DYWIDAG Soil Nails

Dallas Cowboy Stadium, Dallas, TX

References
Retaining Wall at Dallas/Fort Worth ­International ­Airport, TX
Secured with DYWIDAG Soil Nails

P
art of the extensive and ambitious
expansion of Dallas/Fort Worth Airport
included numerous roadways in and
around the congested airport infrastructure.
Some roads required significant cuts and
retaining walls next to many existing bridges,
­buildings and roadways. In order to support
the adjacent structures and roads, more than
16,400 ft DYWIDAG Soil Nails were ­installed.
The soil nail method of ­construction allo-
wed for the least disruption of the ­adjacent
­structures and movement of people and
­vehicles. Soil Nail retaining walls require
­minimum ­excavation and are installed faster
than alternate types of retaining walls.

Owner Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, TX, USA +++ Contractor Craig Olden, Inc., Little Elm, TX, USA +++
i Installed by Craig Olden, Inc., Little Elm, TX, USA
DSI Scope Supply of approximately 650 DYWIDAG Soil Nails size #8, total length about 16,400 ft

San Manuel Indian Casino, Highland, CA

Owner San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, Highland, CA, USA +++ General Contractor Bomel Construction Anaheim, CA, USA +++
i Constructor Pennhall Company, Las Vegas, NV, USA +++ Subcontractor Condon-Johnson & Assoc., San Diego, CA, USA +++
Engineers PB&A (Pirooz Barar & Assoc.), San Anselmo, CA, USA
DSI Unit DSI USA, BU Geotechnics, Long Beach, CA, USA
DSI Scope Supply of 481 double corrosion protected DYWIDAG soil nails #8 grade 75: S 520/690 N/mm²,
193 double corrosion protected DYWIDAG V-Nails #8 grade 75: S 520/690 N/mm² and #8 grade 75: S 520/690 N/mm² test nails
Contents

DYWIDAG Soil Nails................................................................................................... 4

Construction of a Soil Nail Wall................................................................................. 5
Soil Nails - Options for Materials............................................................................... 6
Corrosion Protection.................................................................................................. 7
Bar Properties............................................................................................................ 8
Hardware Properties.................................................................................................. 9
DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar System............................................................................... 10
Anchorage System and Centralizers........................................................................ 12
Soil Nail Testing....................................................................................................... 13
References............................................................................................................... 14

3
DYWIDAG Soil Nails
History
The technique of soil nailing began
to evolve in the early 1970’s. Major
research programs in Germany in the
mid to late 70’s and in France in the
late 80’s advanced this method of
­construction. It has been success-
fully utilized worldwide for excavation
­support and slope stabilization and its
use continues to grow rapidly.
General Notes
Applying the principles of systematic
rock anchoring to soil seems to be
obvious, but the requirements for soil
nailing are higher. The many years
of experience gained with pressure-
grouted anchors have resulted in a
certain level of standards, however, the excavation. Calculations assume
Advantages
of soil nail walls
n Top-down construction
n Light construction equipment
n Lower construction costs versus
tieback walls with soldier beams and
lagging
of DYWIDAG soil nails
n Can be used for temporary
and permanent applications
n Simple components and
component assembly
n Easy to install and test
n Durable threads. Allow splicing
at any point along the length
Requirements
for the site
n Stable, self-supporting soils
at the excavation face
n Benches strong enough to
support drilling equipment
for the Soil Nail System
n High tensile and shear strength
n High ductility
n High bond strength
n Ability to accommodate structural
and non structural face attachments
4
the stability of the supported soil the maximum tensile force in the earth
mass must be verified for all stages. mass to occur at a distance from the
Soil nails are used for stabilizing slopes wall equal to 1/3 to 1/2 of the wall
and excavations. They find an efficient height. There, parallel to the wall, the
application in granular soils of medium interface between the unstable soil and
to high density with sufficient internal the retaining stable ground must be
friction, so that a good load transfer assumed. This location is also the area
along the soil nail is possible, and only of the highest bending for the soil nails.
slight creep movements occur in the The anchoring length of the soil nails
supported soil mass. The soil nails are must extend into stable ground.
installed as the excavation progresses
from top to bottom. The surface of the DSI has been a pioneer in the use of
cut is usually stabilized by shotcrete soil nails to reinforce existing ground.
and rebar mats. Today DSI is widely recognized as
the principal worldwide source for soil
Since the soil nails are loaded only by nails meeting the most demanding
ground movement, a certain outward ­performance requirements.
deflection of the top of the stabilized
wall must be expected. The theoretical
pivot of the wall is at the bottom of
Design Considerations
n Design Life (permanent or n Nail inclination (typically 10-20 deg.)
temporary wall) n Wall inclination
n Corrosion Protection n Stability analysis for each stage
n Pullout resistance between nail of construction
and the ground n Allowable horizontal and
n Individul nail capacity (strength vertical ­displacement limits
and length) n Dewatering, if below
n Length of nail to reach beyond the ground water table
the failure surface n Drainage system
n Nail spacing (typically 4-6 ft)
surcharge
existing grade
assumed
cip and drainage failure
architectural driving surface
treatment forces
varies resisting
forces
height
wall
soil nail
adheres to
primary
soil on both
shotcrete wall
sides of
failure surface
bottom of wall
Typical section — Soil Nail Retaining Wall
Construction of a Soil Nail Wall

