Android Important Questions-Studyopedia

ANDROID PROGRAMMING (2180715)
INTERVIEW-ORIENTED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Ques 1 – What is Android? What is its latest release?
Android is the World’s most popular Operating System owned by Google for smartphones and
tablet. The first beta version of the Android SDK was released by Google in 2007. However, the
first commercial version was released in 2008 and the name was given Android 1.0.
The latest release of Android is Android ‘P’ i.e. version 10. Android 10 launched on September 3,
2019. It released in the preliminary name Android Q.
Android is an Open Source mobile OS for smartphones and tablet. It is used widely on
smartphones. Android has Widgets to get information at a glance, you definitely don’t want an
application to be click and load. For that, Android comes with Widgets, to display weather,
calendar, live news, score updates on the right – home screen.
Google search with voice-based features came with the initial release of Android. Just “OK
Google”. Voice Access feature introduced in 2018 for accessibility i.e. allowing users to control
your device with spoken commands.
Easily move to another task while working on a task in Android. You can run more than one
application at once.
The latest mobile screens have a support with the introduction of Android 9. The DisplayCutout
class allow you to get the location and shape of the areas where content shouldn’t be made
visible.
In the recent Android release, you can now display images in Messaging Notifications on phones.
For displaying message with images, use the setData() method. It also came with the
ImageDecoder class to provide a modernized approach for decoding images.
Now, you can also work with machine learning on Android. Neural Networks API introduced in
Android 8.1 to quicken on-device machine learning on Android. The API enhanced in Android 9.
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Ques 2 – What are the core building blocks of Android?
The core building blocks of Android include activities, views, intents, fragments, service,
AndroidManifest.xml, etc. Let us see them one by one.
Activity
Android program begins with an Activity. It is a single screen, wherein you can place components
or widgets.
View
View objects are User Interface elements in Android that responds to the user’s actions.
For examples: Button, CheckBox, AutoCompleteTextView, RadioButton, etc.
Content Providers
The Content Provider share data between applications. It is implemented as a subclass of
ContentProvider class. The data can be stored in files, database, network, etc.
Service
Service perform long-running operations. It is a background process, therefore the operations run
in the background.
Intent
Intent is used in Android to communicate between components. It is a messaging object to pass
message between activities, content providers, etc. The startActivity is used with Intent to launch
an Activity.
The Intents are used for Starting a service, launching an activity, displaying list of contacts, phone
calls, connecting another activity, etc.
AndroidManifest.xml
AndroidManifest.xml has key information about the Android app and it is the root of the project
source set.
Android Virtual Device (AVD)
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The Android Virtual Device (AVD) provides a device specific environment to install and run
Android apps. The environment defines the features of Android Tablet, Phone, Android TV, etc.
The same is displayed in the Emulator, for example, Google Nexus set as AVD. Simulate the
same in the Emulator.
The “AVD Manager” is a part of the Android Studio that assists in creating and managing the
Android Virtual Devices.
Ques 3 – What are the characteristics of Android?
Android is an OS owned by Google for smartphones and tablet. The first beta version of the
Android SDK was released by Google in 2007. However, the first commercial version was
released in 2008 and the name was given Android 1.0.
The following are the characteristics:
Built-in infrared transmitter
Using the built-in infrared transmitter, you can easily use phone or tablet as remote control.
Widget
To get information at a glance, you definitely don’t want an app to be click and load. For that,
Android comes with Widgets, to display weather, calendar, live news, score updates on the right –
home screen. These widgets are resizable.
Google search through Voice
Google”.
Voice Access feature introduced in 2018 for accessibility i.e. allowing users to control your device
with spoken commands.
Multi-tasking
Easily move to another task while working on a task. You can run more than one application at
once.
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Alternate Keyboards
Android supports multiple keyboards. These keyboards you can easily install like SwiftKey.
SwiftKey’s artificial intelligence predict the next word the user intends to type.
Multi-touch gestures
A multi-touch gesture features works great in Android. This gesture occurs when multiple finger
touch the screen at the same time. Some of the touch events generated by Android are:
ACTION_DOWN for the 1st pointer touching the screen, ACTION_UP when the last pointer leaves
the screen.
Storage
Android has built-in SQLite database implementation. SQLite is an open source relational
database.
Ques 4. What are the features Android 10 (Android Q)?
Android 10 is the latest version of Android, released September 3 rd, 2019. Following are some of
the awesome features introduced with Android 10:

