55H

Dear MBA students,

ESLSCA 61P

As agreed please find attached the Final Term Exam, you should:
1. Answer ALL questions, Part1 & Part2
2. Use your text book, extra text book, the internet, and other references.
3. DON'T discuss or share, by any means of communication, with any other class students (even for those who are
Otherwise will be counted as 'Plagiarism'
4. It is NOT ACCEPTED to just copy and paste from any source, your interpretation and write-up is a MUST to g
5. Reply with your file .xls, of your answer to ME ONLY, to ashraf@ashrafelsafty.com .
6. MUST include your first name and family name WITHIN the file name (ex.: DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-61P-Fin
7. Use BLUE color for your text answers, or just fill in the shaded blocks.
8. Email directly to ME ONLY no later than agreed deadline day and time 15th May 2020, 10:00 pm, other
9. Please give every single question the needed high care, as grades are NOT equally distributed among que

As I mentioned before for the mid-term and during our classes, we are studying to learn, and we are now leveragin
So please focus on your time and answers to learn while filling the exam.

I hope I did met your expectations, and now you as a researcher, you will be responsible for what you have learne
what you already gained for the welfare of the country and your people.

Hope you gained the ultimate scientific benefit from the course and me as well.
May Allah bless you all.

Kind Regards,

Dr. Ashraf Elsafty

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Strategist
Research Methods & Strategic Management
ESLSCA, MIU, Riti/MsM cairo outreach.
ESLSCA 61P
 Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 61P #VALUE!
Final Exam
Part ONE
Q
Answer ONLY
DON'T DELETE O

Just
answer
on grey
cells
only
1 Which of the following is most suitable when there is little to no insight in a
certain problem or when there is no information available on how similar
problems or research issues have been solved in the past? A

A. Exploratory research.
B. Descriptive research.
C. Causal research.
D. Experimental research.

2 What cannot be seen as purpose of a causal study?

C
A. Understanding the dependent variable.
B. Predicting the dependent variable.
C. Making sure that all relevant variables are included in the study.
D. Explaining variance in the dependent variable.

3 If a bank manager wants to analyze the relationship between interest rates

and bank deposit patterns of clients, a ‘field study’ is the most suitable
method of investigation. A

A. true
B. false

4 A marketing manager aims to investigate the relationship between

customer satisfaction and store loyalty among British consumers. For this
purpose, data will have to be collected from British stores and the ‘unit of B
analysis’ is the country.

A. true
B. false
5 The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a multinational corporation wants to
know the profits made during the past 5 years by each of the subsidiaries
in England, Germany, France, and Spain. It is possible that there are many
regional offices of these subsidiaries in each of these countries. The profits
of the various regional centers for each country have to be aggregated and
the profits for each country for the past 5 years provided to the CFO. A
Hence, the ‘unit of analysis’ is the country.

A. true
B. false

6 Studies, when data on the dependent variable are gathered at two or more
points in time to answer the research question, are called: B
a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.

7 Experimental designs invariably are longitudinal studies since data are

collected both before and after a manipulation.
A

A. true
B. false

8 Which of the following studies is a causal study? The researcher tries to

find out: B

a. What percentage of the population thinks commercials are annoying

compared to 10 years ago.
b. Why unemployment in Europe is higher than in Asia.
c. If smoking is related to cancer.
d. All the above answers are correct.

9 A bank manager wants to determine the cause-and-effect relationship

between interest rate and the inducements it offers to clients to save and
deposit money in the bank. What is the appropriate study setting? B

a. A field study.
b. A field experiment.
c. A lab experiment.
d. None of the above.
10 The goal of a ­_____________ study, hence, is to offer to the researcher a profile
of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry-
oriented, or other perspective.

a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.

11 ____________ studies are also necessary when some facts are known, but
more information is needed for developing a viable theoretical framework. A

a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.

12 Whether a study is a causal or a correlational one depends on the type of

research questions asked and how the problem is defined.

