Seminar On FACTS 25 Pagr

Seminar on
FACTS Controllers
By
Parag Nijhawan
Deptt. of Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
Patiala-147004, India
parag@thapar.edu
8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 1

Overview
 The demand for electrical energy is increasing steadily in
countries on the threshold of industrialization like India.
 It is not possible always to add new transmission lines to keep
pace with growing power plant capacity and energy demand.
 Finding suitable right-of-ways is another problem.
 Due to these reasons, efforts are being made to use the existing lines
more efficiently by improving the steady state and transient stability
limits of long lines and the load flows in closely inter-meshed networks.
 The more important aspect to be taken care of is flexibility.

Basis of Research
The FACTS devices have all the capabilities to
meet the challenges of fast changing energy
scenario.
“The marginal improvement in the power

system performance will result into the
saving of Millions of Dollars”

Conventional Compensating Devices
Shunt Compensation Series Compensation

Devices Devices
 Shunt Capacitor  Series Capacitor
 Shunt Reactor  Series Reactor
 Phase-Shifting
 Synchronous Transformer
Compensator
 Tap- Changing
Transformer

Limitations of Conventional Compensating
Devices
 Shunt reactors are required to be removed in the event of an over-voltage
to avoid insulation failure (when they are most needed). Moreover, it is
really a problem to switch off large shunt reactors.
 At no-load or lightly loaded conditions, Ferranti effect can occur due to
the presence of a shunt capacitor.
 Compensation employing conventional compensation devices is discrete
and comparatively slow in nature.
 Switching in of an unloaded transformer at the end of the series
compensated line may produce ferro-resonance. This may result in
sustained oscillations.
 Series compensated lines have a tendency to produce SSR.
 Lightly loaded synchronous motor has a tendency to hunt.
 SPM is difficult to install, maintain and operate. Moreover, it is difficult to
increase its capacity.

Concept of FACTS
• The term FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)
is defined as “Alternating Current Transmission
System incorporating Power Electronics based and
other static controllers to enhance controllability and
increase power transfer capability”.
• The FACTS Controllers are defined as “A power
electronic-based system and other static equipment
that provide control of one or more AC transmission
system parameters”.

Need of FACTS Technology
 Power Flow over a transmission line is limited by
Stability limits
Thermal limits
Voltage limits
Loop flows
 Limitations on power transfer can be removed by adding new
transmission and/or generation capacity.
 FACTS are designed to remove such limitations and meet operator’s
goals without major system additions.
 Moreover, FACTS solution is justified wherever the application
requires:
Rapid Response
Frequent variation in output
Smoothly adjustable output
FACTS Devices
Thyristor controlled FACTS Converter based FACTS
Devices Devices
These controllers employ These controllers employ self-
conventional thyristors in commutated, voltage- source
circuit arrangements, which switching converters to realize
are similar to breaker- rapidly controllable, static,
synchronous ac voltage or current
switched capacitors and sources. These are:
reactors and conventional STATCOM
Tap-changing transformers. SSSC
These are: UPFC
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) IPFC
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Phase-shifting Transformer (PST)
Assisted Phase-shifting Transformer (APST)

FACTS Devices or Custom Power Devices
Shunt Connected Series Connected Combined

Controllers Controllers Controllers





Shunt Connected Controllers
Thyristor Based FACTS Devices Converter Based FACTS

 Thyristor controlled Reactor (TCR) Devices
 Thyristor Switched reactor (TSR) Static Synchronous
 Thyristor Switched capacitor (TSC) Compensator (STATCOM)
 Thyristor Controlled capacitor (TCC) Static Synchronous Generator
 Static Var Compensator (SVC) (SSG)
 Thyristor Controlled Braking Battery Energy Storage
Resistor (TCBR) System (BESS)
Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage (SMES)
Series Connected Controllers

 Thyristor Switched Series capacitor Devices
(TSSC) Static Synchronous
 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Series compensator
(TCC) (SSSC)
 Thyristor controlled Series Reactor
(TCR)
 Thyristor Switched Series reactor
(TSR)
 GTO controlled series Capacitor
(GCSC)

Combined Shunt-Series Connected Controllers

 Thyristor Controlled Phase shifting Devices
Transformer (TCPST) Unified power Flow
Controller (UPFC)
Interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC)
Interline Phase Power
Other Controllers Controller (IPC)
Thyristor controlled voltage limiter (TCVL)

Thyristor controlled voltage regulator (TCVR)

Superiority of Converter based Controllers
Converter based controllers provide superior

performance characteristics and uniform
applicability for transmission voltage, effective
line impedance and angle control.
Converter based controllers also have the
potential to exchange real power directly with
the ac system and provide independently
controllable reactive power compensation.