Excavate soil

Drill hole

Install and grout nail

Test selected nails

Place reinforcement

Place shotcrete

Finish shotcrete

Install soil nail plate,

washers and nut

Excavate for the

next level of nails

5
 Soil Nails - Options for Materials

WALL THICKNESS
SHOTCRETE FACING CIP CONCRETE

ARCHITECTURAL DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar

BACK FACE OF TREATMENT (TYP.)
SHOTCRETE
HEX NUT OR n Bare
IES) ANCHOR NUT C
L SOIL NAIL
H (VAR M A15
3
LENGT R AST (TYP.) ASSEMBLY (TYP.) n Epoxy coated
TOTAL IZ ED PE
ALVA N
G
E OR H
OT- D IP
COUPLERS AS REQUIRED
ANGLE
VARIES n Galvanized
BAR
(TYP.)

BEVEL WASHERS
SET (TYP.)
CONCRETE ANCHOR
USED FOR PERMANENT
SOIL NAILS (TYP.)
HOLLOW-CORE SELF-DRILLING ROD
CONCRETE
DRILLE

COVER (TYP.)
FIELD GROUT BEARING PLATE
D HOL

DRILL BIT ASSEMBLY (TYP.)

E

THREADBAR®
BACK FACE OF
SHOTCRETE H
LENGT TED
A
UNCO n Bare
ARIES)
LEN GTH (V 775
TOTAL RA STM A n Epoxy coated
A934 O
ASTM
COATE
D PER n Galvanized
EPOXY

3"
CLR. SOLID REINFORCING STEEL BAR
PER ASTM A615 OR A722
DRILLE
D HOL

NAIL GROUT
HOLE CENTRALIZER
E

THREADBAR®
BACK FACE OF
SHOTCRETE H
LENGT TED
UNCO
A n Epoxy coated
ARIES)
LE N GTH (V 775 plus partial DCP
TOTAL TM A
4 OR AS
M A93 RUGAT
ED
PE R AST
OATED 0" COR REGRO
UTED
EPOXY
C L = 3'- HOP P
IN G S
S HEATH

3"
CLR. SOLID REINFORCING STEEL BAR
PER ASTM A615 OR A722
DRILLE

CORRUGATED HDPE
D

NAIL GROUT
HOLE

OR PVC SHEATHING
HOLE CENTRALIZER 40 MIL MIN. THICKNESS

THREADBAR®
H
LENGT TED
UNCO
A
n Full length DCP
ARIES)
LENGTH (V OUTED
TOTAL PREGR
SHOP
S H E ATHING LENGTH BACK FACE OF
D MENT
UGATE
CORR EMBED SHOTCRETE
ENTIRE

