Smart Cities Symposium Prague 2017 1

Relative Importance for Crime Prevention

Technologies as Part of Smart City
based on Spatial Information
Choi WooChul, Na JoonYeop

 public safety service’, ‘Smart safe return home’ and ‘U-safety

Abstract— the orders of priority about the intelligent crime information service’, but functional redundancy and
prevention technologies & system based on spatial information(e.g. operational inefficiency resulting from the implementation by
Positioning System, CCTV Technology, Integrated Management different government agencies and local governments of those
System) are constructed for integrated management in services. Even if local governments build intelligent crime-
Testbed(Crime-Zero Zone) of Smart City. And the priority of zero test bed considering the side of integration and operation,
crime prevention technologies related with spatial information is
the needs and relative importance of technologies of local
deduced using relative importance by professional masters in local
government & research institute & private company. This study governments can differ from those of research organizations
has meanings that deduced the relative importance by AHP about such as developers of technology and system, schools and
the intelligent crime prevention technology & system, to apply to researcher institutes. These differences can become conflicting
Testbed by surveying to local government employee in CCTV factors in building crime-zero test bed and cause problems
control center & professor/researcher in research institute & such as delays in administrative processing and project
specialty development company worker at positioning system, and duration and difficulties in cooperation and connection.
CCTV technology. This study is performed pre-research for In this sense, on the premise of building spatial-information -
constructing the Crime-Zero Zone(T/B). Henceforward, when
based intelligent crime-zero test zone with the size of three to
Crime-Zero Zone is constructed, this study is used a useful
research material for technology application and detail scenario four blocks considering the side of integration and operation,
establishment. this study intends to classify items through reviews of
sophisticated crime prevention-related technologies and
I. INTRODUCTION systems and to conduct an evaluation and analysis of the
importance of the items. This study intends to carry out testing
R ecently, public attention is given to public safety-related
area such as tackling four major violent crimes including
murder and sex crime in particular and searching for missing
centered on high-priority technology by establishing the
priorities of crime prevention technology and system based on
persons including lost child, which increasingly raises interest the results of the above analysis and to derive cooperation and
in crime prevention technologies such as CCTV, positioning connection methods for building successful spatial information-
system, sensor, remote control, IOT and crime prevention based intelligent crime-zero test zone by analyzing the needs
platform. Among these, spatial information-based crime and relative importance by organizations such as local
prevention technologies such as positioning system, CCTV and governments, research institutes and private companies.
crime prevention platform integrating these two are core
technologies that can directly tackle impending crimes[1].
However, positioning at weak signal shows an error of tens of
meters, and, notwithstanding increasing number of CCTV
cameras, the lack of their operating and monitoring personnel
causes different problems in applying spatial information
technologies such as losing golden time to trace a crime or
incident. Thus, there is a need for development of methods to
sophisticate and upgrade such technologies. Also, for different
technologies and systems related to crime prevention,
individual technologies only are developed without either
evaluating their relative importance or considering the side of
integration and operation. For example, about ten domestic
public safety services are being operated including ‘SOS Fig. 1. Crime-Zero Zone - implementation of crime prevention for smart city

This research was supported by a grant(17NSIP-B082188-04) from Choi is with ICT Convergence and Integration Research Division, Korea
National Land Space Information Research Program funded by Ministry of Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Korea(wcchoi@kict.re.kr)
Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government and Korea Agency Na is with ICT Convergence and Integration Research Division, Korea
for Infrastructure Technology Advancement Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Korea(naz@kict.re.kr)
Smart Cities Symposium Prague 2017 2