 Live Caption to caption videos, podcasts, and audio messages
 Recommended actions with Smart Reply
 Hearing aid support for calls and streaming media with Android 10
 Longer battery life with Android Dark Theme
 More control over privacy for data sharing on your device
 Set screen time limits, view app activity, manage apps and restriction content for kids.
 Faster & regular security updates
 “Emergency Location Services” can send improved location directly from Android devices to
emergency services on placing an emergency call.
 On detecting debris or moisture in USB port, the accessories functioning will stop and a notification
will be sent to the user for the same.
 65 new emojis, with emoji like haircut, weightlifting, etc.
 With Android 10, share Wi-Fi details with guests with a QR code and still keep the password secure.
 Sound Amplifier to boost sound, filter background noise, and fine tune
 Smoother and quicker Gestures
 Focus Mode (Beta) would allow you to select apps to pause temporarily.
 Android Auto without using an app with Android 10.
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Ques 5 – What are the disadvantages of Android?
Android is an open source mobile Operating System. The first beta version of the Android SDK
was released by Google in 2007. However, the first commercial version was released in 2008 and
the name was given Android 1.0.
The latest release of Android is Android ‘P’ i.e. version 9
The Android OS have some disadvantages:
Multiple Applications
When multiple applications are open in Android, then the rate of battery consumption is high.
Apps on Google Play Store
Some apps on the Play Store aren’t compatible with all the functionalities. This may lead to app
crashes. A new Android release on your phone may lead to the functionalities of some of the apps
to stop working, since these apps were compatible with previous versions.
Malware
Mobile-specific malware are being designed to attack smartphones and vulnerabilities are
emerging. This leads to data safety issues for some users whose mobile get attacked by these
Malwares.
Fragmentation
Not all Android phones and apps adapt to the new version of the OS. This is due to the reason
whey Android mobile OS is fragmented.
Ques 6 – Why do we use Android Toast?
With Toast in Android, user can display a notification for a short period time.
Note: Toast doesn’t block the user’s interaction with the app. Current activity also remains visible.
An example would be on click of a button to begin an Android game, a Toast saying “Loading….”
Visible below.
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The difference between a Notification and Toast is that with a Notification you can get a user
response for the message.
Let us understand it more with the help of an example:
1 Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Loading…!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
Or you can also write the above as:
1 CharSequence msg = "A toast!";
2 int toast_duration = Toast.LENGTH_SHORT;
3
4 val myToast = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext, msg, toast_duration);
5 myToast.show();
Above, we have instantiated Toast object with the makeText(ApplicationContext, Toast_Duration,
Msg) methods.
The Toast method has the following three parameters:
 Application Context: We use getApplicationContext, which returns the context of the single, global
Application object of the current process.
 Toast_Duration: Toast.LENGTH_SHORT or Toast.LENGTH_LONG
 Msg: The message to be displayed in the Toast.
If you do not want to position the toast in the bottom (centered horizontally), then use the
setGravity(int, int, int) method to change the position.A standard toast notification appears near the
bottom of the screen, centered horizontally. You can change this position with the setGravity(int,
int, int) method.
Let us see the parameters of the setGravity(int, int, int) method:
 Gravity constant
 x-position offset
 y-position offset
To set the position of the Toast to the top-right corner:
1 toast.setGravity(Gravity.TOP|Gravity.RIGHT, 0, 0);
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Ques 7 – Why do we use Emulator within Android?
If you want to test your application on a device, without physically having it, then use the Emulator.
You can select the version on which you want to test your app using it.
The following are the benefits:
Set Android Versions/ API levels
With Emulator, you can see easily the Android version and API levels you want for your Android
Virtual Device. This AVD tests your app without the need of a physical device.
Simulate Phone calls and Messages
With an Emulator, you can easily send phone calls and SMS without needing an Android phone.
Connect Emulator from telnet for phone class.
Emulate Battery
The emulator allows a developer to check the effect of background apps on battery so that an app
is developed keeping in mind all these points.
Transfer Files
Using DDMS in Android Studio, easily transfer files into the emulator for testing purposes.
Emulate location
With Android Emulator, you can emulate the location as well. Get the Latitude, Longitude, Altitude,
etc. for any location without the need of a physical device to test.
Emulate Fingerprint
Nowadays, fingerprint scanner can be found in Android phone. You can also emulate that using
the Emulator.
Ques 8 – What is an Activity in Android? What is its lifecycle?
or widgets.
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The Android lifecycle begins with the onCreate() method:
Image Source: developer.android.com
During the Android Activity Life Cycle, the following callback methods are used:
onCreate()
The callback method onCreate() is called when the activity first gets creates.
onStart()
The callback method onStart() is called when the activity is visible to the user.
onResume()
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The callback method onResume() is called after onRestoreInstanceState(), onRestart(), or
onPause(), so that the activity to begin interacting with the user.
onPause()
The callback method onPause() is called when an activity is going into the background and is
paused.
onStop()
The callback method onStop() is called when the activity is no longer visible to the user.
onRestart()
The callback method onRestart() is called when an activity restarts after stopping.
onDestroy()
The callback method onDestroy() is called before the activity is destroyed.
Ques 9 – What is the need of AndroidManifest.xml in Android?
source set.
The following are the elements of the AndroidManifest.xml file:
Package Name
The AndroidManifest.xml would definitely have the app’s package name. This is visible at the top:
1 <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
2
3 package="com.studyopedia.exampleapplication">
Activities
The Manifest file defines all the activities, services, broadcast receivers, etc.
1 <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
2 <intent-filter>
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3 <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
4
5 <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
6 </intent-filter>
7 </activity>
It also sets other activities and class files, for example:
1 <activity android:name=".Numbers_Intro"></activity>
2 <activity android:name=".NumbersLearn"></activity>
3 <activity android:name=".NumbersWrite"></activity>
4
5 <activity android:name=".Shapes_Intro"></activity>
6 <activity android:name=".ShapesLearn"></activity>
7 <activity android:name=".ShapesWrite"></activity>
Permissions
The Manifest file also has information about the permissions you may have set to access different
features, for example, storage, audio, etc.
For example, the permission to set for accessing audio:
1 <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
Intents
The <Intent-Filter> elements are included in the Manifest file to specify the type of intents that an
activity, service, or broadcast receiver can respond to.
An example:
1 <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
2 <intent-filter>
3 <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
4 <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
5 </intent-filter>
6 </activity>
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Ques 10 – What is an ADB in Android?
ADB is Android Debug Bridge, which is a command-line tool to communicate with a device. You
get access to a UNIX shell with a variety of commands using the ADB command. Installing and
debugging apps also comes under ADB. You can also use adb with a device connected over USB.
Here are some of the ADB commands:
 -a: Listen on all network interfaces instead of only on localhost.

 -d: Direct an adb command to the only attached USB device. Returns an error when more than one
USB device is attached.
 -e: Direct an adb command to the only running emulator. Returns an error when more than one
emulator is running.
 Help: Display a list of supported adb commands and their descriptions.
 Version: Display the adb version number.
 start-server: Check whether the adb server process is running.
 kill-server: Terminate the adb server process.
 Root: Restart adb with root permissions.
 Unroot: Restart adb without root permissions.
The following are the components of ADB:
 Client: Client runs on the development machine. Invoke it using the abd command.
 Daemon: It runs as a background process.
 Server: The server manages communication between the client and the daemon.
Ques 11 – What are Fragments in Android?
The concept of Fragments introduced in Android 3.0 (API level 11), for dynamic designs to be
implemented primarily on tablets (large screens).
You can add more than one fragment in an activity. Create fragments by extending Fragment
class. Fragments can also be considered as a “sub activity” that can be reused in different
activities. We can add or remove even when the activity is running. A fragment has its own
lifecycle.
To create a fragment, extend the Fragment. Use the onCreateView() callback method to define the
layout.
Before fragments, only a single activity was allowed on the screen at a time. This was a limitation
for developers since they were unable to customize the screen i.e. dividing the screen to give
more flexibility to the sub-parts of the screen.