NAIL GROUT

3"
CLR.
DRILLE

SOLID REINFORCING STEEL BAR CORRUGATED HDPE

D HOL

PER ASTM A615 OR A722 OR PVC SHEATHING

HOLE CENTRALIZER 40 MIL MIN. THICKNESS
E

6
Corrosion Protection

DYWIDAG soil nails can be protected all areas of North America. With the Double Corrosion Protection — DCP
against corrosion in a variety ­DYWIDAG system it is possible to
of ways suitable for both epoxy coat the entire length of the The most reliable corrosion protection
temporary (<24 months) and bar. Oversized hardware is available for soil nails in permanent applications
permanent (>24 months) applications. to thread over a coating up to 10 mils or for nails used in critical structures
thick. ASTM A-934 is usually purple is to pregrout the nail in corrugated
or gray in color while ASTM A-775 is PVC or HDPE sheathing. The sheathing
green in color. ­provides a watertight barrier. Tests
Bare bar in cement grout have proven that the deformations of
the THREADBAR® limit crack width to
Cement grout alone can be used for 0.1 mm (4mils).
corrosion protection of temporary soil
nails and permanent nails in
non-aggressive ground provided the
­thickness of the grout cover exceeds
1-1/2“ (38 mm). The DYWI® Drill bar
system is ideally suited for temporary
soil nails particularly in non-cohesive
soils.

Sacrificial steel

Steel elements of the soil nail system
can be oversized to allow for loss of
cross sectional area due to corrosion.
The rate of corrosion shall be based on
historical data for ground conditions
with the same or lower level of
­aggressiveness. Additional factors (DCP) protection over epoxy-coated
of safety are recommended.
Hot Dip Galvanizing
Permanent soil nails in non-aggressive
ground can be protected against
­corrosion by hot dip galvanizing in
accordance with ASTM A-153. Hot dip
galvanizing of GR150 bars requires
specialized procedures to avoid
­hydrogen embrittlement.
Epoxy coated DYWIDAG threadbar
DCP threadbar — cross section
Epoxy coated bar
with partial or full DCP
Partial Double Corrosion Protection
bar provides additional protection
in areas considered most corrosive.
A bar that is epoxy coated over its
entire length with a pregrouted plastic
­sheathing is often referred to as a
triple corrosion protected soil nail. This
type of corrosion protection is used in
­extremely aggressive environments.
DCP threadbar — exposed section

Epoxy coating

DYWIDAG soil nails in non aggressive

ground and temporary nails in
­aggressive ground can be protected
against corrosion by epoxy coating in
accordance with ASTM A-934 or
ASTM A-775. Although ASTM A-934
has shown better performance than
A-775 coating, it is not available in
Partial DCP over epoxy coated Epoxy Coated DYWI® Drill Bar
threadbar

7
 Bar Properties

Threadbar®

DYWIDAG THREADBAR® Reinforcing Steel ASTM A615 (Grade 75)

Maximum Yield Stress Cross Section Area Yield Load
THREADBAR®
THREADBAR® Nominal Weight
Designation
Diameter (fy) (As) (fy x As)
[in] [mm] [in] [mm] [ksi] [MPa] [in²] [mm²] [kips] [kN] [lbs/ft] [kg/m]
#6 19 0.86 22 75 517 0.44 284 33.0 147 1.50 2.23
#7 22 0.99 25 75 517 0.60 387 45.0 200 2.04 3.04
#8 25 1.12 28 75 517 0.79 510 59.3 264 2.67 3.97
#9 29 1.26 32 75 517 1.00 645 75.0 334 3.40 5.06
#10 32 1.43 36 75 517 1.27 819 95.3 424 4.30 6.40
#11 36 1.61 41 75 517 1.56 1,006 117.0 520 5.31 7.90
#14 43 1.86 47 75 517 2.25 1,452 168.8 751 7.65 11.38
Note: Maximum test load = 90% of the yield load
Mill length = 60'-0" for #6 through #24 bars and 48'-0" for #28 bars