A. true
B. false

13 The extent of interference by the researcher with the normal flow of work
at the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is A
causal or correlational.
A. true
B. false

14 A causal study is conducted in the natural environment of the organization

with minimum interference by the researcher with the normal flow of B
work.
A. true
B. false
15 In studies conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships, the
researcher tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effects
of such manipulation on the dependent variable of interest. A

A. true
B. false

16 Correlational studies are invariably conducted in contrived settings,

whereas most rigorous causal studies are done in non-contrived lab B
settings.
A. true
B. false

17 The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected
during the subsequent data analysis stage. A

A. true
B. false

18 Our research question determines the unit of analysis.

A

A. true
B. false

19 A study can be done in which data are gathered just once, perhaps over a
period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question. A
Such studies are called:
a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.

20 A marketing manager is interested in tracing the pattern of sales of a

particular product in four different regions of the country on a quarterly B
basis for the next 2 years. This is an example of a:
a. Cross-sectional study.
b. Longitudinal study.
c. Exploratory study.
d. Case study.

21 Knowledge of research design details also helps managers to study and

intelligently comment on research proposals. A

A. true
B. false
22 Methodological rigor increases as we move progressively from an
exploratory study to a hypothesis-testing study, and with this, the costs of
research also increase. A

A. true
B. false

23 Measurement is the assignment of numbers or other symbols to

characteristics of objects according to a pre-specified set of rules.

A. true
B. false

24 Objects include:
A
a. Persons, strategic business units, and companies.
b. Countries, cars, and arousal seeking tendency.
c. Elephants, kitchen appliances, and shopping enjoyment.
d. Restaurants, shampoo, and service quality.

25 Examples of characteristics of objects are: C

a. Length, weight, and country.
b. Arousal seeking tendency, strategic business unit, and shopping
enjoyment.
c. Service quality, conditioning effects, and taste.
d. Restaurants, shampoo, and service quality.

26 Attributes of objects that can be physically measured by some calibrated

instruments pose no measurement problems. A
A. true
B. false

27 Reduction of abstract concepts to render them measurable in a tangible

way is called operationalizing the concepts.
A

A. true
B. false
28 Operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or
properties denoted by the concept. These are then translated into
observable and measurable elements so as to develop an index of A
measurement of the concept.

A. true
B. false

29 Operationalizing a concept involves a series of steps.

A
1. Come up with a definition of the construct.
2. Develop a response format.
3. Assess the validity and reliability of the measurement scale.
4. Develop an instrument (one or more items or questions) that actually
measures the concept that one wants to measure.
What is the correct order?
a.   1-4-2-3.
b.   4-2-1-3.
c.   4-2-3-1.
d.  3-1-4-2.

30 Operationalizing a concept consists of delineating the reasons,

antecedents, consequences, or correlates of the concept. B

A. true
B. false

31 You cannot measure objects; you measure _____________ of objects. D

a. Elements.
b. Dimensions.
c. Antecedents.
d. Attributes.

32 Operationalizing is: C
a. Designing questionnaires.
b. Translating a problem definition into a research question.
c. Making an abstract concept measurable.
d. Defining difficult concepts in the research proposal.

33 A variable or construct must always be directly observable. B

A. true
B. false

34 Operationalizing a variable precedes defining a variable. B

A. true
B. false
35 The construct ‘hunger’ is a typical example of a construct that must be
operationalized because it is an abstract and subjective concept. A

A. true
B. false

36 What is the type of scale of the variable ‘age’ if it is measured in the

following way?
D

“What is your age? ____ years.”

a. Nominal.
b. Ordinal.
c. Interval.
d. Ratio.

37 What is the measurement level of income, measured in the following way:

“What is your annual gross income?” B
< €15.000
€20.000 - €30.000
€30.000 - €45.000
> € 45.000
a. Nominal.
b. Ordinal.
c. Interval.
d. Ratio.

38 “As the calibration or fine-tuning of a scale increases in sophistication, so

does the power of the scale”. What is therefore the most powerful scale? D

a. A nominal scale.
b. An ordinal scale.
c. An interval scale.
d. A ratio scale.

39 The difference between an ordinal and a ratio scale is that a ratio scale has
an arbitrary zero point. B
A. true
B. false

40 Army rank (such as lieutenant, captain, major, colonel, general, etc.) is

ordinal in nature. B

A. true
 B. false

41 Temperature is usually measured on a ratio scale. A

A. true
B. false

42 A lady stands on a pair of scales three times in a row. The first time she
weighs 69 kilo, the second time 69 kilo, and the third time 69 kilo. Her real B
weight is 51 kilo. What is the matter with the scales?
a. The pair of scales is not reliable and not valid.
b. The pair of scales is reliable but is not valid.
c. The pair of scales is not reliable but is valid.
d. The pair of scales is reliable and valid.