STATCOM
 The STATCOM is basically a
PWM based voltage source
inverter with a capacitor on
its dc bus.
 It produces a set of three
phase leading or lagging ac
output of controllable
magnitude at the desired
fundamental frequency
which can be coupled to
the corresponding ac
system through a small
inductor.
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TIET, Patiala
MODES OF OPERATION
 If Vi is equal to VM, the reactive power is zero and the STATCOM does
not generate or absorb reactive power.
 When Vi is greater than VM, the STATCOM ‘sees’ an inductive

reactance connected at its terminal. Hence, the system ‘sees’ the D-
STATCOM as a capacitive reactance. The current flows through the
transformer reactance from the STATCOM to the ac system, and the
device generates reactive power.
 If VM is greater than Vi, the system ‘sees’ an inductive reactance

connected at its terminal and the STATCOM ‘sees’ the system as a
capacitive reactance, then the current flows from the ac system to
the STATCOM, resulting in the device absorbing reactive power.
Applications of STATCOM
With the proper switching arrangement, the STATCOM simply
interconnects three output terminals in such a way that the
reactive output current can flow freely among the phases.
The functions performed by STATCOM are:
 Dynamic voltage stabilization
 Synchronous stability improvements
 Dynamic load balancing
 Power quality improvement
 Steady-state voltage support

Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC)
 SSSC is a synchronous
voltage source inverter
connected in series with
the line through a
transformer.
 When compensating
voltage is quadrature
leading to the current, it
emulates an inductor.
 When compensating
voltage is quadrature
lagging to the current, it
emulates a capacitor.

Applications of SSSC
SSSC provides controllable compensating voltage over an
identical capacitive and inductive range independent to the
magnitude of the line current. The applications of SSSC are:
 Dynamic power flow control
 Angle stability enhancement
 Damping of electro-mechanical oscillations
The inclusion of transformer increases the cost as well as

reduces its performance compared to a series controllable
capacitor.

Unified Power flow Controller
(UPFC)
 A UPFC consists of two
controllable elements – a Voltage
source inserted in series with the
line and a current source
connected in parallel with the
line.
 The current source is responsible
for the reactive power
compensation whereas the
voltage source is responsible for
the series compensation.
 The magnitude and angle of the
voltage source both can be varied.
 The phase angle of the current
source is fixed at 90o w.r.t. the
voltage at the point of
connection, whereas its
magnitude is variable.
Unified Power flow Controller (UPFC)
 The UPFC can regulate the active and reactive power
simultaneously.
 Converter1 supplies or absorbs the real power demanded by
converter2 from a common dc link. It can also generate or
absorb controllable reactive power and provide independent
shunt reactive compensation for the line.
 Converter2 performs the main function of the UPFC by
injecting via a series transformer, an ac voltage with
controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the
transmission line

Applications of UPFC
UPFC performs the following functions:
 Voltage Support
 Power Flow Control
 Improved Transient and Steady-state Limit

ROLE OF FACTS IN DS
CUSTOM POWER

INTRODUCTION
On the basis of reliability; generation, transmission, and
distribution are referred to as functional zones of power
system.
Generation facilities must produce adequate power to
meet customer’s demand.
Transmission systems must transport bulk power over
long distances without overloading or jeopardizing
system stability.
Distribution systems must deliver electric power to
each customer’s premises from bulk power systems.
 Electricity is produced and delivered to customers
through generation, and transmission and distribution
systems, respectively.
Functional Zones of Power System
Courtesy: Power Grid of India