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Fragments came to the rescue and now you can easily divide a screen in multiple fragments and
control the separately according to the need of the clients. It removed the limitation of having a
single activity on the screen at a time.
Ques 12 – Fragment Life Cycle in Android?
A subclass of fragment is to be created to create a new Fragment. The callback methods in the
activity lifecycle are similar to fragment callbacks.
The life cycle of Fragment:
Image Source: developer.android

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The following are the lifecycle methods of Fragments:
 onAttach(Activity)
Called only once when it is attached with activity.
 onCreate(Bundle)
Initializes the fragment.
 onCreateView(LayoutInflater, ViewGroup, Bundle)
Creates and returns view hierarchy. Null is returned if UI is not provided by the fragment.
 onActivityCreated(Bundle)
It is invoked after the completion of onCreate() method. Now, view can be accessed with the findViewById()
method.
 onViewStateRestored(Bundle)
It provides information to the fragment that all the saved state of fragment view hierarchy has been
restored.
 onStart()
Called when the fragment is visible.
 onResume()
Fragment is active.
 onPause()
Called when fragment is no longer interactive i.e. user is leaving the fragment.
 onStop()
Called when fragment is no longer visible.
 onDestroyView()
Allows the fragment to clean up resources.
 onDestroy()
Allows the fragment to do final clean-up of fragment state.
 onDetach()
Called immediately prior to the fragment no longer being associated with its activity.
Ques 13 – What are Explicit Intents in Android?
The Explicit Intent allows users to connect one activity to another. It is for an application to launch
various internal activities.
The following is an example that connects the current activity to next activity Demo.class:
1 Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),Demo.class);
It sets a component via setComponent(ComponentName) or setClass(Context, Class)
Let’s see an example:
We have an activity “MainActivity.java”. In that, we have a button. On click of button, we will reach
reach the next activity i.e. “DemoActivity. Java” using Explicit Intent.
For that, you can write the following code in “MainActivity.java”:
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1 public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
2
3 EditText eText;
4 Button btnSubmit;
5 String name;
6
7 @Override
8 protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
9
10 super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
11 setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
12
13 eText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText);
14 btn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
15
16 btn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
17
18 @Override
19 public void onClick(View v) {
20 Intent ob = new Intent(MainActivity.this,DemoActivity.class);
21 startActivity(ob);
22 }
23 });
24 }
25 }
Ques 14 – Why Implicit Intent used in Android
The Implicit Intent define the action to be performed for different activities. These Intents do not
specify a component i.e. the field for component has nothing.
The following is an example:
1 Intent i = new Intent();
2 i.setAction(Intent.ACTION_SEND);
Let us see an example of Implicit Intent wherein we will display a web page:
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activity_main.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
2 <android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
3 xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
4 xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
5 android:layout_width="match_parent"
6 android:layout_height="match_parent"
7 tools:context="demo.com.studyopediaimplicitintent.MainActivity">
8
9 <EditText
10 android:id="@+id/editText"
11 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
12 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
13 android:layout_marginEnd="10dp"
14 android:layout_marginStart="10dp"
15 android:layout_marginTop="65dp"
16 android:ems="10"
17 app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
18 app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.575"
19 app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
20 app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
21
22 <Button
23 android:id="@+id/button"
26 android:layout_marginRight="10dp"
27 android:layout_marginLeft="150dp"
28 android:layout_marginTop="180dp"
29 android:text="URL"
30 app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
31 app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
32 app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
33 app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/editText" />
34
35 </android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>
MainActivity.java
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1 package demo.com.studyopediaimplicitintent;
2
3 import android.content.Intent;
4 import android.net.Uri;
5 import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
6 import android.os.Bundle;
7 import android.view.View;
8 import android.widget.Button;
9 import android.widget.EditText;
10
12
13 Button btn;
14 EditText editText;
15
16 @Override
20 btn = findViewById(R.id.button);
21 eText = findViewById(R.id.editText);
22
23 button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
24
25 @Override
26 public void onClick(View view) {
27 String myURL = eText.getText().toString();
28 Intent i = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(myURL));
29 startActivity(i);
30 }
31 });
32 }
33 }
On running the above code, you can see an EditText wherein you can add the URL. On clicking
the button, the same URL will open.
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Ques 15 – What were the features introduced in Android 9 (Pi)?
Following were the features introduced in Android 9:
Cutout Support
The latest mobile screens have a support with the introduction if Android 9. The DisplayCutout
visible.
Images Support
With Android 9, you can now display images in Messaging Notifications on phones. For displaying
message with images, use the setData() method.
Decoding Images
Android 9 came with the ImageDecoder class to provide a modernized approach for decoding
images.
Animation
The AnimatedImageDrawable class introduced in Android 9 and allow developers to draw and
display GIF and WebP animated images.
HDR-enabled Movies
Now, Android has built-in support for High Dynamic Range (HDR) VP9 Profile 2. This helps to
deliver HDR-enabled movies from YouTube, Play Movies, etc on HDR-capable devices.
Support for Machine Learning
Neural Networks API introduced in Android 8.1 to quicken on-device machine learning on Android.
The API enhanced in Android 9.
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Ques 16 – What are the Dialog Boxes supported in Android?
If you want to display a small window to the users to take a decision or add information, then use
the dialogs in Android. The Dialog class is provided by Android to create a dialog box. The
following subclasses of Dialog Box is used:
AlertDialog
It is a dialog that asks users to take decision between yes or no in response of any particular
action taken before.
DatePickerDialog
Allows user to select date.
TimePickerDialog
Allows users to select time.
Let us see how to create an Alert Dialog.
Step1: First create an object:
1 AlertDialog.Builder dialogBuilder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
Step2: Now set the positive button in the Alert Dialog:
1 dialogBuilder.setPositiveButton(CharSequence text,
2
3 DialogInterface.OnClickListener listener)
Step3: Now set the negative button in the Alert Dialog:

