
C ONTR OL 2015
 1Gai kwad P ayoj Dil i p, 2 S abl e
Mani sha Ganpat . Int el l i gent
Trol l ey for Aut om ati c Bi l l i ng in
Mal l Usi ng Int ernet S erver
Int ernat i onal Journal of C om put er
S ci ence and Inform at i on
Technol ogy R esear ch 2016.
 Ms.Mekal a.S 1 ,Arun kum ar.A2 ,
B al aj i .N3, P rasat h.A4 S MAR T
S HOP P ING US ING LIF I, IOT IN
R ETAIL S HOP Int ernat i onal
R esearch Journal of Engi neeri ng
and Technol ogy (IR JET) 2016
 Gal ande Jayshree1 , R ut uj a
Ghol ap2 , P reet i Yadav3 RF ID
B ased Aut om at i c B il l i ng
Trol l eyInt ernat i onal Journal of
Em ergi ng Technol ogy and
Advanced Engi neeri ng (2014.)
 Yoon Kyoung C hoi Sm art
Inform at i on Technol ogy
Depart m ent . An Auxi l i ary
R ecom m endat i on S yst em for
R epet i ti vel y P urchasi ng It em s i n
E-C omm erce IEEE.(2016)

 S udhi r R ao R upanagudi
Worl dS erve Educat i on. A Novel
Vi deo P rocessi ng based Cost
Effect i ve Sm art Trol l ey S yst em
for S uperm arket s usi ng F PGA.
2015 Int ernat i onal Conferen ce on
Com m uni cat i on, Inform at i on &
Com put i ng Technol ogy
 PART B
CHAPTER 1

ABSTRACT

Patients keep dying all over the world due to unavailability of

proper and timely help. A system that is portable is required for
continuous physiological parameter monitoring and is advantageous
for elderly or ill patients who are not kept in the hospital. This IOT-
(Internet Of Things) based patient health monitoring system will for
sure enable the doctors to view their patient's health status online at
their nearby device. Raspberry Pi board is used as the gateway or
medium of sensor input devices which are installed at the patient’s
end and to send physiological parameter value or any data related to
a patient at the doctor ’s computer through internet, so that
necessary treatment can be given immediately by doctor remotely
and patients can be advised remotely by the doctors. We use
Raspberry Pi as a gateway or medium for a serial input value of
sensor ’s data. For programming, Python and C language are used.
This remote technology for medical treatment for patients is based
on IOT.

 
 CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

The advancement in new innovative technologies and Internet of

Things (loT) has had its substantial influence in the Health-Care
Industry. Moreover, the fusion and mix of novel advances in
technology with the healthcare systems provide us with a new
window of opportunities for improvements in the areas of patient
care and communications, support for decision making and reducing
the inaccuracies in this industry. But the fragmented nature of the
healthcare system, which is further worsened by lack of technology
for communication between the specialists, has stimulated the need
of functional interoperability to ameliorate this coordination.
Nowadays, information technology is considered a necessity rather
than a supporting tool.

If we connect an electronic device with the body of the patient

which reads physical quantity that is temperature and sends it to
monitor. Earlier the healthcare system was working on an analogue
input system and output taken from the signal is displayed on CRO
or any computer screen. That output data may be in analogue form
or in digital form.

The doctors can analyze and access the parameter values and data of
patient health through VNC(Virtual Networking Computing) Viewer.
And the doctor can take prompt actions for the patient proper
treatment. So, patient health will be monitored continuously using
this technology. We use ARM processor based Raspberry Pi as a
pathway/gateway or a medium for a serial input value of sensors.
For programming we use Python and C logics. VNC-server is used
at the Raspberry Pi OS and VNC-Viewer is used at doctor ’s end
devices. Using a VNC viewer doctor can remotely analyze different
parameter values of patients using different sensors which are at the
patient’s end. For accessing the data from raspberry pi, they must
have a static IP address of the remote Raspberry Pi internet. VNC
servers can be accessed using local network, or through Wi-Fi and
internet. Using this project doctors can directly view different
parameters of patients' health without any delay directly through the
VNC remote display.
 CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SURVEY