OVERVIEW
With the advent of electricity, the first focus was to made the
electric supply available to the larger part of the society.
As the times passby, the need to supply uninterrupted supply

was felt i.e., the concept of reliability came into picture.
Reliable electric power supply is necessary to meet the

customer loads without interruptions in supply voltage.
 In recent years, Power Quality [1-5] has assumed increasing

importance because of the widespread use of power electronic
equipment.
OVERVIEW
Earlier the major focus of power system reliability
evaluation has been mainly concentrated on generation
and transmission as these are more capital intensive
and their inadequacy can cause widespread
catastrophic consequences for both society and its
environment.
In recent times, distribution systems have begun to
receive more attention for reliability assessment. The
reasons behind this are:
The analysis of the customer failure statistics of most utilities
shows that the distribution system makes the greatest
individual contribution to the unavailability of supply to a
customer.
Also, the electrical distribution network failures account for
approximately 90% of the average customer interruptions.
OVERVIEW
The overriding factor in the operation of power system is to
maintain the system security.
The system security involves practices designed to keep the
system working in the event of component(s) failure or taken
out of service due to contingency.
In such an event in the distribution systems, the loads may be
interrupted; lines may be over-loaded or disconnected due to
internal or external influences. In an extreme case, it may
even lead to the entire or large part of the system to collapse.
These anomalies lead to a loss of revenue and utility integrity.
To overcome these problems, power engineers have proposed
several methods such as feeder reconfiguration, capacitor
switching for VAR control, series voltage regulator and
dispersed generation installation.
POWER QUALITY
“Power quality [1-5] may be defined as the degree to
which both the utilization and delivery of electric power
affects the performance of electrical equipment".
The term electric power quality broadly refers to

maintaining a near sinusoidal power distribution bus
voltages at rated magnitude and frequency.
Power transmission system may also have an impact on the

quality of power. This is because the modern transmission
systems have a low resistance to reactance ratio resulting in
low system damping.
CONCERN FOR POWER QUALITY [1-5]
 Newer-generation load equipment consisting of micro-processor based
controls and power electronics devices is more sensitive to power quality
variations.
 The increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency has resulted in

continuous growth in the application of power electronics based devices.
This has resulted in increasing harmonic levels on power system networks.
 Many things are now interconnected in a network. Integrated processes

mean that the failure of any component has much more adverse
consequences.
 Integration of non-conventional energy technologies with utility grids often

require power electronics interfaces which contribute to PQ problems.
 End users have an increased awareness of power quality issues and are
challenging utilities to improve the quality of power delivered.
Main causes behind those reasons
Global competitive market

Increased productivity requirements
More productive and efficient machinery. These
equipments suffer from the most common power
disruptions.
The equipments themselves are sometimes the
source of additional power quality problems.
Profitability based on productivity
Utilities also to work more efficiently
Power Quality Problem [1-5]
A power quality problem is any

occurrence manifested in voltage,
current or frequency deviation that may
result in failure or mis-operation of
customer equipment.

CLASSIFICATION OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
 Short Duration Voltage Variation (These are caused by fault conditions, the energization of large loads
which require high starting currents, or intermittent loose connections in power wiring)
 Voltage Sag
 Voltage Swell
 Interruption
 Long-Duration Voltage Variation (These are caused by load variations on the system and system switching
operations)
 Overvoltage
 Undervoltage
 Sustained Interruption
 Transients (That part of the change in a variable that disappears during transition from one steady
state operating condition to the other)
 Impulsive Transient
 Oscillatory Transient
 Voltage Fluctuations
 Voltage Imbalance
 Waveform Distortion (A steady state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency)
 DC offset
 Harmonics
 Interharmonics
 Notching
 Noise
 Power Frequency Variations
SOLUTIONS TO POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems:
 From Customer Side(also known as load conditioning)

It ensures that the equipment is less sensitive to power disturbances,
allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion.
 From Utility Side

The solution is to install line conditioning systems that suppress or
counteracts the power system disturbances.
Some of the effective and economic measures can be identified as following:
 Lightening and Surge Arresters
 Thyristor Based Static Switches
 Energy Storage Systems
 Electronic tap changing transformer
 Harmonic Filters