DYWIDAG THREADBAR® Prestressing Steel ASTM A722 (Grade 150)

Maximum Ultimate Stress Cross Section Area Ultimate Load
THREADBAR®
THREADBAR® Nominal Weight
Designation
Diameter (fu) (As) (fu x As)
[mm] [in] [mm] [ksi] [MPa] [in²] [mm²] [kips] [kN] [lbs/ft] [kg/m]
1" 26 1.20 31 150 1,034 0.85 548 127.5 567 3.01 4.48
1-1/4" 32 1.44 36 150 1,034 1.25 806 187.5 834 4.39 6.53
1-3/8" 36 1.63 41 150 1,034 1.58 1,019 237.0 1,054 5.56 8.27
1-3/4" 46 2.01 51 155 1,069 2.58 1,664 400.0 1,779 9.10 13.54
Note: Maximum test load = 80% of the ultimate load
Mill length = 60'-0" for 1", 1¼" and 1 " bars and 45'-0" for 1¾", 2½" and 3" bars

8
Hardware Properties

B
Anchor Nut H Hex Nut
A B/2 B/2

Bearing Washer

ØC
Wedge Washer Coupler Bevel Washers

ØW ØV

DYWIDAG THREADBAR® Reinforcing Steel ASTM A615 (Grade 75)

Hex Nut Coupler Coupler Maximum Angle Bevel Washer
THREADBAR®
Length Length Outer Diameter Compensation * Diameter
Designation
H B Ø C Ø V
[in] [in] [mm] [in] [mm] [in] [mm] [degrees] [in] [mm]
#6 1.43 36 3.12 79 1.22 31 17 1.78 45
#7 1.71 43 3.73 95 1.41 36 19 2.26 57
#8 1.84 47 4.03 102 1.59 40 17 2.56 65
#9 2.30 58 5.02 128 1.79 46 18 2.88 73
#10 2.56 65 5.70 145 2.02 51 19 3.20 81
#11 2.89 73 6.37 162 2.25 57 18 3.27 83
#14 3.55 90 7.82 199 2.65 67 18 3.25 83
* using two washers in a set. Solutions for large bars and larger angles are available – please consult your local DSI Sales Engineer

DYWIDAG THREADBAR® Prestressing Steel ASTM (Grade 150)

Nut Coupler Coupler Maximum Angle Wedge Washer
THREADBAR®
Length Length Outer Diameter Compensation * Diameter
Designation
A/H B Ø C Ø W
[in] [mm] [in] [mm] [in] [mm] [degrees] [in] [mm]
1" 2.36 / 2.63 60 / 67 6.25 159 2.00 51 20 4.55 116
1-1/4" 3.15 / 2.88 80 / 73 6.75 171 2.38 60 20 4.55 / 5.50 116 / 140
1-3/8" 3.53 / 3.88 90 / 99 8.75 222 2.75 70 20 5.50 140
1-3/4" 3.50 / 3.38 89 / 86 7.75 197 3.25 83 20 7.26 184
* using two washers in a set. Solutions for large bars and larger angles are available – please consult your local DSI Sales Engineer