 Various basic physical parameters of human beings such as blood

pressure, heartbeat, oxygen saturation in Blood (SPO2), body
temperature and fall detection are measured using relevant sensors
and sent to the Arduino microcontroller board for further
processing. The computed parameters are then transmitted to a
Raspberry Pi based Web server for display on the web page/VNC.
ZigBee is used for communication between Arduino-Raspberry Pi.
The necessary software is developed using Arduino IDE and Python
language. The latest parameters can be viewed from anywhere using
an internet enabled device. When the value of the physiological
parameters exceeds a certain threshold, an SMS alert is generated.
This system is especially helpful for elderly and ill patients.A
system is implemented to monitor the ECG and other useful
parameters. This data is then stored in a database which can be
displayed on a website that can be accessed only by authorized
personnel. If the heart beat is in normal range monitoring goes on.
If the heart beat is observed to be abnormal an alert to the
authorized personnel by sent as an SMS via GSM module and alert
in the hospital would sound through a buzzer. (if installed).A system
is designed to monitor the Electrocardiogram (ECG). This data is
then stored and is displayed in a website that can be accessed only
by authorized personnel. For ease, Python programming language
can be implemented for communication with ECG machines and. If
the heart beat is in normal range monitoring continues. If the
heartbeat is not in normal range alert the authorized person by
sending SMS through GSM module and alert in the hospital through
buzzer sound.
 CHAPTGER 4
BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

4.1 BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure results from the force created by the pumping action
of the heart that drives blood into the arteries, then into the
circulatory system. As the blood flows into the arteries, they offer
some resistance to the flow of blood. The early detection and
control of hypertension can reduce the risk of heart diseases and
kidney failure. The normal blood pressure for a healthy person is
120/80 mm Hg. If the blood pressure is above 140/90, it is known as
hypertension. Daily blood pressure monitoring would help to
control the blood pressure and take necessary action when it
becomes abnormal.

4.2 PULSE RATE

Pulse is the throbbing of arteries resulting from the heartbeat. Pulse
can be commonly felt at the neck, wrists, behind the knee, on the
side of the elbow. Frequency of heart beat is normally indicated by
the pulse rate. In a healthy adult at rest, normal pulse rate can
change from 60-100 bpm. But during sleep, this is as low as 40
bpm, and during strenuous exercise, it rises to as high as 200-220
bpm. Irregular or rapid heartbeat shows cardiac abnormality.
Reduced pulse rate can also initiate a blocked blood vessel.
 4.3 BODY TEMPERATURE
The normal body temperature of a human being is around 98.6-
degree Fahrenheit. Body temperature higher than 100-degree
Fahrenheit is considered as a fever.

4.4 SPO 2
Arterial Oxygen Saturation provides early information related to
transportation of oxygen to the tissues in the human body which is
an important indicator of the patient’s health. It gives the
percentage of the oxygenated hemoglobin compared to the total
amount of hemoglobin in the blood. The SpO2 value is represented
as a percentage. Normal SpO2 of a healthy person is in the range of
95% to 100%. If it is below 95%, it indicates poor blood
oxygenation and considered as hypoxia.   

4.5 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG):

The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is the register of the heart's
electrical activity. Heart muscles contract by electrical stimulation,
known as activation or excitation. These muscles are electrically
charged at rest and get contracted by depolarizing the charge.
It gives the information about heart rate and rhythm, and the mass
or volume of the chambers of heart. There are several methods for
determining heart rate. Here  we’ve used the method of counting the
number of QRS complexes over a 6 second interval. Multiply that
counting number by 10. This method works well for both regular
and irregular rhythms. In the fig 1.2, we can count 7 QRS
complexes, so the heart rate is 70. Like this we can determine the
Heart Rate from the ECG graph.
 CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

In this paper the blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, body
temperature and fall detection are measured using relevant sensors
and Arduino board. These values are then transmitted to Raspberry
Pi through the zigbee module, which are then uploaded on a web
page along with the date and time stamp.