Mitigation: Using Filters
Passive Power Filters Active Power Filters
 Use of passive components  Power converter circuit
only (L and C) using active components
 Advantages (IGBTs, MOSFETs, IGCTs,
 Simplicity GTOs, etc.) and energy
 Low cost storage devices (L or C)
 Disadvantages  Advantages
 Resonance problems  Filtering for a range of
frequencies
 Filter for every frequency
 No resonance problems
 Bulky
 Fast response
 Disadvantages
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Power Electronics Solution to PQ Problems
Over the past fifteen years, advanced power electronic
devices have been the area of numerous research studies,
installation projects and development technologies.
FACTS devices [23] use the latest power electronic devices and
methods to control electronically the high-voltage side i.e.,
transmission side of the power system network.
Custom Power devices [3], [8], [11-20] are also power

electronics based systems used in low-voltage distribution
side of the power system network rated 1 through 38 kV.
Just as FACTS improves the power transfer capabilities and

stability margins, custom power makes sure customers get
pre-specified quality and reliability of supply.
CUSTOM POWER
This concept was introduced by N.G. Hingorani [15] in

1995 as an extension of FACTS concept to distribution
systems. Its major objective is to improve PQ and
enhance reliability of power supply.
CP describes the value-added power that electric

utilities will offer their customers in the future, focusing
on the quality of power flow and reliability.
Due to the pressing demand and the rapid development

of the high power semiconductor technology, the
market penetration of Custom Power solutions is taking
place very fast.
NEED OF CUSTOM POWER
 The large interconnected transmission networks are susceptible to faults

caused by lightning discharges and decrease in insulation clearances by
undergrowth.
 The increase in the loading of the transmission lines sometimes can lead to
voltage collapse due to the shortage of reactive power delivered at the load
centres.
 A major disturbance can also result in the swinging of generator rotors
which contribute to power swings in transmission lines.
 The occurrence of a contingency (due to the tripping of a line, generator)
can result in a sudden increase/decrease in the power flow. This can result
in overloading of some lines and consequent threat to system security.
The factors mentioned point to the problems faced in maintaining

economic and secure operation of large interconnected systems.
CLASSIFICATION OF CUSTOM POWER DEVICES
Custom power devices can be classified into two major

categories
Network Configuring Type
Compensating Type
The former changes the configuration of the power system
network for power quality enhancement. SSCL (Solid State
Current Limiter), SSCB (Solid State Circuit Breaker) and SSTS
(Solid State Transfer Switch) are the examples in this category.
The compensating type devices are converter based and are

used for active filtering, load balancing, power factor
correction and voltage regulation. The family of compensating
devices include DSTATCOM (Distribution Static compensator),
DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) and UPQC (Unified Power
Quality
8/16/2018 Conditioner). TIET, Patiala 42
DSTATCOM is similar to STATCOM. DVR is similar to SSSC while
UPQC is similar to UPFC. Inspite of the similarities, the control
strategies are quite different for improving Power Quality.
A major difference involves the injection of harmonic
currents and voltages to isolate the source from the load.
DVR can work as a harmonic isolator to prevent the harmonics in

the source voltage reaching the load in addition to balancing the
voltages and providing voltage regulation.
DSTATCOM is utilized to eliminate the harmonics from the source
currents and also balance them in addition to providing reactive
power compensation.
UPQC can be considered as the combination of DSTATCOM and
DVR.
Applications In Power/Utility Industry
Courtesy:
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ABB TIET, Patiala 44
D-STATCOM
 The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) [23-27] is a VSC that is
shunt connected to the transmission system by means of a tie reactance.
 In general, a coupling transformer is installed between the transmission

system and the STATCOM for isolating the STATCOM from the transmission
system.
 STATCOM when connected at the distribution end is then called distribution

static compensator or D-STATCOM [19], [28-70].
 Being a shunt connected device, the D-STATCOM mainly injects reactive

power to the system. Energy storage device at the dc terminal is necessary if
active power injection is required.
 In addition, the device should be installed as close to the sensitive load as

possible
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TIET, Patiala capability. 45
FUNCTIONS OF DSTATCOM
Functions :
Reactive Power Compensation
Voltage Regulation
Unbalance Compensation (for 3-phase systems)
Power factor correction
Harmonic Reduction
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Structure of DSTATCOM
 Three phaseVSC
 Energy storage
 Filter
 Controller

MODES OF OPERATION
 If Vi is equal to VM, the reactive power is zero and the DSTATCOM

does not generate or absorb reactive power.
 When Vi is greater than VM, the D-STATCOM ‘sees’ an inductive

reactance connected at its terminal. Hence, the system ‘sees’ the D-
STATCOM as a capacitive reactance. The current flows through the
transformer reactance from the DSTATCOM to the ac system, and the
device generates reactive power.
 If VM is greater than Vi, the system ‘sees’ an inductive reactance

connected at its terminal and the DSTATCOM ‘sees’ the system as a
capacitive reactance, then the current flows from the ac system to
the DSTATCOM, resulting in the device absorbing reactive power.
Basic System Scheme for DSTATCOM