9
 DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar System

General Notes n Simultaneous Drill and Grout

The DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar System
is a fully threa­ded steel bar which
can be drilled and grouted into loose
or collapsing soils without a casing.
The bar features a ­hollow center for
simultaneous drilling and grouting
and a rope thread for connection to
standard drill tooling.
Manufactured by cold rolling heavy
wall steel tubing, DYWI® Drill
Hollow Bar forms a standard rope
thread profile (R25 - R51, T76 has a
­trapezoidal thread). The ­rolling process
refines the grain ­structure of the steel,
increasing the yield strength and
­producing a durable drill rod suitable
for a range of ­applications.
DYWI® Drill Hollow Bars can be installed
into a variety of different soils and
­ground conditions ranging from sand
and gravel to inconsistent fill, boulders,
­rubble and weathered rock, as well as
through ­foo­tings and base slabs.
Installation Advantages
n Abilityto work with small drill rigs
without casing in narrow spaces
n Similar installation methods for all also for grouting the hole.
ground conditions
Installation
Combines both operations into
a single construction cycle, enabling
high rates of production.
n No Casing Required
Can be installed into loose or
­collapsing soils without the need
for a temporary casing to support
the borehole.
n Rotary Percussive Drilling
Enables quick rates of installation,
good directional stability and assists
in the consolidation of the grout
­within the borehole.
Material Characteristics
n Fully Threaded Rod Sections
Continuous thread ensures that rods
can be cut and coupled at any point.
n Choice of drill bits for different
n Thread Profile ­ground conditions
Standard ISO rope thread (R25-R51)
or trapezoidal thread (T76) produces n Enhanced corrosion protection is
an excellent bond between the bar available upon request
and grout, and enables connection
to conventional drill tooling.
n The hollow core serves for flushing
with air or water during drilling, but

DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar Properties

Average Yield Average Cross Yield Load Ultimate Load

Bar Nominal Outer
Stress Section Area Nominal Weight
Designation Diameter
(fy) (As) (fy x As) (fu)
[in] [mm] [ksi] [MPa] [in²] [mm²] [kips] [kN] [kips] [kN] [lbs/ft] [kg/m]
R25N 1.00 25 75 520 0.45 290 34 150 45.0 200 1.55 2.30
R32N 1.25 32 77 530 0.67 430 52 230 63.0 280 2.28 3.40
R32S 1.25 32 78 540 0.81 520 63 280 81.0 360 2.76 4.10
R38N 1.50 38 75 520 1.19 770 90 400 112.4 500 4.10 6.10
R51L 2.00 51 74 510 1.38 890 101 450 124.0 550 4.70 7.00
T40N 1.57 40 84 577 1.41 910 118 525 148.4 660 4.77 7.10
R51N 2.00 51 86 590 1.66 1,070 142 630 180.0 800 5.64 8.40
T76N 3.00 76 83 570 3.29 2,120 270 1,200 360.0 1,600 11.20 16.70
T76S 3.00 76 80 550 4.26 2,750 337 1,500 427.0 1,900 14.80 22.00
Note: Maximum test load = 100% of the yield load
Standard bar legth is 9'-10", longer length available with special order

10
 hexnut hollow bar coupler cement grout

domed or flat drill bit

bearing plate (various drill bits are available for
different ground conditions)

Bar / Grout bond

DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar Hardware Properties

Hex Nut Coupler Coupler Maximum Angle Bevel Washer

Bar
Length Length Outer Diameter Compensation * Diameter
Designation
H B Ø C Ø V
[in] [mm] [in] [mm] [in] [mm] [degrees] [in] [mm]
R25N 2.44 62 5.91 150 1.46 37 19 2.26 57
R32N 2.56 65 6.30 160 1.65 42 18 2.88 73
R32S 2.56 65 6.30 160 1.65 42 18 2.88 73
R38N 3.15 80 7.09 180 2.01 51 19 3.20 81
R51L 3.54 90 7.87 200 2.48 63
T40N 2.68 68 6.30 160 2.24 57 18 3.27 83
R51N 3.54 90 7.87 200 2.48 63
T76N 3.15 80 8.66 220 3.82 97
T76S 3.15 80 8.66 220 3.82 97
* using two washers in a set. Solutions for large bars and larger angles are available – please consult your local DSI Sales Engineer

11
Anchorage System and Centralizers

Bearing Plate Assembly

Bearing plates are available in

any size with or without welded
­concrete anchors (studs).

ASTM A36 and ASTM A572 grade 50

steel material are used for the bearing
plates, stud materials conform ­generally
to ASTM A108.

One or two beveled washers are used

typically to adjust to the soil nail angle. DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar Anchorage
Threadbar Anchorage with studs without studs

Centralizers

Centralizers made from PVC are

­available for all hole ­diameters and
nail configurations. They are used
mostly with threadbar soil nail.

