1.

Mach numbers vs airspeed

It is important to understand how airspeed varies with Mach number. As an
example, consider how the stall speed of a jet transport aircraft varies with an
increase in altitude. The increase in altitude results in a corresponding drop in air
density and outside temperature. Suppose this jet transport is in the clean
configuration (gear and flaps up) and weighs 550,000 pounds. The aircraft might stall
at approximately 152 KCAS at sea level. This is equal to (on a standard day) a true
velocity of 152 KTAS and a Mach number of 0.23. At FL 380, the aircraft will still stall
at approximately 152 KCAS but the true velocity is about 287 KTAS with a Mach
number of 0.50.

2. Subsonic
Having a speed less than that of sound in a designated medium.

3. Laminar Boundary layer

Laminar boundary-layer flows occur when a moving viscous fluid comes in
contact with a solid surface and a layer of rotational fluid, the boundary-layer, forms
in response to the action of viscosity and the no-slip boundary condition on the
surface. When the surface is flat or mildly curved and the boundary layer that
develops on it is thin and remains adjacent to it, the flow within this layer may be
determined by simplifying the Navier-Stokes equations to account for the flow's
geometry and then solving the simplified equations. Unfortunately, when the
pressure increases in the downstream direction or when the surface is highly curved,
the boundary layer may leave the surface, a phenomenon known as separation, and
the simplified form of the Navier-Stokes equations no longer applies. In addition, at
sufficiently high Reynolds number the boundary-layer flow may spontaneously
become unsteady and then transition to turbulence. In combination, these
phenomena provide explanations for the fluid dynamic forces felt as fluid moves
past a cylinder or sphere at different Reynolds number.

4. Transonic
In aeronautics, transonic (or transsonic) flight is flying at or near the speed of
sound 343 meters per second (1,235 km/h; 1,125 ft/s; 767 mph; 667 kn, at sea level
under average conditions), relative to the air through which the vehicle is traveling.
A typical convention used is to define transonic flight as speeds in the range of Mach
0.72 to 1.0 (965–1,235 km/h (600–767 mph) at sea level).

5. Turbulent boundary layer

A turbulent boundary layer on the other hand is marked by mixing across several
layers of it. The mixing is now on a macroscopic scale. Packets of fluid may be seen
moving across. Thus there is an exchange of mass, momentum and energy on a
much bigger scale compared to a laminar boundary layer. A turbulent boundary
layer forms only at larger Reynolds numbers. The scale of mixing cannot be handled
by molecular viscosity alone. Those calculating turbulent flow rely on what is called
Turbulence Viscosity or Eddy Viscosity, which has no exact expression. It has to be
modelled. Several models have been developed for the purpose.
6. Supersonic
Relating to or traveling at a speed greater than the speed of sound in a given
medium, especially air.

7. Boundary layer separation

Boundary layer separation occurs when the portion of the boundary layer
closest to the wall or leading edge reverses in flow direction. The separation
point is defined as the point between the forward and backward flow, where the
shear stress is zero.

8. Hypersonic
Relating to speeds of more than five times the speed of sound (Mach 5)

9. Shockwave
A shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance. When a wave moves faster
than the speed of sound in a liquid, gas or plasma (a "fluid", in physics terminology)
it is a shock wave. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy, and can
propagate through a medium. It is characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous
change in pressure, temperature and density of the medium. In supersonic flows,
expansion is achieved through an expansion fan.

10. Mach numbers

In fluid dynamics, the Mach number (M or Ma) (/mɑːk/; German: [max]) is a
dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the
local speed of sound. M=u/c, where: M is the Mach number, u is the local flow
velocity with respect to the boundaries (either internal, such as an object immersed
in the flow, or external, like a channel), and c is the speed of sound in the medium.