Shunt current injected by D-STATCOM

Shunt current injected by D-STATCOM

3-Phase, 3-Wire DSTATCOM
At medium voltage level, 3-phase, 3-wire
DSTATCOMs are developed with voltage fed type
having single stage VSI [35-36]. 3-phase, 4-wire
DSTATCOMs [46-48] are also developed.
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DSTATCOM for High Power Applications
Literature focuses on the DSTATCOM for low power

applications.
DSTATCOMs available for high voltage or current
applications
High Voltage Applications High Current Applications
Use of Multi-level inverters Use of paralleled units
Demerits Demerits
Complicated in structure Requires suppression of
and control zero sequence circulating
Capacitor balancing issues current. Thus complex
Reduced security control.
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) [19], [28-31], [70-92] is a

series connected solid state device that injects voltage into
the system in order to regulate the load side voltage.
It is normally installed in a distribution system between the

supply and the critical load feeder.
Its primary function is to rapidly boost up the load-side

voltage in the event of a disturbance in order to avoid any
power disruption to that load.

BASIC CONFIGURATION OF DVR
The general configuration of the DVR consists of
 Injection / Booster transformer
 Harmonic filter
 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
 Control and Protection system

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The basic function of the DVR is to inject a dynamically controlled

voltage (VDVR) generated by a forced commutated converter in series
to the bus voltage by means of a booster transformer. The
momentary amplitudes of the three injected phase voltages are
controlled such as to eliminate any detrimental effects of a bus fault
to the load voltage VL.

Role of Controller in DVR
The basic functions of a controller in a DVR are

the detection of voltage sag/swell events in the
system; computation of the correcting voltage,
generation of trigger pulses to the sinusoidal
PWM based DC-AC inverter, correction of any
anomalies in the series voltage injection and
termination of the trigger pulses when the event
has passed.
The controller may also be used to shift the DC-
AC inverter into rectifier mode to charge the
capacitors in the DC energy link in the absence of
voltage sags/swells.

Equations related to DVR
When the voltage Vs drops or rises, the DVR injects a series voltage Vinj through the
injection transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude VLoad can be
maintained. The series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as
Vinj = VLoad + Vs
Where
VLoad is the desired load voltage magnitude
Vs is the source voltage during sags/swells condition
The load current ILoad is given by,
ILoad= ((PL ± jQL) / VLoad )

OPERATING MODES OF DVR
 Protection Mode
 Stand By Mode
 Injection/Boost Mode

PROTECTION MODE
If the over current on the load side exceeds a permissible
limit due to short circuit on the load or large inrush current,
the DVR will be isolated from the systems by using the
bypass switches (S2 and S3 will open) and supply current
from another path (S1 will be closed).

STANDBY MODE (SHORT CIRCUIT OPERATION (SCO)
MODE)
In this mode, no voltage is injected (VDVR=0). The booster
transformer’s low voltage winding is shorted through the
converter. No switching of semiconductors occurs in this
mode of operation. The DVR will be in this mode most of
the time.

INJECTION/BOOST MODE
The DVR goes into injection mode as soon as the

voltage sag is detected. Three single-phase ac voltages
are injected in series with required magnitude, phase
and wave shape for compensation (VDVR>0).

Functions of DVR
 Voltage regulation at
the load bus
 Isolation of load from
voltage harmonics on
the source side
 Dampens resonances
 Balancing the voltage
on the load side
 Harmonics and power
factor correction
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Voltage Sag Compensation Methods
 Voltage sag compensation by means of a DVR depends on limiting

factors such as
 DVR power rating
 Various conditions of load
 Different types of voltage sag
 Therefore, voltage sag compensation can be achieved in three

different methods such as
 In-phase
 Optimized energy
 Pre-fault

IN-PHASE COMPENSATION METHOD
In this method, DVR voltage is injected to the network in phase with the
post-sag source voltage (VS-postsag). Thus, the phase angle of the
compensated load voltage (VL) is equal to the angle of post-fault
network voltage during compensation period.
OPTIMIZED ENERGY COMPENSATION METHOD
In this method, maximum reactive capacity of the DVR is used to