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure. Block diagram of web based patient health monitoring syste

Figure shows the block diagram of a web based monitoring system,

this project consists of a transmitter and receiver section. In
transmitting section BP, Pulse rate module, accelerometer, spo2
sensor, temperature sensor are connected to arduino UNO.   These
sensors measure the values physically from the patient and send the
corresponding data or value to Arduino UNO. Arduino uno then
transfers these values to Raspberry Pi  using the Zigbee transmitter
module. Raspberry Pi stores the reading received from a Zigbee
receiver and uploads them on the page along with date and time. It
then sends the commands to the GSM module to send SMS alerts if
required in critical conditions.

5.2 BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE RATE MODULE

This module can measure systolic and diastolic BP, and pulse rate.
It has a compact design and fits over the west of Patients like a
watch or a band. It has featured of automatic compression and
decompression. It operates on +5v dc voltage. This is obtained from
the Arduino board. It sends signals through TX pins at a baud rate
of 9600. The output reading is an 8 buy value in ASCII format with
bull parity bit and just one stop bit. Each reading consists of 15
bytes including an enter character. The typical reading will consist
of the systolic, diastolic and pulse rate. These values are separated
by comma and space. 115, 065, 095.

Fig. Blood pressure and pulse rate module

5.3 FALL DETECTION SENSOR

GY-61 DXL335 3-Axis is an Accelerometer Module . It’s based on

ADXL335 integrated circuit which is a triple axis accelerometer
with extremely low noise and power consumption. This sensor has a
full sensing range around 3 times g. It has capability to measure the
static acceleration by gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as
dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or even a small
vibration. In this investigation GY-61 ADXL35 triple axis
accelerometer is used to detect whether a person has fallen or not .
It operated on a voltage ranging from 3v to 5v. It's current supply is
400uA. It gives a voltage that is proportional to acceleration and
angle of the device.

Fig. GY-61 DXL335 3-Axis accelerometer

6 TEMPRATURE SENSOR
 
LM35 is a temperature measuring device.  It has an analog output
voltage that is proportional to the temperature. It sends output
voltage in Centigrade ( degree Celsius). It do not require any
external calibration or circuitry. It has a   sensitivity of LM35 is 10
mV/degree Celsius.
TEMP(C)=Vout * 100 C/V).

Fig. LM35 temperature sensor

5.4 SPO 2 SENSOR

 
SpO2 is known as the oxygen saturation level, it is a measure of the
amount of oxygen carrying haemoglobin molecules in the blood
relative to the amount of haemoglobin molecules that do not carry
oxygen.This sensor measures the oxygen of Patient's blood without
requiring any liquid blood sample .
It has a probe consisting of 2 LEDs and one photodiode detector.
Light is made to pass through the finger. The 2 LEDs are
alternatively flashed and the resulting light passes through the
fingers. This light then falls on the photodiode. Corresponding to
this, the photodiode produces an output value. The AC and DC
signal of recieved signals of both IR and RED LEDs are used to
compute the SPO2 percentage. AC r e d and AC i r are outputs which are
obtained by the difference of maximum and minimun voltages (light
intensities) across the photodiode when RED and IR LEDs are kept
On respectively. And DC r e d and DC i r are the corresponding mean
values of the voltages .

where ACred and ACir are the outputs obtained from the difference
of maximum and minimum voltages across photodiode when RED
and IR LEDs are respectively ON. And DCred and DCir are the
corresponding mean values of voltages  
 

5.5 ARDUINO UNO BOARD

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board that is based on a

removable, dual-inline-package chip (DIP) ATmega328/128 AVR
microcontroller. It consists of 20 digital input and output pins (out
of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and other 6 can be used for
analog inputs). It has 2kb of memory SRAM, 32Kb of ok chip flash
memory and 1kb of EEPROM.The recommended supply voltage
should be around 7-12V.