1 dialogBuilder.setNegativeButton(CharSequence text,
2
3 DialogInterface.OnClickListener listener)
Step4: Now, use the create() method to create an alert box:

1 AlertDialog dialog = dialogBuilder.create();
2 dialog.show();
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Ques 17 – What is an AVD?
The Android Virtual Device (AVD) provides a device specific environment to install and run
Android apps. The environment defines the features of Android Tablet, Phone, Android TV, etc.
The same is displayed in the Emulator, for example, Google Nexus set as AVD. Simulate the
same in the Emulator.
The “AVD Manager” is a part of the Android Studio that assists in creating and managing the
Android Virtual Devices. Follow the below steps to open AVD Manager and create an AVD:
Step 1: Open Android Studio, go to Tools > Android > AVD Manager
Step 2: Click “Create Virtual Device” as shown above to create a new virtual device.
Step 3: You will reach the “Select Hardware and Device Definitions” section for the AVD.
Select the category and the screen size. Click “Next”.
Step 4: Select the “System Image” and Download.
Ques 18 – List some of the Android Studio IDE shortcuts
The keyboard shortcuts are quite useful for any IDE whether it’s Eclipse or Android Studio. Let us
see some of the useful keyboard shortcuts that could help developers in using the IDE:
Usage Shortcut Key on Windows Shortcut Key on Mac
Maximize/minimize editor Control + Shift + F12 Control + Command + F12

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Usage Shortcut Key on Windows Shortcut Key on Mac
Save ALL Control + S Command + S
Find Control + F Command + F
Find next F3 Command + G
Find previous Shift + F3 Command + Shift + G
Replace Control + R Command + R
Go to line Control + G Command + L
Override methods Control + O Control + O
Implement methods Control + I Control + I
Rename Shift + F6 Shift + F6
Extract method Control + Alt + M Command + Option + M
Extract variable Control + Alt + V Command + Option + V
Extract field Control + Alt + F Command + Option + F
Extract constant Control + Alt + C Command + Option + C
Extract parameter Control + Alt + P Command + Option + P
Ques 19 – What is ViewGroup in Android?
The view group is the base class for layouts and views containers. These layouts include the UI
Layouts in Android i.e. LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, etc.
A ViewGroup is a view under which the layouts and views are set. It defines the
ViewGroup.LayoutParams class. The ViewGroup.LayoutParams serves as the base class for
layouts parameters.
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Here are some of the methods of the ViewGroup class beneficial while creating a view:
Show entries
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ViewGroup Method Description
addView(View child) The method adds a child view
addView(View child, int width, int The method a child view with ViewGroup's default layout parameters
height) and the specified width and height.
clearChildFocus(View child) The method is called when a child of this parent is giving up focus
clearDisappearingChildren() The method removes any pending animations for removed views.
Showing 1 to 10 of 17 entries
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Ques 20 – Role of drawable folder in Android
A Drawable is for the graphic to be drawn on the screen. You can view the Drawable folders in the
Android project directory. It is placed in the following folder:
1 res/drawable
Following are the types of Drawable:
Bitmap File
Bitmap graphic file includes .png, .jpg, or .gif.
Nine-Patch File
A PNG file with stretchable regions to allow image resizing based on content i.e. 9.png.
Layer List
A Drawable that manages an array of other Drawables. These are drawn in array order, so the
element with the largest index is be drawn on top.
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State List
References different bitmap graphics for different states, An example can be to use a different
image when a button is pressed. It is an XML file.
Level List
Defines a drawable that manages a number of alternate Drawables, each assigned a maximum
numerical value. It is an XML file.
Transition Drawable
Defines a drawable that can cross-fade between two drawable resources. It is an XML file.
Inset Drawable
An XML file that defines a drawable that insets another drawable by a specified distance. This is
useful when a View needs a background drawable that is smaller than the View’s actual bounds.
Clip Drawable
A drawable that clips another Drawable based on this Drawable’s current level value. It is an XML
file.
Scale Drawable
A drawable that changes the size of another Drawable based on its current level value. It is an
XML file.
Shape Drawable
Defines a geometric shape, including colors and gradients. It is an XML file.
Ques 21 – View vs ViewGroup in Android
View
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ViewGroup
The view group is the base class for layouts and views containers. These layouts include the UI
Let us see the differences:
The subclass of View is ViewGroup. ViewGroup is an object that holds other View
A ViewGroup is a view under which the layouts and views are set. It defines the
ViewGroup.LayoutParams class. The ViewGroup.LayoutParams serves as the base class for
layouts parameters.
An example to state the difference further is that LinearLayout has Button, and other Layouts.
LinearLayout is a ViewGroup and Button is a View.
Ques 22 – What are the different Layouts in Android?
The following are the layouts in Android:
 Linear Layout
 Relative Layout
Linear Layout
The Linear Layout arranges views horizontally or vertically. For this, set the following under linear
layout:
For Horizontal (single column):
1 android:orientation="horizontal"
For Vertical (single row):
1 android:orientation="vertical"
The following are some of the useful methods that helps in working with LinearLayout:
 getGravity(): Get the current gravity.

 getOrientation(): Get the current orientation.
 setDividerPadding(int padding): Set padding displayed on both ends of dividers.
 setGravity(int gravity): Describes how the child views are positioned.
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Relative Layout
Specify the position of child views relative to each other or parent. The following are some of the
constants of RelativeLayout:
 ALIGN_BASELINE: Aligns a child’s baseline with another child’s baseline.