compensate voltage sags. Therefore, DVR voltage is injected in such a
way that load current and post-sag supply voltage are kept in-phase
during the compensation period.
PRE-FAULT COMPENSATION METHOD
Mitigation of voltage sags in terms of both phase angle and amplitude in

sensitive loads would be solely achieved by pre-fault compensation
method. In pre-fault compensation strategy, amplitude and phase of the
DVR voltage is injected in such a way that load voltage will be exactly
restored to the presag values.
Interline DVR (IDVR)
Interline dynamic voltage restoration (IDVR) is proposed

in literature [72-73] where two or more DVRs in
different feeders are connected to a common dc link.
One of the DVRs compensates for voltage sag, the other

DVRs connected to a common dc Link replenish the dc-
link energy storage.
A current mode control strategy is incorporated into the

IDVR system in both working modes: voltage sag
compensation and power flow control.
UPQC
It can be considered as a

combination of shunt and
series active filters which
are connected on the DC
side.
H. Akagi suggested in 1996
the possibility of a
centralized UPQC at the
distribution substation that
will provide harmonic
isolation between the sub-
transmission system and
distribution
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UPQC
 Unified series-shunt compensator (USSC) or Unified power quality
compensator (UPQC) [96-112] can mitigate a wider range of power-
quality problems.
 The series branch of UPQC provides harmonic isolation in addition to

voltage regulation and imbalance correction.
 The shunt branch provides for harmonic regulation and negative

sequence current compensation in addition to DC link voltage
regulation.
 UPQC/USSC used in distribution systems is inspired from UPFC used

in transmission system but the only differences are that the UPFC
inverters are in shunt-series connection and it is used in transmission
systems whereas the UPQC/USSC inverters are in series-shunt
connection.
Functions of UPQC
UPQC compensates for a variety of power-quality

problems in a distribution system including voltage
sag compensation, flicker reduction, unbalance
voltage mitigation and power-flow control.
The advantage of UPQC is that it can perform both

load compensation and voltage regulation at the
same time.

UPQC
 The shunt component of a UPQC (Unified Power
Quality Conditioner) uses a VSI (voltage source
inverter), which is connected to the grid through a
series interface inductor. This inductor reduces the
switching harmonics injected by the shunt VSI into the
distribution network.
 However, in case the UPQC is connected to a weak
supply point, the load side voltage can become
unacceptably distorted due to the switching
frequencies in the supply current.
 In order to prevent the switching frequencies
generated by the shunt inverter entering into the grid,
LC or/and LCL filters are used for interfacing the shunt
VSI with the distribution network.
Open UPQC
Power quality (PQ) is basically a service and many
customers are ready to pay for it. In the future, distribution
system operators could decide to supply their customers
with different PQ levels and at different prices.
A new device named as OPEN unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC) can fulfill this role is proposed in [109].
It is composed of a power-electronic series main unit
installed in the medium-voltage/low-voltage (LV) substation,
along with several power-electronic shunt units connected
close to the consumers.
These series and parallel units do not have a common dc
link and as a result, their control strategies are different
than traditional UPQC control
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TIET, Patiala 71
Open UPQC
 Open UPQC can achieve general improvement in PQ,

reducing the most common disturbances for all
customers that are supplied by the mains (PQ) by using
only the series unit.
 Additional incremental improvement in PQ (i.e., mains
power interruptions), can be provided to the customers
who need it (custom power) by the shunt units.
Therefore, this new solution combines a general

improvement in PQ for all consumers, with an
additional incremental improvement for those who
need high quality power.
UPQC-Q
[110] proposes a control of series compensator (SERC)

of the UPQC on the basis of injecting voltage in
quadrature advance to the supply current. Thus, the
SERC consumes no active power at steady state.
The other advantage of this scheme is that the SERC can

share the lagging VAR demand of the load with the
shunt compensator (SHUC) and can ease its loading.
The UPQC employing this type of quadrature voltage

injection in series is termed as UPQC-Q.
Objectives of Shunt
Compensation
Parag Nijhawan
Department of Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering
TU, Patiala

Power transfer is neither fully
controllable nor unlimited
• Constrained by one of the following:
– Network parameters: line impedance can be taken as an
example.
– Operating variables: voltage, current etc.
• As a result, power line is unable to direct power flow
among generating stations.
• Sometimes, adequate power may not be supplied
even if there are sufficient transmission lines.