DYWI® Drill Centralizer and Drill Bit

Wall Forming with

DYWIDAG Soil Nails

When your project requires a cast-

in-place wall in front of the complete
soil nailed wall, DSI offers a variety of
methods to use the existing soil nails
as a means of vertical form support.
Reusable she-bolts are available
for some of the more common
­THREADBAR® sizes (see the detail
to the right)

For any DYWIDAG Soil Nail, a coupler

with an extension bar provides a simple
and effective means of transferring
form loads to the nails. A sleeve over
the bar allows for multiple reuse of the
­extension bar and anchorage.

12
Soil Nail Testing

Soil nail testing is performed to

­establish the bond stress within the
stable zone of a slope. Typically no
more than 5% of the nails are selected
for testing. Nails are incrementally
loaded during testing.

Tests performed, can include:

n Ultimate tests (sacrificial) where nails
are tested until failure occurs.

n Proof tests can be performed on

sacrificial or production nails.

n Creep tests are generally conducted

during proof or sacrificial testing.
Acceptance criteria should be based
on allowable movements of the wall
over its life span.

n Since hollow bar nails are fully n Test load is measured with a DSI Testing Equipment
­ routed it is necessary to establish
g ­ ressure gauge incorporated in
p DSI Jack/chair assembly ­calibrated
the ­influence of the wedge zone the hydraulic jacking system. Nail with the pressure gauge are available
bond on the total load. This ­movement is ­recorded by a dial for all THREADBAR® and DYWI® Drill
will determine a more accurate gauge mounted on an independent Hollow Bar sizes.
­assessment of the test load in stand.
­relation to bond length.

primary shotcrete
test frame layer
test soil nail

jack test s
dial gauge fill ho oil na
le il leng
supported on testin with th
g for g rout,
independent prod after
uctio
stand n nail
s
bond
ed le
ngth

block out in
shotcrete

excavation face
initial grout
diam ole
eter
dh
drille

13
 References
Stanley Hall Replacement, U.C. Berkeley, CA

Owner University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA +++ Engineer Pirooz Barrar & Associates (PB&A, Inc.), San Anselmo, CA, USA +++
i General Contractor McCarthy Construction, Los Angeles, CA, USA +++ Sub Contractor and Soil Nail Installer Drill Tech Drilling and
Shoring, Antioch, CA, USA
DSI Scope Supply of 1,545 assemblies (200 t) of DYWIDAG 11/4“ Threadbar® grade 150 Soil Nails with DCP

Reno ReTRAC (Reno Transportation Rail Access Corridor), Reno, NV

Owner City of Reno, Nevada, NV, USA +++ General Contractor Granite Construction, CA, USA +++ Design Team Leader Parsons,
i CA, USA +++ Project Management Jacobs Engineering Group, CA, USA +++ SubContractor (Shoring Contractor) Schnabel Foundation
Co., CA, USA
DSI Scope Supply of more than 8,000 R38 DYWI® Drill Hollow Bars supporting 180,000 SF of soil nail wall

14
References

Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, Ontario, Canada

Shotcrete wall with DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar

Owner Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, Ontario, Canada +++ General Contractor Bondfield Construction, Concord, Ontario, Canada
i +++ Consulting Engineers Carruthers & Wallace Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada +++ Contractor for foundations HC Matcon Inc., Ayr,
Ontario, Canada +++ Engineer for foundations Isherwood Associates Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
DSI Scope Supply of 40,000 ft DYWI Drill® Hollow Bar Soil Nails for the shotcrete wall

Additional Geotechnical Products from DSI

DYWIDAG Bar Anchor Systems ..................................................................

DYWIDAG Driven Ductile Iron Pile ..............................................................

DYWIDAG Micropiles ..................................................................................

DYWI® Drill Hollow Bar Systems ................................................................

DYWIDAG Strand Anchor Systems ............................................................

DYNA Force Elasto Magnetic Sensor .........................................................

15
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