 ALIGN_BOTTOM: Aligns a child’s bottom edge with another child’s bottom edge.
 ALIGN_END: Aligns a child’s end edge with another child’s end edge.
 ALIGN_LEFT: Aligns a child’s left edge with another child’s left edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_BOTTOM: Aligns the child’s bottom edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s bottom
edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_END: Aligns the child’s end edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s end edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_LEFT: Aligns the child’s left edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s left edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_RIGHT: Aligns the child’s right edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s right edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_START: Aligns the child’s start edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s start edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_TOP: Aligns the child’s top edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s top edge.
 ALIGN_RIGHT: Aligns a child’s right edge with another child’s right edge.
 ALIGN_START: Aligns a child’s start edge with another child’s start edge.
 ALIGN_TOP: Aligns a child’s top edge with another child’s top edge.
 BELOW: Aligns a child’s top edge with another child’s bottom edge.
 CENTER_HORIZONTAL: Rule that centers the child horizontally with respect to the bounds of its
RelativeLayout parent.
 CENTER_IN_PARENT: Rule that centers the child with respect to the bounds of its RelativeLayout
parent.
Ques 23 – What are Margins in Android Layout
Margins
Margin is outside the View. View here can be a EditText, Button, etc.
To add right margin i.e. extra space on the right side of the view, use the following attribute:
1 android:layout_marginEnd = "50dp"
To add left margin i.e. extra space on the left side of the view, use the following attribute:
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1 android:layout_marginStart = "50dp"
To add top margin i.e. extra space on the top side of the view, use the following attribute:
1 android:layout_marginTop = “50dp"
To add bottom margin i.e. extra space on the bottom side of the view, use the following attribute:
1 android:layout_marginBottom = “50dp"
Ques 24 – Which Android Layout arranges its children into rows and
columns?
The TableLayout allow its children to be arrange into rows and columns. The layout will have a
number of TableRow object, each of them defines a row.
The following are the attributes of the TableLayout:
 android:collapseColumns: The zero-based index of the columns to collapse.

 android:shrinkColumns: The zero-based index of the columns to shrink.
 android:stretchColumns: The zero-based index of the columns to stretch.
The structure of a Table Layout:
1 <TableLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
2 android:layout_width="fill_parent"
3 android:layout_height="fill_parent">
4
5 <TableRow
8
9 <TextView
10 ...
11 />
12 <TextView
13 ...
14 />
15
16 </TableRow>
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17 <TableRow>
18 <TextView
19 ...
20 />
21 <EditText
22 ...
23 />
24 </TableRow>
25 <TableRow
28
29 <Button
30 ...
31 />
32
33 </TableRow>
34 </TableLayout>
Ques 25 – Why Android is widely used?
Android is an Open Source mobile OS for smartphones and tablet. It is used widely on
smartphones. Android has Widgets to get information at a glance, you definitely don’t want an
application to be click and load. For that, Android comes with Widgets, to display weather,
calendar, live news, score updates on the right – home screen.
Google”. Voice Access feature introduced in 2018 for accessibility i.e. allowing users to control
your device with spoken commands.
Easily move to another task while working on a task in Android. You can run more than one
application at once.
The latest mobile screens have a support with the introduction of Android 9. The DisplayCutout
visible.
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In the recent Android release, you can now display images in Messaging Notifications on phones.
For displaying message with images, use the setData() method. It also came with the
ImageDecoder class to provide a modernized approach for decoding images.
Now, you can also work with machine learning on Android. Neural Networks API introduced in
Android 8.1 to quicken on-device machine learning on Android. The API enhanced in Android 9.
Ques 26 – Why Gradle is used in Android Studio?
Set custom build configurations in Android with Gradle. To generate an apk, the role of Gradle is
quite important. Android Gradle gathers the source files and converts them into a file, which we
call apk. The apk is the file which is used to upload an Android app on the Google Play Store.
Whenever you create an Android app, on the left, you can see the following “Gradle Scripts”
section. Under that you can see two Gradle i.e. Gradle (Project) and Gradle (Module):
Build Gradle – Project
The build.gradle (project) define the build configuration applies to the modules of the project. As
you can see in the below screenshot, it includes:
 Buildscript: Configure the repositories and dependencies for Gradle.

 Allprojects: configure the third-party plugins or libraries
 Task Clean: Every time a user runs the project, this deletes the directory to get a completely fresh
directory.
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Build Gradle – Module
In this, the SDK versions are declared. It includes other blocks as well as shown below:
 android: Define the API level of the app here.