FACTS: Flexible AC Transmission Systems
• New technology to enhance controllability

and power transfer capability.
• Provide added flexibility and enable a
transmission line to carry power closer to its
thermal rating.
• Introduced as a total network control
philosophy by Dr. N. Hingorani.

A summary of applications of reactive
power compensation
• Voltage regulation at the midpoint of the line
to segment the transmission system.
• Voltage regulation at the end of the line to
prevent instability.
• Dynamic voltage control to increase transient
stability.
• Damp power oscillations.

Uncompensated Lines
• Vs and Vr are the per phase
sending and receiving end
voltages. Thevenin
equivalents w.r.t to the mid
point voltage.
• X/2 short circuit impedance
of sending and receiving
ends.
8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 78/507

Mathematical Analysis
Assume for the sake of simplicity that
Vs=Vr=Vm=V
where Vm is the midpoint voltage
Vs=Ve j / 2  V (cos( / 2)  j sin( / 2)).....(1)
Vr  Ve j / 2  V (cos( / 2)  j sin( / 2)).....(2)
where  is the phase angle between Vs and Vr
The mid point phasor voltage Vm is the average value of Vs and Vm
Vm=(Vs+Vr)/2=Ve j 0  V cos( / 2).....(3)
The line current phasor is given by
I =(Vs-Vr ) /( jX )  (2V / X )sin( / 2).....(4)
For a lossless line the power is the same at both the ends
and at the midpoint
P=|Vm||I|=Vcos( /2)*(2V/X)sin( /2)=V 2 sin  / X .....(5)
The reactive power at the receiving end Qr is equal and opposite
of the reactive power Qs supplied by the source.
Thus the reactive power Q for the line is given by
Q=Qs=-Qr=V|I|sin( /2)=V*(2Vsin( /2)/X)*sin( /2)=V 2 (1  cos  ) / X .....(6)

Vector Diagram for Uncompensated Case
Vx=jXI
Vs
Vm Vr
δ/2 δ/2

Graph of Real and Reactive Power
for Uncompensated Case

Controllable variables
• Vary magnitude of power by applying voltage in the
midpoint.
• Injection of reactive power in series by applying a
voltage in series with the line.
• Controlling the active and reactive powers by
applying a variable voltage in series with the line.
• Varying the peaks of the powers by varying the
reactance of the line.
• Regulating power flow by varying Vs and Vr.

Objectives of shunt compensation
• Supply reactive power to increase the transmittable

power.
• Make transmission system more compatible to the
prevailing load demand.
• Ex: Minimise the line overvoltages under light load
conditions and maintain voltage levels under heavy
load conditions.

Ideal shunt compensated transmission line
8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 85/507

Preliminaries
• Compensator voltage is in series with the midpoint
voltage Vm.
• Its value is equal to that of the sending and receiving
end voltages.
• Transmission line segmented into two independent
parts.
• The ideal compensator is lossless. Hence, active
power is the same at sending and receiving ends and
the mid-point.

Phasor diagram for ideal shunt
compensated line

Mathematical treatment
Similar to the derivation of the midpoint voltage
for the uncompensated line,
Vsm=Vmr=Vcos( /4).....(7a)
Ism=Imr=I=(4V/X)sin( /4).....(7b)
Hence the transmitted active power Pp is
Pp=VsmIsm=VmrImr=VmIsmcos( /4)=VIcos( /4)
Substituting for I we get
Pp=(2V 2 / X ) sin( / 2).....(8)
The reactive power Qs at the sending end is equal and
opposite to that at the receiving end
Qs=-Qr=VIsin( /4)=(4V 2 / X )sin 2 ( / 4)  (2V 2 / X )(1  cos( / 2)).....(9)
The reactive power supplied by the compensator is
Qp  2VI sin( / 4)  (8V 2 / X )sin 2 ( / 4)
which can be rewritten as
Qp=(4V 2 / X )(1  cos( / 2)).....(10)

Characteristics of an ideal shunt
compensated line

Extension
• Multiple compensators, located at equal
segments of the transmission line.
• Theoretically transmittable power doubles
with each doubling of the segments.
• Approaches ideal case of constant voltage
profile.