43 The following scale is a: “Ugly __ __ ­__ __ __ Beautiful”

a. A likert-scale.
b. A semantic differential scale.
c. A numerical scale.
d. An itemized rating scale.

44 Which of the following is not a source of primary data?

C
a. A focus group.
b. A panel.
c. Company records.
d. A video conference.

45 Whereas panels meet for a one-time group session, focus groups meet
more than once. B

A. true
B. false

46 The Delphi Technique is a forecasting method that uses a cautiously

selected panel of experts in a systematic, interactive manner. A

A. true
 B. false

47 The advantage of seeking secondary data sources is savings in time and

costs of acquiring information. A

A. true
B. false

48 Unstructured interviews are so labeled because the interviewer does not

enter the interview setting with a planned sequence of questions to be A
asked of the respondent.
A. true
B. false

49 Structured interviews are those conducted when it is known at the outset

what information is needed.
A

A. true
B. false

50 When conducting interviews, it is unethical that the researcher makes

written notes as the interviews are taking place, or as soon as the B
interview is terminated.
A. true
B. false

51 The principles of wording refers to which of the following factors?

D

a. The appropriateness of the content of the questions

b. How questions are worded and the level of sophistication of the
language used.
c. The type and form of questions asked.
d. All of the above.

52 The way questions are sequenced could also introduce certain biases,
frequently referred to as the ordering effects.
A

A. true
B. false
53 Instead of phrasing all questions positively, it is advisable to include some
negatively worded questions as well, so the tendency in respondents to
mechanically circle the points toward one end of the scale is minimized.
A

A. true
B. false

54 “Do you think there is a good market for the product and that it will sell
well?” C

This question is:

a. Leading.
b. Loaded.
c. Double-barreled.
d. Ambiguous.

55 “Don’t you think that in these days of escalating costs of living, employees
should be given good pay raises?” A
a. Leading.
b. Loaded.
c. Double-barreled.
d. Ambiguous.

56 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the

respondent is led from questions of a general nature to those that are more A
specific.
A. true
B. false

57 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the

respondent is led from questions that are relatively easy to answer to A
those that are progressively more difficult.
A. true
B. false

58 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that you

end with questions that respondents refuse to answer.
A

A. true
B. false
59 The biggest disadvantage of secondary data is:

a. That they are not meeting the specific needs of the particular situation or
setting.
b. That it is generally more expensive to collect secondary data than
primary data.
c. That they are generally qualitative in nature.
d. That they cannot be used for forecasting purposes.

60 Probability sampling designs are used when the representativeness of the

sample is of importance in the interests of wider generalizability.
A

A. true
B. false

61 Convenience sampling and quota sampling are examples of probability

sampling. B
A. true
B. false

62 A researcher who investigates the relationship between the loyalty

program of a specific supermarket and the loyalty towards this
supermarket, collects his data by questioning consumers who leave the
specific supermarket on several daily periods. The sampling method used A
by this researcher is called:

a. Convenience sampling.
b. Simple random sampling.
c. Stratified sampling.
d. Quota sampling.

63 When the properties of the population are not over-represented or under-

represented in the sample, we will have a representative sample.
A

A. true
B. false
64 From a statistical perspective, probability sampling is preferred over non-
probability sampling.
A

A. true
B. false

65 The results of probability sampling are less generalizable than the results
of non-probability sampling.
B

A. true
B. false

66 The sampling frame is a (physical) representation of all the elements in the

population from which the sample is drawn. A

A. true
B. false

67 The payroll of an organization would serve as the sampling frame if its

members are to be studied. A

A. true
B. false

68 The type of probability and non-probability sampling designs that is

chosen depends on: D

a. The extent of generalizability desired.

b. The demands of time and other resources.
c. The purpose of the study.
d. All of the above.