 defaultConfig: This displays the application id, minim API level to run the app, API level to test the
app, etc.
 buildTypes(release): For release
 dependencies: Includes the dependencies to build the project
The following screenshot displays the same:
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Ques 27 – When and why Fragments were introduced in Android?
The concept of Fragments introduced in Android 3.0 (API level 11), for dynamic designs to be
implemented primarily on tablets (large screens).
Before fragments, only a single activity was allowed on the screen at a time. This was a limitation
for developers since they were unable to customize the screen i.e. dividing the screen to give
more flexibility to the sub-parts of the screen.
Fragments came to the rescue and now you can easily divide a screen in multiple fragments and
control the separately according to the need of the clients. It removed the limitation of having a
single activity on the screen at a time.
You can add more than one fragment in an activity. Create fragments by extending Fragment
class. Fragments can also be considered as a “sub activity” that can be reused in different
activities. We can add or remove even when the activity is running. A fragment has its own
lifecycle.
Ques 28 – What are XML Parsers in Android?
XML defines a rule for encoding documents. In Android, we can easily parse XML data and use
whatever data we want.
The following are the types of XML Parsers in Android:
 DOM
 SAX, and
 XMLPullParser
Let us see how the parsers work:
Analyzing
Work on the XML and find out the fields from which you want the parser to extract data.
Instantiation
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A parser is initialized with InputStream as input. The parsing process begins with a call to
nextTag() and invokes the readFeed() method. The parser is instantiated to extract and process
the data.
Processing
The processing of feed is done using the readFeed() method. It returns a list of entries extracted
from the feed.
Ques 29 – What is a Pending Intent?
PendingIntent is a reference to a token. It is like telling the foreign application to execute some
predefined code and act on behalf of the application using the listed permissions of your
application. This foreign application include NotificationManager , AlarmManager, Camera, etc.
The following are the constants available for PendingIntent:
 FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT: Flag indicating that if the described PendingIntent already exists, the
current one should be canceled before generating a new one.
 FLAG_IMMUTABLE: Flag indicating that the created PendingIntent should be immutable.
 FLAG_NO_CREATE: Flag indicating that if the described PendingIntent does not already exist, then
simply return null instead of creating it.
 FLAG_ONE_SHOT: Flag indicating that this PendingIntent can be used only once.
 FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT: Flag indicating that if the described PendingIntent already exists, then
keep it but replace its extra data with what is in this new Intent.
Ques 30 – What is Gravity in Android?
Gravity in Android sets how an object is placed in a container. The android:gravity attribute places
an object in a large container. The Gravity sets the gravity of the content of the View (Button,
EditText, TextView, etc) it’s used on.
To place the object property, the following are the constant provided by Android for Gravity:
 BOTTOM: Push object to the bottom of its container, not changing its size.
 CENTER: Place the object in the center of its container in both the vertical and horizontal axis, not
changing its size.
 CENTER_HORIZONTAL: Place object in the horizontal center of its container, not changing its size.
 CENTER_VERTICAL: Place object in the vertical center of its container, not changing its size.
 CLIP_HORIZONTAL: Flag to clip the edges of the object to its container along the horizontal axis.
 CLIP_VERTICAL: Flag to clip the edges of the object to its container along the vertical axis.
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 DISPLAY_CLIP_HORIZONTAL: Special constant to enable clipping to an overall display along the
horizontal dimension.
 DISPLAY_CLIP_VERTICAL: Special constant to enable clipping to an overall display along the
vertical dimension.
 END: Push object to x-axis position at the end of its container, not changing its size.
 FILL: Grow the horizontal and vertical size of the object if needed so it completely fills its container.
 FILL_HORIZONTAL: Grow the horizontal size of the object if needed so it completely fills its
container.
 RIGHT: Push object to the right of its container, not changing its size.
 START: Push object to x-axis position at the start of its container, not changing its size.
 TOP: Push object to the top of its container, not changing its size.
Let us see an example:
1 <LinearLayout
4 android:gravity="center_vertical"
5 android:orientation="vertical" >
6 <EditText
7 android:id="@+id/edittext"
10 android:layout_margin="20dp"
11 android:hint="Rank..." >
12
13 <requestFocus />
14 </EditText>
15 </LinearLayout>
Above, we have set the gravity to center_vertical.
Ques 31 – Which class is available in Android to record audio or

video?
The MediaRecorder class is used in Android to record audio or video. Before implementing the
class to record audio or video, let us see the methods:
 setAudioSource(): The source of audio to be recorded.

 setVideoSource(): The source of video to be recorded
 setOutputFormat(): The audio format in which audio to be stored
 setAudioEncoder(): The audio encoder to be used
 setOutputFile(): Configures the path to the file into which the recorded audio is to be stored.
 stop(): Stops the recording process.
 release(): This method should be called when the recorder instance is needed.
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Firstly, create an instance of MediaRecorder class:
1 MediaRecorder myAudioRecorder = new MediaRecorder();
Now, set the audio source:
1 myAudioRecorder.setAudioSource(MediaRecorder.AudioSource.MIC);
The Output Format is to be set:
1 myAudioRecorder.setOutputFormat(MediaRecorder.OutputFormat.THREE_GPP);
The above set output formats can be any of the following based on what user needs:
 AMR_NB: AMR NB file format

 AMR_WB: AMR WB file format
 MPEG_2_TS: H.264/AAC data encapsulated in MPEG2/TS
 MPEG_4: MPEG4 media file format
 THREE_GPP: 3GPP media file format
Set the encoder:
1 myAudioRecorder.setAudioEncoder(MediaRecorder.OutputFormat.AMR_NB);
Ques 32 – How to get information of all the networks in Android?
The getAllNetworkInfo() method is used in Android to get information of all the networks. Here’s
how you can set it:
1 NetworkInfo[] netList = check.getAllNetworkInfo();
Ques 33 – How to control ringer volume in an Android app?
To control ringer volume in Android app, you can use the AudioManager class. The ringer profile
includes the modes silent, vibrate, etc. modes. The AudioManager class allow you to work with
these controls.
Here are the modes:
Mode Description
RINGER_MODE_VIBRATE Device at vibrate mode.
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Mode Description
RINGER_MODE_NORMAL Device at normal(loud) mode.
RINGER_MODE_SILENT Device at silent mode.
Let us see how to work with the modes and set the ringer volume:
Step1: Create an object of AudioManager class as shown below:

1 private AudioManager audioManager;
2 myAudioManager = (AudioManager)getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE);
Step2: Now, set the ringer profile. For this the setRingerMode() method is used.
Here, we have set for “SILENT” mode:
1 audioManager.setRingerMode(AudioManager.RINGER_MODE_SILENT);
For VIBRATE mode:
1 audioManager.setRingerMode(AudioManager.RINGER_MODE_VIBRATE);
For NORMAL mode:
1 audioManager.setRingerMode(AudioManager.RINGER_MODE_NORMAL);
Ques 34 – What are the key Java-Based libraries for Android App
Development?
The following are the libraries available for Android app development:
 app − Access to the application model.