II. SCOPE AND METHODS OF STUDY III. DEMONSTRATION ANALYSIS

A. Evaluation of the importance of intelligent crime
prevention technology and system
Intelligent crime-zero test zone aims to reduce a crime rate of
the applied zone by providing spatial information-based precise
location determination technology and intelligent crime
prevention CCTV technology and services and to build
sustainable crime-zero test zone to ensure public safety [2]. To
maximize crime prevention service and build sustainable crime-
zero test zone, this study classified the items of intelligent crime
prevention technology and system derived from interviews with
experts such as professors and researchers with expertise in the
applied areas. In the criteria for selecting high-class items
derived in that way, the target was limited to real-time crime
responses to four major violent crimes such as murder, robbery,
sex crime and arson, and violence and theft, which are not for
private property, and to the prevention of and search for missing
persons including lost child. However, remote control such as
IOT and home sensor detection such as access control for
entrance and exit and intruder alert were excluded. This study
intends to derive methods for testing through the establishment
of priorities by carrying out an evaluation and analysis of
importance between high-class items and low-class items based
on technologies and systems classified this way. Also, this
study intends to seek measures for cooperation and connection
to build successful crime-zero test zone by analyzing the results
of evaluating the importance by organizations such as local
governments, research institutes and private companies.
B. AHP analysis techniques
The purpose of this study is to derive demonstration-priority
technologies and cooperation and connection methods by
organizations through an evaluation of the importance of crime
prevention technology and system to build spatial information-
based intelligent crime-zero test zone. To this end, after
classifying the items of intelligent crime prevention
technologies and systems, this study will be conducted using
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) by areas such as local
governments, research institutes and private companies.
A. Overview of AHP analysis
This study derived the items of crime prevention function and
service through brainstorming in phase 1 and establishment of
hierarchy in Phase 2 according to analysis processes mentioned
above, and based on these results, a questionnaire survey was
conducted on AHP among each index. Targeting public
servants of local governments in charge of control center work,
professors of spatial information area, researchers of public
authorities and research institutes, working-level staffs at
private developers related to crime prevention technologies
such as CCTV and positioning technology, 80 copies of
questionnaire were distributed and 34 copies collected.
As the number of questionnaire respondents is small,
questions can be raised about reliability. In cases where
expertise and logical consistency are preconditioned in AHP
study, the sample size doesn't matter[7]. As questionnaire
survey was conducted targeting related experts and personnel
with expertise on intelligent security area, and in some
questionnaires, an interview was conducted in parallel, they
seem to correspond to the validity and adequacy of study
previously mentioned.
A statistical analysis of evaluation and analysis of crime
prevention service importance used Microsoft Office Excel
2013 and Expert choice 11.5 program at the same time. 7-point
scale was established for pairwise comparison among items so
that respondents could make a better choice targeting 3 high-
class items and 12 low-class items.
B. Stratification of crime prevention technology and system
item
High-class items of intelligent crime prevention technologies
and systems derived through interviews conducted targeting
related experts such as professors and researchers and personnel
with expertise on intelligent crime prevention area are classified
into positioning technology, CCTV technology and integrated
management system. Hierarchy of high-class and low-class
items and major contents by item are shown in Table 1:

AHP, which was developed by T. Saaty in the early 1970s[3], TABLE 1.

TECHNOLOGY/SYSTEM ABOUT CRIME PREVENTION
is a decision-making method to capture evaluator's knowledge,
Class A Class B Contents
experience and intuition through judgment using pairwise
∙Outdoor location position error
comparison among factors forming decision-making precise positioning
4~5→1m
hierarchy[4].
∙Positioning at weak signal(ex.
positioning at weak
center of town or alley)
signal
dozens→10m
The process can be classified into five phases such as Positio indoor location ∙Indoor location positioning(ex.
brainstorming (Phase 1)→ establishment of hierarchy (Phase ning positioning floor, the number of room)
2)→ establishment of weight (Phase 3)→ measurement (Phase
price competitiveness ∙Localization of technology
4)→ review(Phase 5)[5], and based on these phases, an AHP
analysis will be conducted on spatial information-based initial time of
∙Improvement of initial time
intelligent crime prevention technology and system[6]. Positioning
∙Using three-dimensional spatial
CCTV stereo CCTV information
∙Improvement of precise positioning
Smart Cities Symposium Prague 2017 3