69 A sample size of 40 is large enough.

A. true
B. false
70 As a sampling technique, qualitative research generally uses non-
probability sampling as it does not aim to draw statistical inference. A

A. true
B. false

Thanks
Dr Ashraf Elsafty
Answer ONLY using A or B or C or D or E
DON'T DELETE OR HIDE ANY OF THE ROWS or COLUMNS

MUST Add needed justification for your selection

The main objective of exploratory research is to define the

variables needed to answer such problem concepts, provided that
we have little or no insight into the issue so that exploratory
research is the most appropriate

The determination of the related or significant variables in a

sample is by definition correlational

There is no need for any kind of articulated environment so field

study is appropriate. It is just a correlation analysis by returning
and examining past or future figures without impacting the
working environment

Data gathering would be from consumers and the Review unit

may include consumers dealing with various stores or dealing
with one store, but depending on the question concept and test
nature in various locations in the UK
 The analytical unit corresponds to the processing degree of the
data gathered during the corresponding period of data analysis. In
this case, the unit analysis is the store loyalty.

Their systematic studies are used in sociology to research

patterns in growth over a long period of time.

The researcher's exploratory process is generally engaged in

investigating the situation conditions in order to obtain an
understanding of the features of the phenomenon of interest and
to discover new areas of organizational study

If the researcher attempts to explain the origin of a issue and the

consequences of the interaction between factors, the analysis is
considered a causal test.

Experiment in the field is when interest rate changes. The manger

can study in a few branches and have clients, deposit amounts,
variables and varying interest rates to see the effect of these
variables alongside their variables.
 A descriptive study consists of collecting information without
changing the environment. Descriptive study includes one-time
interaction with groups of people or a study may follow
individuals over time. Descriptive study in which the researcher
interacts with the participant, which may include surveys or
interviews to gather research interest information.

Exploratory studies always require more variables information.

To insure that the old variable is true or not, whether there are
new variables.

There are two forms of causal or a correlative examination. When

the researcher tries to explain a problem's origin, then the
analysis is considered a causal test. If the researcher is interested
in explaining the significant variables associated with the
problem, this is called a correlation study. It depends on the form
of research questions posed and how the issue is described,
whether a study is a causal or a correlational one. This will
depend on the description of the problem, then the method of
analysis.

The researcher applies variable manipulation causal study.

However, by following the workflow, he applies correlation study.

The investigator has to deceive variables in causal studies. Yet he

should refer to comparisons by observing the job flow
 The study needs to know the influence of variables in cause and
effect interaction.so as to know the relationship between different
variables and whether or not variables shift together.

Causal experiments performed in artificial environments while

tests of association performed in natural working environment
with no artificial setting

Within the question description the data collected and the data
collected from the source have to be addressed and appropriate
in the analysis to address the problem.

The study query must perform the required data collection in the
problem description, and we can decide the unit of analysis.

The researcher needs to analyze entities or events at many points

in time in the cross sectional.

In the retrospective the researcher at various points in time needs

to analyze individuals or phenomena.

Analysis design expertise helps researchers assess the nature of

the work itself and how it solves the core of the concept of the
issue.
 Exploratory analysis used where there is no awareness about
results.or no related question exists before. Thus, we took
experience of exploratory results and validated it by checking the
theory

We can not calculate objects as human beings or businesses on

their own. We can only calculate object attributes or properties.
We can not, for example, quantify people individually, but we
calculate their length or weight. In the same way we calculate
their income or capital qualities according to pre-specified
guidelines for businesses.

These are objects which can be evaluated but which have

measurable attributes

You should weigh certain objects

We may quantify items such as large, weight, etc.

To operationalize a method of describing an abstract definition in

such a way as to be tangible. This is important because it allows
one to quantify subjective characteristics and anomalies that are
not sensitive to objective calculation
 Operationalizing the definitions involves turning the abstract
characters into a system based on degrees of transition.

The operationalization will begin with the description and then

create the elements that will quantify the term.

Operationalizing the definitions involves turning the abstract

characters into a system based on degrees of transition.

In operationalisation, attributes of objects are measured.

Only observable object properties may be operationalised.

No, variable should not be tested explicitly

The first step in operationalisation is description.

 Since hunger affects the way action is perceived

Ratio scales give us the ultimate – order, interval values, plus the
opportunity to measure ratios since it is possible to define a "true
zero." And Age has certainly a nil value in years

Ordinary helps list individual objects in sequence.