 content − Content access, publishing and messaging between applications and application
components.
 database − Used to access data published by content providers and includes SQLite database
management classes.
 opengl − A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.
 os − Provides applications with access to standard operating system services including messages,
system services and inter-process communication.
 text − Renders and manipulate text on a device display.
 view − Fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.
 widget − Collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons, labels, list views, layout
managers, radio buttons etc.
 webkit − These are a set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built into
applications.
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Ques 35 – What are the Application Components of an Android
Application?
The following are the application components of an Android Application:
Activity
or widgets.
View
Intent
an Activity.
AndroidManifest.xml
source set.
Layouts
Layouts sets the appearance of the view. Specify the position of child views relative to each other
or parent with Relative Layout. However, the Linear Layout arranges views horizontally or
vertically.
Content Providers
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Service
in the background.
Ques 36 – What are the tools provided by Android to support Testing?
Within Android, you can test your application. The Test Tools consider that the Android Project is
organized into test structure, test classes, test package, etc.
Here are some of the tools used to test an Android application:
UI/Application Exerciser Monkey
The UI/Application Exerciser Monkey is a command-line tool that sends pseudo-random streams
of user events. These events can be touch, gesture, etc. It runs of the emulator or device.
JUnit
The JUnit TestCase class us to be used to perform unit testing on a class. This class shouldn’t call
Android APIs.
The base class for AndroidTestCase is TestCase, that can be used to test Android-dependent
objects.
UI Automator Testing Framework
For UI Testing, the UI Automator Testing Framework is used. It is used for cross-app functional
UI testing. To perform operations on the target device, this test framework is used.
UI Automator viewer
The uiautomatorviewer tool provides a GUI to scan and analyze the UI components. These
components are shown on the Android device and use this tool to view the UI components
properties. You can laos inspect the layout hierarchy.
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Ques 37 – What is the process of drag and drop in Android?
With Android, it’s not a tedious task to drag and drop in a View to another. For example, you can
move image from one place to another.
Let us understand the drag and drop process:
Step1: Begins when a user makes a gesture and starts dragging an item. Application calls the
startDrag() method. The data to be dragged is included as a parameter. The system responds by
calling back to the application. This gets a drag shadow and the same is displayed on the device.
Step2: The drag continues and the system sends ACTION_DRAG_ENTERED action. This is
followed by ACTION_DRAG_LOCATION action to the registered drag event listener.
Step3: User releases the dragged item at the place of a View where the destination is. System
sends the View object’s listener a drag event with action type ACTION_DROP.
Step4: System now sends out a drag event with action type ACTION_DRAG_ENDED. This is to
specify that the drag operation is over.
Ques 38 – How can we launch an existing camera application in the

Android app?
To launch an existing camera application i.e. the camera on your Android device, use the
MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE. This is added under the Intent type:
1 Intent intent = new Intent(android.provider.MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
Now, use a method defined in the Activity class:
1 startActivityForResult(i,0);
The Intents are also available for other applications like launch camera in video mode, or you can
set the size limit of video or image capture size:
 ACTION_VIDEO_CAPTURE: Calls the existing video application in android to capture video.

 EXTRA_SCREEN_ORIENTATION: Set the orientation of the screen to vertical or landscape.
 EXTRA_FULL_SCREEN: Control the user interface of the ViewImage.
 INTENT_ACTION_VIDEO_CAMERA: Launch the camera in the video mode.
 EXTRA_SIZE_LIMIT: Specify the size limit of video or image capture size.
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Ques 39 – Which API is provided by Android to manage WiFi
connectivity?
The WifiManager API allows users to manage WiFi connectivity. Using the API, the following
actions can be performed:
 Currently Active Wi-Fi network.

 Scan network connections
 Access point scan
 IP Address
 Information about configured networks
 Update the network information
 Check whether Wi-Fi is enabled or disabled.
 Remove a network from the list of specified networks.
To enable a WiFi on the click of a button:
1 button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener(){
2
3 public void onClick(View v){
4
5 WifiManager w = (WifiManager) getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
6 w.setWifiEnabled(true);
7 }
8 });
Here, button is as shown below with button id as “btn”:
1 Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btn);
As discussed above, the actions that can performed by the WiFiManager API. For this, various
constants are provided in Android:
 ACTION_PICK_WIFI_NETWORK: Pick a Wi-Fi network to connect to.

 EXTRA_PREVIOUS_WIFI_STATE: The previous Wi-Fi state.
 WIFI_STATE_DISABLED: Wi-Fi is disabled.
 WIFI_STATE_DISABLING: Wi-Fi is currently being disabled.
 WIFI_STATE_ENABLED: Wi-Fi is enabled.
 WIFI_STATE_ENABLING: Wi-Fi is currently being enabled.
 WIFI_STATE_UNKNOWN: Wi-Fi is in an unknown state.
Ques 40 – How to create a dynamic RadioButton in Android
To create a RadioButton in Android, you can always just drag and drop from the Android Studio
ID. But, we can also create a dynamic RadioButton.
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Let’s say we are creating 4 dynamic Radio Buttons. For that, since we are not using the
RadioButton control, take a RelativeLayout:
activity_main.xml
2
3 <RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
4 xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
7 android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
8 android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
9 android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
10 android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
11 android:id="@+id/relLayout"
12 tools:context="com.studyopedia.example.dynamicradio.MainActivity">
13 </RelativeLayout>
Now, let us consider the java code, wherein we have used
Android.view.ViewGroup.LayoutParams and method of RadioButton class:
MainActivity.java
1 package com.studyopedia.example.dynamicradio;
2
3 import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
4 import android.os.Bundle;
5 import android.widget.RadioButton;
6 import android.widget.RadioGroup;
7 import android.widget.RelativeLayout;
8 import android.widget.RelativeLayout.LayoutParams;
9 import android.widget.Toast;
10
12
13 RadioGroup radioGroup;
14 RelativeLayout rLayout;
15 RadioButton r1,r2,r3,r4;
16
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17 @Override
19
22
23 radioGroup = new RadioGroup(this);
24 rLayout = (RelativeLayout) findViewById(R.id.relLayout);
25
26 // 4 radio buttons
27 r1 = new RadioButton(this);
31
32 r1.setText("Football");
33 r2.setText("Tennis");
34 r3.setText("Golf");
35 r4.setText("Cricket");
36
37 radioGroup.addView(r1);
41
42 radioGroup.setOrientation(RadioGroup.VERTICAL);
43
44 RelativeLayout.LayoutParams params = new RelativeLayout.LayoutParams((int) LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,