multi CCTV
∙Using tracking and control In the case of positioning technology, improvement of
cooperation system positioning at weak signal (0.256) ranked top, followed by
cooperation
∙Business efficiency improvement
improvement of precise positioning (0.243), indoor location
integrated surveillance
system
∙Sensing zone pattern analysis positioning (0.212), improvement of price competitiveness
CCTV of vehicle (0.150), and improvement of initial time of positioning (0.138).
license plate ∙Protection against vehicle crime To identify the ranking of final comprehensive importance,
recognition the ranking was derived by calculating the final importance
heat sensing CCTV ∙Precise positioning at night through multiplication of the importance of 1st class (high-class
items) by that of 2nd class (low-class items) included in 1st
intelligent crime ∙Business efficiency improvement at
prevention platform control center class. As a result, the introduction of intelligent crime
crime prevention app ∙Providing crime prevention app prevention platform of integrated management system, which
Integrat service service for people was derived as top importance in the importance among 1st
ed
social map service of
∙Providing crime prevention class, was evaluated as comprehensive top importance,
Manag information using social date for followed by in the order of multi CCTV cooperation in CCTV
social safety net
ement people
System technology, integrated surveillance system, crime prevention
recognition & caution ∙Voice automatic recognition like a
by voice scream app service, positioning at weak signal, precise positioning,
smart information ∙Providing smart information(i.e. smart information construction, CCTV of vehicle license plate
construction accidents, traffic, tour) recognition, social map service of social safety net, recognition
and caution by voice, indoor location positioning, stereo CCTV,
price competitiveness, heat sensing CCTV, and initial time of
C. Test of consistency ratio
positioning.
It is important to secure the reliability for evaluation results Based on an analysis of the importance of intelligent crime
through Consistency Ratio (CR) test for decision-making prevention technology and system and comparative evaluation
results judged by each expert in AHP analysis[8]. CR is by areas such as local governments, research institutes and
changed according to the size of a comparison matrix CI and n private companies evaluated like this, this study aims to derive
and assessed using mean RI which represents the mean of the priority of technologies for building crime-zero test zone
numerous comparison matrix CI. As generally, if CR is less and the requirements and connection methods by organizations.
than 0.1 in evaluating the veracity of respondents' judgment,
there is no problem with consistency, and if CR is 0.1 to 0.2, TABLE 2.
there is no great problem, the result of AHP analysis seems to COMPREHENSIVE RESULT OF SURVEY ANALYSIS
be proper[5], this study conducted AHP analysis on items with Relative Final
Relative
Class A impo Class B Relative
CR less than 0.2. Mean CR of 34 copies of questionnaires used rtance
importance
importance
for analysis was 0.078. precise 0.243 0.067
positioning (2) (6)

D. Evaluation and analysis of importance positioning at 0.256 0.070

weak signal (1) (5)
According to the results of analyzing the importance of Positioni 0.275 indoor location 0.212 0.058
evaluation criteria for class A (high-class item) of crime ng (3) positioning (3) (11)
prevention technology and system to build spatial information- price 0.150 0.041
based intelligent crime-zero test zone, integrated management competitiveness (4) (13)
system ranked first (weight of 0.387), CCTV technology initial time of 0.138 0.038
second (weight of 0.338) and positioning technology third Positioning (5) (15)
(weight of 0.275). stereo CCTV
0.165 0.056
According to the results of analyzing the importance of (4) (12)
evaluation criteria for class B (low-class item), in the case of multi CCTV 0.277 0.094
cooperation (1) (2)
integrated management system evaluated as top importance
integrated
among evaluation criteria in class A, the introduction of 0.338 surveillance
0.249 0.084
intelligent crime prevention platform ranked first with 0.319, CCTV (2) (3)
(2) system
followed by crime prevention app service with 0.188, smart CCTV of vehicle
0.194 0.066
information construction with 0.172, social map service of license plate
(3) (8)
recognition
social safety net with 0.161, and recognition & caution by voice
heat sensing 0.115 0.039
with 0.160. In the case of CCTV evaluated as second CCTV (5) (14)
importance as the results of analysis for class A, multi CCTV intelligent crime
Integrate 0.319 0.124
cooperation (0.277) ranked first, followed by integrated d prevention
0.387 (1) (1)
surveillance system (0.249), CCTV of vehicle license plate Managem platform
(1)
recognition (0.194), stereo CCTV(0.165), and heat sensing ent crime prevention 0.188 0.073
System app service (2) (4)
CCTV (0.115).
Smart Cities Symposium Prague 2017 4

social map
0.161 0.062
high. It is thought that the side of crime prevention by the
service of social operation of these services was emphasized in terms of research
(4) (9)
safety net
institutes. In the case of local governments, the relative
recognition & 0.160 0.062
caution by voice (5) (10) importance of crime prevention platform was emphasized as a
smart method for connecting intelligent crime prevention platform to
0.172 0.066 U-City platform operated by control centers of local
information
(3) (7)
construction governments. In addition to this, it is found that the importance
of providing smart information such as disaster management,
traffic management, weather information, living information
IV. ANALYSIS RESULT AND CONNECTION PLAN BY AREA and tour information for residents was evaluated high.
A. Result of analysis of high-class items (1st class)
According to the analysis results of the importance of high-
class items, integrated management system was highest,
followed by CCTV and positioning. This represents the
importance of integrated management system to substantially
operate crime prevention-related individual technologies in
terms of commercialization. Also, it is found that the
importance of positioning technology to locate a victim initially
and accurately among crime prevention technologies in
research institutes was relatively emphasized compared to other
organizations.