Ratio scales give us the ultimate – order, interval values, plus the
opportunity to measure ratios since it is possible to define a "true
zero."

Zero point for mathematical analysis and further anaylsis.

Though the ordinal scale helps list the divided objects in order.
But it does not display the degree of difference but there is a
difference between ranks in this case.
 The temperature spectrum has zero.

The scale is accurate and not true, they measure it wrongly, of

course.

The bipolar adjectives used that include words such as Good-Bad;

Strong-Weak; Hot-Cold, depending on what was described in the
book. The semantic differential scale is used to measure the
attitudes of respondents towards a specific brand , product, item,
or individual responses can be plotted to get a clear
understanding of their perceptions.

Company records are the key evidence points (secodary data)

The biggest drawback of Panels is their willingness to meet over

and over easily and address a change of topic over time

The experts answer questionnaires in two or three sessions, and

the purpose of this iterative process is to achieve consensus on
the topic of discussion
Secondary Data often has a significant drawback because it is the
sole source of data because it is quickly obselete and we need to
link to other existing information.

Because its main objective is to bring more information on the

scene which clarifies or adds variables

The structured interview interviewer asks a fixed series of

questions, but often the skilled researcher takes notes from the
responses to ask additional questions, not in the standardized
interview system to explain specific variables or relationships

Taking notes often simply poses new questions allows to get or

understand factors better

It contains the items listed in the query, in addition to the

personal data demanded by the respondent and questions
sequencing

Since the random placement of the questions in the questionnaire

reduces any systemic bias in the answers that often order bias
that arise due to subsequent uncertainty when the answers are
classified, coded and evaluated
 This approach lets us discover if the respondent was actually
interested in the questionnaire and responding with emphasis
and actual responses or only choosing a certain number at
random. And if he truly supports or adopts a certain point of view
he would not want the same solution for 2 opposite questions

Since there are 2 separate subparts on the topic for a strong

demand and doing well that may have 2 different responses

This is how we transform repondents to other responses

This funnel approach makes the questionnaire quick to run,

without overwhelming the respondent by first asking very clear
questions

This funnel approach makes the questionnaire quick to run,

without overwhelming the respondent by first asking very clear
questions

Questions about specific issues such as profits will be placed at

the end of the questionnaire, justifying the respondent that such
detail will be really useful in solving the issue under investigation
 This is why we would look for more modified secondary data
sources because secondary ecause details are not always feasible
in all scientific studies due to possible irrelevance or obscenity

If the representativeness of the sample is important for the

analysis we use likelihood sampling since the survey components
would have a known probability of selection from the survey and
it is thus very simple to pick a representative sample

They are both examples of non-likely sampling

Convenience sampling is achieved by interviewing the people who

are informed, who are available and who have the appropriate
information about the questionnaire.

A representative sample is characterized by its high population-

level generalization potential and this arises by making its
characters accurately match that of the population without being
mis- or over-stated.
 If we look from a statistical viewpoint on the generalizability of
the sample at population level to guide such statistical inferences
or effects on a given population, then likelihood sampling is
favoured because of its high generalizability

Most non-probability sampling strategies are either non-

representative or do not treat representation as a crucial
consideration, so the generalizability of non-probability sampling
is often questioned

While the sampling frame is helpful for listing each item in the
population, it may not always be an up-to-date current text.

All memebers of the company would be enrolled in the payroll so

that the payroll will be a reasonable reference frame for members
of the organization

All the elements listed are key points in the collection of the
sample and hence this should essentially follow the form of
chance sampling

We can not say whether a sample is sufficiently large or not until

we know the amount of importance and error needed along with
the population number and apply the handy methamitic formula
necessary to measure the sample number in addition to the key
items for the purpose of analysis, time, cost & generalizability
Purpose sampling is a technique that is often used in qualitative
research as subjects are selected on the basis of the expertise in
the subject under study
MUST Add used reference(s)
44D ESLSCA 61P
 Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 61P
Final Exam
Part TWO
Q
Part 1:
1 Develop a conceptual model for the scenario
below, with needed discussion and graph:

In recent decades, many service markets have

been liberalized. For this reason, incumbent
service firms are facing new competitors and
must address customer switching. You are
discussing the determinants of customer
switching with a service firm manager. She
believes that product quality, relationship
quality, and switching costs are important
determinants of customer switching. You agree
with the contention that product quality and
relationship quality are important determinants
of switching. However, you believe that
switching costs moderate the relationships
between product quality, relationship quality,
and customer switching. Provide arguments for
this contention.
2 A field experiment is often more useful than
a lab experiment.” Discuss this statement. ,
using your own example. (4-5 paragraphs)

3 Compare between exploratory and

descriptive research design purpose, using
your own example.(3-5 Paragraphs)
4 Discuss the inter-relationships among: non-
contrived setting, purpose of the study, type
of investigation, researcher interference,
and time horizon of the study, using your
own example.

5 Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of

the research design? Use your own example
(1-2 paragraphs)
6 Discuss major criteria assessing quality of a
literature source, (3-4 paragraphs)

7 Below are three scenarios. For each, indicate

how the researcher should proceed with the
following, giving reasons covering:

The purpose of the study

The type of investigation
The extent of researcher interference
The study setting
The time horizon for the study
The unit of analysis.
Scenario A: Ms. Joyce Lynn, the owner of a small
business (a woman’s dress boutique), has invited
a consultant to tell her how she is different from
similar small businesses within a 60-mile radius,
in regard to her usage of the most modern
computer technology, sales volume, profit
margin, and staff training.
 Scenario B: Mr. Paul Hodge, the owner of several
restaurants is concerned about the wide
differences in the profit margins of the various
restaurants. He would like to try some incentive
plans for increasing the efficiency levels of those
restaurants that are lagging behind. But, before
he introduces this, he would like to be sure that
the idea will work. He asks a researcher to help
him on this issue.

Scenario C: A manager is intrigued why some

people seem to derive joy from work and get
energized by it, while others find it troublesome
and frustrating.

From your text book: 5th digital edition

8 Exercise 4.6

Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Moderating variable

9 Exercise 4.7
Situation 1

Situation 2

Situation 3

10 Exercise 4.8
 Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Intervening variable
Moderating variable

11 Compare between Cluster and Quota

Sampling design, with clear example of your
own.
12 Operationalize the subjective concept
'Shopping dissatisfaction' and use the
needed measurement scales.
13 Write a full research proposal/research
project, using the book studied examples
and guided by the sample thesis provided,
regarding a problem/opportunity about
“Egypt’s needed development”, from a
business and management perspective, it is
of your selection to set the whole story to
guide your proposal or to define the context
to support developing a clear research
proposal. (Should cover all topics studied
within research methods; mention the item
on the left and your answer on the right, and
within 2 or 3 pages length only).

Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
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Item (as much as you can of items learned)
#VALUE!

Answer

Unlike service company president, I fully believe that swapping costs balance the relationships between pr
efficiency of the partnership, and customer transfer. The explanation behind this is that there is very strong
competition especially in the service sector in today's market scenario. The consumers are actively finding
provider with higher quality of services and partnership. The experiments done in the past indicate that sw
balance the relationships between three other variables. These are consistency of the relationship (indepen
consistency of the commodity and consumer switching (dependent variable).
Switching costs would be unique to customers. If switching costs are high, the customer can be discouraged
the service provider if replacing costs are low, however, the consumers can choose to switch their provider
into account this complexity of switching costs and their effects on other contingent and independent varia
established that switching costs have a moderating effect on consumer switching, quality of partnerships an
The efficiency of field experiments is higher than the experiments in the lab. We may list the following poin
that statement:
1) The field experiments are more realistic than those of the lab experiments.
2) The field experiments are carried out in real-time real-world conditions.
3) The effects of the field experiments are more true than those of the laboratory experiments.
4) Experimental studies are carried out in labs, but the end findings are evaluated in real-world environme
experiments may also be carried out.
5) If a study can be done using only one method of experimentation the field experiments would be used.
6) The field experiments include data, measurements, findings and simultaneous forecasting.
7) If real data or opinions are needed then best field experiments.
8) Laboratory experiments compared with field experiments are expensive to perform.
Let's take an example to check the performance of a newly introduced mobile device; by doing field tests, a
get more reliable data than sitting in a room and predicting the success results.
If we speak of experimental experiments, they are mainly conducted in labs, but studies are often done at th
reliably test the findings.
Experiments are done in the field particularly for marketing purposes, since actual findings are more usefu
marketing.
Feedback from a laboratory experiment can be collected by performing a field experiment.
Lab experiments can produce more reliable results but by conducting only field experiments, more practica
results can be obtained.
That's why it is easier to perform field experiments than the laboratory experiments, it also depends on the
need to perform an experiment.