Fig. Arduino Uno board

 5.6 RASPBERRY PI MODEL B+ CONTROLLER

The Raspberry Pi is a mini computer (consisting of a processor,a

graphic card, and a memory in a single   package). This model has a
size of about a  credit card. The board was developed for the users
who wanted to use the system without use of any computers or any
other operating device. Using this board, the whole system can be
operated by just giving a source of power supply. The Raspberry Pi
has a Broadcom BCM2837 system.on.chip- (SoC), which includes
an ARM Cortex A53, 1.2 GHz processor, Video Core IV GPU, and
an on board RAM of 1GB is available. It does not contain a built-in
hard disk but does use an SD card for booting and storage. This SD
card contains the operating system (Linux), and the data that is
required  to run the Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi functions   according
to the operating system.

Fig. Raspberry Pi board

 5.7 ZIGBEE MODULE

ZigBee is for high level communication protocols using small

energy and low-power digital radios based on an IEEE 802.15.4-
2003 standard for PAN. ZigBee is designed for those devices which
require simple wireless networking and do not need high data
transfer rates. These devices could be sensor network, information
displays, home/industrial automatic systems, etc. Main benefit
compared with Bluetooth is lower power demand, quick response
from sleep to awake and cost. ZigBee works at 2.4 GHz radio band
frequency  with data transmission rates from 20 to 900 kb/s. ZigBee
protocol support many different types of network like star, tree and
generic mesh.

Fig. Zigbee Module

 5.8 GSM MODULE

GSM modem is used for communication between a computer and the

GSM/GPRS network. It requires a SIM card to activate
communication with the network. A GSM modem can send and
receive SMS and voice calls. This modem is also capable of
interacting with the controller using several commands which are
sent but the controller serially.

Fig. GSM module

 CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

6.1 ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPEMENT

ENVIRONMENT

It is used to write and upload code to the Arduino board. It is an

open source software and it runs on various platforms such as
Windows, MAC OS X, and Linux. The Arduino IDE provides a text
editor for writing code. These programs are called sketches and are
saved with the file extension .ino .

6.2 PYTHON LANGUAGE

It is a high level and interpreted programming language. Python has

a bulk of precoded libraries for more specific tasks. It is very
portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows and
Macintosh. It is a fully supported programming language for
Raspberry pi.

6.3 HTML and PHP

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language and is used to

create webpages. It is a Tag based language. PHP is a server-side
scripting language used to create dynamic webpages. It can perform
system functions like read/write system files, etc. PHP code will be
embedded into HTML code.
 CHAPTER 7
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND SODFTWARE FLOW
CHART

7.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Fig. Schematic diagram of setup

The block diagram of this setup is shown in the figure below. The
transmitter pin of the blood pressure sensor is connected to pin
“RXD” of AtMega328P to receive data in serial format from the
blood pressure sensor. The blood pressure sensor Start Pin is
connected to the Digital write pin PD7 of arduino through a switch
to start BP sensor by the program. The X_out and Y_out pins of the
accelerometer are connected to the analog A0(ADC0) pin and  
Analog A1 pin (ADC1)   respectively to read the body acceleration
or the corresponding accelerometer output. OUT pin of LM35 is
connected to ADC3 pin of atmega to get the value of real time body
temperature. The pin 2 and 3 od Spo2 sensor are connected to PD2
and PD3 pin iof atmega.(Digitalwrite pin), in order to control RED
and IR LEDs of SPO2 sensor. The pin 5 of spo2 sensor is connected
to ADC5(analog pun 5) of the atmega in order to get the voltage
across the photodiode of SPO2 sensor . Zigbee transmitter ’s RX is
connected to Atmega TX pin. Hence Zigbee receiver and GSM  
module are connected to the Raspberry Pi USB port using USB-
Serial interface-cables.