Phasor diagram of multiple compensators

Preventing voltage instability
• Extension of mid point compensation.
• Equivalent to a passive load being connected
at the mid point instead of the receiving end
of the system.
• Regulates voltage at a given bus against
voltage variations.
• Provide voltage support for the load in case of
generation or line outages.

P-V variation at the load end
without compensation

P-V variation at the load end
with voltage compensation

Improvement of transient stability
• Effectiveness of shunt compensation on

transient stability explained by equal area
criterion.
• Equal area criterion shown diagrammatically
in the next slide.

Transient stability margin for
uncompensated systems
• A1 is the accelerating area.

• A2 is the decelerating area.
• Amargin ”unused” and still available decelerating
energy
8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 99/507

Transient stability margin for
compensated systems
• Ap1 is the accelerating area.

• Ap2 is the decelerating area.
• Apmargin ”unused” and still available decelerating
energy
8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 100/507

Two interpretations
• Substantial increase in the transient stability
margin with segmentation of the line.
• Increased transmittable power with the
uncompensated system having a sufficient
transient stability margin.

Power Oscillation Damping: Why?
• Under-damped system, even minor

disturbances can cause oscillation of machine
angle around its steady state value.
• Corresponding power oscillation around
transmitted steady state power.
• Lack of damping can be a bottleneck for
power transmission.

Power Oscillation Damping: How?
• The applied shunt compensation must be

continuously varied to counteract the
accelerating and decelerating swings of the
disturbed machines.
• If dδ/dt>0, electric power transmitted must be
increased.
• If dδ/dt<0, electric power must be decreased.

Waveforms illustrating damping

Waveform Analysis
• The momentary power drop shown at the beginning of the
waveform represents the disturbance.
• When dδ/dt>0, the capacitive compensation increases the
mid point voltage.
• When dδ/dt<0, the inductive compensation decreases the
mid point voltage.
• VAR output is in the form of “bang-bang” control i.e. variation
between minimum and maximum values.
• Suitable only for large oscillations.

Summary of compensator requirements
• Must stay in synchronism with the AC system

under all operating conditions.
• Must be able to regulate the bus voltage for
voltage stability and improved transient
stability; control it for power oscillation
damping and transient stability enhancement
as the system conditions may require.

Thanks

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8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 1

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 2

“The marginal improvement in the power

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 3

Shunt Compensation Series Compensation

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 4

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 5

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 6

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 8

Shunt Connected Series Connected Combined

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 9

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 10

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 11

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 12

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 13

Shunt Connected Controllers

Thyristor Based FACTS Devices Converter Based FACTS

Series Connected Controllers

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 15

Combined Shunt-Series Connected Controllers

Thyristor controlled voltage limiter (TCVL)

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 16

Converter based controllers provide superior

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 17

 When Vi is greater than VM, the STATCOM ‘sees’ an inductive

 If VM is greater than Vi, the system ‘sees’ an inductive reactance

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 20

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 21

The inclusion of transformer increases the cost as well as

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 22

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 24

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 25

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 26

Courtesy: Power Grid of India

As the times passby, the need to supply uninterrupted supply

Reliable electric power supply is necessary to meet the

 In recent years, Power Quality [1-5] has assumed increasing

The term electric power quality broadly refers to

Power transmission system may also have an impact on the

 The increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency has resulted in

 Many things are now interconnected in a network. Integrated processes

 Integration of non-conventional energy technologies with utility grids often

Global competitive market

A power quality problem is any

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 35

There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems:

 From Customer Side(also known as load conditioning)

 From Utility Side

8/16/2018 TIET, Patiala 37

Custom Power devices [3], [8], [11-20] are also power

Just as FACTS improves the power transfer capabilities and

This concept was introduced by N.G. Hingorani [15] in

CP describes the value-added power that electric

Due to the pressing demand and the rapid development

 The large interconnected transmission networks are susceptible to faults

The factors mentioned point to the problems faced in maintaining

Custom power devices can be classified into two major

The compensating type devices are converter based and are

DVR can work as a harmonic isolator to prevent the harmonics in

 In general, a coupling transformer is installed between the transmission

 STATCOM when connected at the distribution end is then called distribution

 Being a shunt connected device, the D-STATCOM mainly injects reactive