Exploratory experiments investigate a trend of the future, based on data gathered. Those are used to desc
research structure. In this data collection is done until the target of analysis and hypothesis is set.
For example: Qualitative analysis is primarily investigative. It allows people to consider the facts, beliefs, vi
motives that underlie them. It can be obtained using different approaches, such as polls, reviews, interview
Descriptive research involves explaining an already-occurring occurrence. This research was often used t
factors behind the events and the phenomena of real life.
Example: A marketer conducted a series of telephone surveys to find out which voter is intending to vote fo
respondent, and why?
Explanatory research seeks to describe whether and why there has been a event or an experience. This de
and purpose of a trend in order to consider the others better.
Example: In order to negotiate successfully for prospective tenants, a marketer needs to gain more insight i
facilities a new apartment building may choose to provide. The marketer has organized some focus groups
topic
Test problems of a project, study environment, interaction with the researcher, research approach and ana
are all interrelated. That is because all of these are research aspects and a good research report can only be
of these things are adequately guarded. Study research questions whether descriptive or causal help in det
nature of the research and help in obtaining more details that are also used for setting up the study and car
detailed analysis. The research strategy employed sets out further processes for the detailed research and t
techniques to be used. Time horizon of study is also important in determining the overall length of the rese
helpful in collaborating on all aspects of the research.

The analytical unit refers to the extent of integration of the data obtained during the following stage of the d
Even when we formulate the study query, it is important to agree on the unit of analysis, because the metho
collection, sample size, and the variables used in the process that often be defined or driven by the degree a
aggregated for review.
Example: If we were to analyze the standard of education in schooling in the gulf countries, the field of inter
researcher is not individual schools in each country as a whole, the sampling accordingly. When evaluating
obtained from each educational school within each gulf country would somehow need to be aggregated me
only those countries that will form the samples need to be considered. The unit of study is thus a function o
problem raised, and is an integral part of the nature of the research. Test design decisions involving the sam
depend on the analytical unit.
Before determining whether or not to use what you have learned in your analysis of literature, you need to
and ensure that they provide useful and appropriate information.
This is particularly true when an academic library does not collect the resources you have retrieved, but is
accessible through Internet search. Web resources need to be thought out more carefully to guarantee thei
Evaluation Criteria
Accuracy, authority, objectivity, currency and coverage are the five basic criteria for evaluating information
sources.
Accuracy

Is the information reliable?

Is the information error-free?
Is the information based on proven facts?
Can the information be verified against other reliable sources?

Authority

Who is the author?

Does he or she have the qualifications to speak/write on that topic?
Is the author affiliated with a reputable university or organization in this subject field?

Objectivity

What is the intended purpose of the information?

Is the information facts or opinions?
Is the information biased?
Currency

When was the information published?

Is the information current or out-dated?
Does currency matter in this topic?
Coverage
Does the information covered meet your information needs?
Does it provide basic or in depth coverage?

The study's aim: difference, as the study's objective is to explain how different Ms. Joyce is to small busines
related companies.
Form of investigation: correlational analysis of how she varies from other businesses and how she uses new
revenue, profit margin and recruitment of workers
The extent of researcher interference: the researcher minimally interferes with the normal workflow
Setting of the study: Field study as research done in a natural environment where work normally takes plac
The time horizon for the study: Cross-sectional
The unit of analysis: Small Businesses
The purpose of the study: Hypothesis testing, the independence in a situation of two or more factors
The type of investigation: Casual study as the cause and effect of incentive plans and increased efficiency le
restaurants lagging behind must be proven
The extent of researcher interference: Strong interference as the manager interferes with preserving the re
between reward programs (increase or decrease) to track their effect on restaurant performance
The study setting: Field Experiment in real field, but with variable adjustments
The time horizon for the study: Longitudenal as manager might want to study phenomena to answer the re
at more than one point in time.
The unit of analysis: Restaurants