7.2 FLOWCHART
The flowchart of software at arduino and raspberry pi web server
are shown in Figure below. IN uno programming, First the gGPIO
pins 2,3,7 pins are initialised and set as output pins to control the
blood pressure module and spo2 sensor. The baud rate for serial
communication is set 9600 bits/second. To receive serial data from
blood pressure sensor and after this transfer this data tro Zigbee
transmitter module. The Blood pressure sensor can be enabled by
sending a high to low pulse at pin & of Arduino. The serial data
which has been received from the blood pressure sensor is received
and stored in a variable “:BP”. The voltages from analog pin A0 ,
A1, A3 which are connected to x_axis and y _axis odf accelerometer
and the temperature sensor res[ectively are received and stored in
variables “acc_c”, “acc_y” and “temp”
Fig. Flowchart of programming on Arduino side

Pin 3 of arduino is set to LOW and Pin2 to HIGH to turn on IR Led.

Then Voltage at analog PIN 5 is to be taken times. This was
connected to Pin 5 of Spo2 sensor. After this we compute the mean
of these values and the difference between the maximum and
minimum value. These values are stored in variables named
“DC_IR” and “AC_IR”. Similarly one Pin 3 is set to High and Pin 2
to LOW to turn on Red LED, now we use the same process to
compute “DC_RED” and “AC_RED”. Equation of formulation of
spo2 is used to find the value of oxygen saturation which is then
stored in a variable “SPO2”. The patient’s body temperature
computed using formula Temp*(5.0/1023)*100 which is then stored
in variable “TEMP1”.
The programme checks the accelerometer output.. if acc_x>=410 or
acc_x <=-410 , then the arduino sends the measured sensor data
serially through the TX port to the zigbee   transmitter RX port  in a
format described below along with the message   “the person  has
fallen”
BP (S, D, PR); TEMP1; SPO2

Where S is the systolic Blood Pressure , D is the Diastolic Blood

pressure PR is the pulse rate. Similarly if acc_x<410, acc_x>=-410
and acc_y<=410 , acc_y>=-410, the arduino transfers the message to
the zigbee transmitter “Person has Not fallen”.
The programme checks the accelerometer output.. if acc_x>=410 or
acc_x <=-410 , then the arduino sends the measured sensor data
serially through the TX port to the zigbee   transmitter RX port  in a
format described below along with the message   “the person  has
fallen” – BP(S,D,PR); Temp1; SPO2 Where S is the systolic Blood
Pressure , D is the Diastolic Blood pressure PR is the pulse rate.
Similarly if acc_x<410, acc_x>=-410 and acc_y<=410 , acc_y>=-
410, the arduino transfers the message to the zigbee transmitter
“Person has Not fallen”.
Fig. Flow-chart for programming at Raspberry Pi’s end.

Using a python coded programme we initialise the srilar [ports of

raspberry pi and set the baud rate 9600 bits/second   for the serial
communication with the GSM module and zigbee receiver . The
serial data containing  the various physiological [parameters values
are received in a file The received parameters are then stored in a
file which is named Text3.txt in append mode, every 60 seconds
along with the date and time stamp if enabled.

These values can be uploaded on the web page which can be

accessed by h authorized personnel only by javnoj the IP address of
raspberry pi. To study the variation of parameters with time , their
values are stored . in a file text4.txt separated by “ , ” in append
mode.
If any physiological parameter of the patient has exceeded or is
abnormal according to the set datum, The raspberry pi then sends
the command to GSM module for sending an SMS alert to the
authorized registered personnel . Using the PHP program web page
can be created and the data from the file text3.txt is read for
uploading the content on the webpage.
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSIONS

In this project, implementation details of a web based automatic

physiological parameter monitoring system using Arduino Uno and
Raspberry Pi are presented. The physiological parameters of the
patient are updated every 60 s on the webpage. Also, when the value
of the physiological parameters exceeds a certain threshold, the
doctor/caretaker is alerted through SMS. This system is useful for
monitoring the health status of elderly and ill patients who are not
able to visit hospital daily and require assistance in critical
conditions.
 CHAPTER 9
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