Fig. 3. Result of Integrated Management System (2st class)

C. Result of analysis of CCTV technology (2nd class)

As for CCTV technology, the importance of multi CCTV
cooperation (overall 0.277) of tracking and control cooperation
system and integrated surveillance system (overall 0.249) to
automatically detect certain acts designated by users such as
area sensing and pattern analysis were highly evaluated. This
seems to have emphasized the importance of intelligent CCTV
analysis to overcome the decrease in efficiency due to the lack
of personnel in charge of controlling CCTV even if the number
of CCTV cameras increases. In the case of research institutes,
the importance of stereo CCTV to improve the accuracy of
Fig. 2. Result of High Rank (1st class)
object perception using three-dimensional spatial information
in CCTV was evaluated high. This seems to have highly
B. Result of analysis of integrated management system (2nd evaluated the value of intelligent object perception of CCTV as
class) a basic technology.
In the case of integrated management system derived as top
importance as the results of an analysis of the importance of
high-class items, the introduction of intelligent crime
prevention platform (0.319) was highest, followed by crime
prevention app service (0.188), smart information construction
(0.172), social map service of social safety net (0.161), and
recognition & caution by voice (0.160).
The introduction of intelligent crime prevention platform
was commonly analyzed highest in local governments, research
institutes and private companies. The reason is that the
importance of the side of substantiation and operation of crime
prevention technology was highlighted. In the case of research
institutes, the importance of crime prevention app service and
social map service of social safety net were evaluated relatively Fig. 4. Result of CCTV Technology (2st class)
Smart Cities Symposium Prague 2017
D. Result of analysis of positioning system (2nd class)
In the case of positioning system, a technology of positioning
at weak signal (overall 0.256) to reduce a positioning error at in
weak signal areas such as downtown and side street to less than
10m and a technology of precise positioning (overall 0.246) to
reduce an outdoor positioning error to less than 1m were
evaluated high, followed by indoor location positioning (0.212),
price competitiveness (0.150), and initial time of positioning
(0.138). In the case of local governments, as crime prevention
services should be operated within finite budget, the importance
of price competitiveness was relatively high compared other
technologies. It is thought that there is a need to apply
technologies in consideration of securing the budget of local
governments.
Fig. 5. Result of Positioning System (2st class)
V. CONCLUSION
This study established the priority of intelligent crime
prevention technology and system such as positioning
technology, CCTV technology and integrated management
system on the premise of creation of test zone considering the
side of integration and operation. Also, the items considering
the connection by organizations and crime-zero test zone
centered on high priority technologies were derived by
identifying the needs and relative importances by organizations
through an analysis of the weights by areas of experts at local
governments, research institutions and private companies.
Besides, this study is differentiated from the previous studies
because it carried out an evaluation and analysis of the
importance of experts using AHP for future-oriented intelligent
crime prevention technology and system related to crime
prevention, and presented the items considering an evaluation
and connection of technology importance among local
government officials in charge of control center works,
professors, researchers of research institutes and working staffs
at positioning technology and CCTV developers to apply to
crime-zero test zone.
First, in the case of integrated management system evaluated
highest in analyzing high-class items, the creation of intelligent
crime prevention platform, which becomes a basis of operation
for testing crime prevention technologies, was evaluated as top
5
priority. This means that it is the core to smoothly operate
related technologies ultimately by additionally building
intelligent crime prevention platform to control center platform
such as U-City platform operated by local governments. In
terms of research institute, the importance of crime prevention
app service and social map service of social safety net
highlighting the side of crime prevention was relatively
significantly evaluated. In the case of local governments, the
importance of smart information to be easily acquired by
residents was relatively highly evaluated compared to other
organizations. Based on this, it is possible to consider a method
for social map services and crime prevention app services to be
operated by crime prevention platform to provide smart
information for residents valued by a local government.
Second, in the case of CCTV, a high value was placed on the
importance of technologies to increase the efficiency of control
works with minimum personnel even without continuous
monitoring through multi CCTV cooperation, integrated
surveillance system and stereo CCTV. Based on this, there is a
need to seek a method to apply intelligent CCTV and tracking
and control cooperation system to test zone.
Third, as positioning technology was evaluated at highest
weight under the judgment that environment at weak signal
such as downtown and side streets is crime hotspot, there is a
need to develop technologies for that. Then, outdoor
positioning (precise positioning) and indoor positioning were
analyzed, and in the case of local governments, the importance
of improving price competitiveness in terms of securing the
budget. Thus, it is necessary to consider cost in building test
zone.
This study was carried out as a kind of pre-study to build
spatial information-based intelligent crime-zero test zone, and
is thought to be utilized as data useful for applying technologies
and establishing detailed scenario in building a future test zone.
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