Study purpose: Exploratory study, since the manager must explore various variables affecting this phenom
Form of research: Correlational as the analysis seeks to define the variables associated with happiness and
work
The extent of research interference: minimal interference with few employees available for study in a natur
Study setting: Non-contributing field study setting the employees work in a normal environment
Study time horizon: Cross sectional (one-shot)
Unit of analysis: People are based on people as the issue we have

E-Business Sales
adoption Performance
Sales Performance
E-Business adoption
Market Uncertainty
Market
Uncertainty
Operations Manager found that the degree of motivation of employees significantly affects efficiency, the gr
of employees the better the efficiency of employees

Human resources team of an company found that work rotation improves the productivity of workers by w
rotation enhances the incentives of workers

Company unit manager studies with the department of human resources to boost employees 'wages to imp
productivity because they believe that increasing employees' wages would enable them to reach higher pro
certain workers who have additional pay would not be turned on by higher salaries
Problems for Organization
Follow accounting system
Confusion
Experience in Book Keeping

Cluster sampling
Cluster samples are samples collected in groups or in pieces of elements which are ideally natural
Population aggregates of the components. The target population is first broken in cluster sampling
On clusters. A random sample of clusters is then drawn and either any of them for each cluster chosen
The sample shall contain elements or a set of elements. Cluster samples give more group heterogeneity and
homogeneity – the opposite of what we see in stratified random sampling, where there is homogeneity with
and community heterogeneity.
1. We divided the population into lots of subgroups.
• Every subgroup is composed of few elements.
• Subgroups are selected on some ease criteria or
Accessibility of data collection.
2. Within subgroups we seek to maintain heterogeneity.
3. We are attempting to maintain homogeneity between the subgroups.
4. We choose several subgroups at random, which we typically then choose
Study deeper.
Unrestricted nonprobability samples are called convenience samples. These are the least accurate method
the simplest and fastest to achieve. Researchers or fi eld staff are free to pick whoever they fi nd: the word "
therefore. Examples include informal pools of friends and colleagues, people responding to a newspaper's r
readers to state their opinions on a public topic, intercepting interviews with a "person-on-the-street" TV r
staff to determine the flavor of a new snack food.
Although a convenient study does not have controls to guarantee precision, it can also be a useful technique
You will also take such a sample to check hypotheses or even to gather information about a matter of intere
using this approach in the early stages of exploratory research when you are seeking guidance. The finding
such compelling evidence that a more complex sampling method is unnecessary. You could speak to 25 seq
students in an interview with students about any topic of campus concern. You may find that the answers a
disproportionately unilateral that there is no reason to further interview
Shopping dissatisfaction is an outcome of a bad service or experince for the customer, and measuring the cu
satisfaction score, or CSAT, is a time-tested metric. It is a customer satisfaction survey that targets the custo
variations of a very basic question: “how would you rate your experience interacting with our sales/custom
service/support department?”
The scale typically ranges from: very unsatisfactory / unsatisfactory / neutral / satisfactory / very satisfac
The higher the score the more respondents give a positive answer. It. Easy.
The CSAT is versatile as it can be associated with any client interaction with your business. It's also instant,
going to get reliable reviews on any experience. The CSAT is most useful for tracking short-term customer a
prior to and after a change or new initiative. When the score changes dramatically, you'll get an inkling of w
didn't go down well.
The query, however, does not answer the company's overall understanding of a client. Likewise, the finding
skewed, as consumers who are slightly pleased or disappointed appear to ignore the problem altogether. L
it will not be a indicator of consumer behaviour nor does it compensate for the growth potential of your pro
this CSAT is an essential metric, it is by no means a complete metric.
MAKE SURE TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION FULLY.

Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
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Answer (as much as you can of items learned)
Must add reference(s) used
"1.Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods
for business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.

2.El-Safty, A. (2016). Lec 6: BUS631[Lecture notes]. Cairo,

: University of ESLSCA"
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for
business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
(Cityu, 2020)

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for

business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for
business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for

business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for

business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for

business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for
business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for
business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for
business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business

Research Methods. Boston: McGraw Hill.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for

business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
ESLSCA
61P