(int)LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
45

46
params.bottomMargin = 200;
47
params.leftMargin = 40;
48

49
radioGroup.setLayoutParams(params);
50
rLayout.addView(radioGroup);
51

52
radioGroup.setOnCheckedChangeListener(new RadioGroup.OnCheckedChangeListener() {
53

54
@Override
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55 public void onCheckedChanged(RadioGroup group, int checkedId) {
56 RadioButton radioBtn = (RadioButton) findViewById(checkedId);
57 Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),radioBtn.getText(),Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
58 }
59 });
60 }
61 }
Ques 41 – What are the Storage Methods in Android?
When you will create an Android app, you would definitely need a storage area. You may also
want to access data from an external storage i.e. an SD Card.
To store data and read it in Android, the following options are available:
Internal Storage
With Android, you can save and read data from the device’s internal memory. It is the storage of
the private data on the device memory.
External Storage
If you want to read data or save to an external storage, then this is also possible. This external
storage can be an SD Card.
Android Shared Preferences
Store data in key and value pair with Shared Preferences in Android. The data can be retrieved in
the same form.
SQLite
SQLite is an opensource SQL database to store data to a text file on a device. Android has built-in
SQLite database implementation.
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Ques 42 – What is Android Asset Packaging Tool?
Android Asset Packaging Tool is the base builder for Android applications. To compile and
package the resources of the app, the Android Studio use it.
The resources are compiled and parsed in a binary format. This format is optimized for the
Android.
Locate AAPT2
To locate Android Asset Packaging Tool in the Android Studio, you need to download Android
SDK Build Tools from the command line,
1 sdkmanager "build-tools;build-tools-version"
After downloading the Android SDK Build Tools, find the APPT2 at the following location:
1 android_sdk/build-tools/version/
Here are some key points about AAPT:
 AAPT assist in viewing, creating, and updating APKs.

 It even allows you to view, crate and update ZIP-compatible archives i.e. JAR, ZIP, etc.
 Compiles app resources into binary assets.
 AAPT generates the R class. This class has the resource IDs for all the resources. These are under
the res/ directory.
Ques 43 – Get information about the connected network in Android?
Use the following state to get information about connected network:
1 NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED
Ques 44 – When should you use a fragment instead of activity in

Android?
The following are the points that would help you in deciding when you should go for Fragments
under an activity or only Activity:
 A fragment is a part of an activity, which contributes with its own UI to that activity.
 A fragment can be thought of as a sub-activity, whereas the complete screen with which user
interacts is called as “activity”.
 An activity has multiple fragments.
 Combine multiple fragments in a single activity to build a multi-pane UI.
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 You can add or remove fragments in an activity while the activity is running.
 An activity may contain 0 or multiple number of fragments based on the screen size.
 A fragment is a reusable component in activities.
 You can use a fragment in multiple activities.
 Fragments can be used to populate Menus.
 A fragment should always be part of activity. However, activity can exist without any fragment in it.
 Fragments live inside activities.
 Each activity can host many fragments.
Ques 45 – Can two Android applications share same Linux user ID and
share same VM?
Yes, two Android applications can share same Linux user ID and VM. A unique user ID is
assigned to each application.
Android assigns a unique user ID to each application. Set the same values for both the Android
application. In this way they will share the same ID.
Ques 46 – How to detect common gestures in Android?
To detect common gestures:
 Gather data about touch events.

 Interpret the data to see if it meets the criteria for any of the supported gesture.
Ques 47 – What is Padding in Android?
Padding is within the View. For example, padding is inside a Button control. Padding is or the left,
top, right and bottom parts of the view. Here, view can be a Button, TextView, etc.
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An example here displays a Button View:
Above, we have a View Button. Here “Button” is our Button text.
To add right padding i.e. the Button will shift to the left within the view, use the following attribute:
1 android:layout_paddingEnd = "50dp"
To add left padding i.e. the Button will shift to the right within the view, use the following attribute:
1 android:layout_paddingStart = "50dp"
To add top padding i.e. the Button will shift to the bottom within the view, use the following
attribute:
1 android:layout_paddingTop = "50dp"
To add bottom padding i.e. the Button will shift to the top within the view, use the following
attribute:
1 android:layout_paddingBottom = "50dp"
Ques 48 – How to hide Title Bar in Android?
Use the Window class to access the menus, icon on the title bar, enable Action Control, color of
the window caption controls, etc. This is also used to hide the Title Bar.
To hide the Title Bar, use the following method and set it to “FEATURE_NO_TITLE”:
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1 requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE)
This is the constant for the “no title” feature that turns off the title at the top of the screen.
After that use the getSupportActionBar() method and hide() method to hide:
1 getSupportActionBar().hide();
Following is the Java code for what we discussed above to hide the Title Bar:
2
3 @Override
5
7 requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
8 getSupportActionBar().hide();
10 }
11 }
Ques 49 – What are the best practices to develop an Android app?
The best practices to be followed while developing an Android app is as follows:
Encryption of data
The data in the Android app should be encrypted specially when the information is confidential and
personal.
Test the app
Within Android, you can test your application. The Test Tools consider that the Android Project is
organized into test structure, test classes, test package, etc. Some tools are UI/Application
Exerciser Monkey, Junit, etc.
Accessibility
Set the description for Controls like tabs, button, sliders, etc. With that, do not forget to set the with
background and foreground theme changing/combination options for Accessibility.

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Usage of strings.xml
Place the text in the string resource file i.e. strings.xml.
Place launcher icons in mipmap- folders
A best practice to follow while developing apps is to place your app icons in mipmap- because
they are used at resolutions different from the device’s current density. Avoid including it under the
drawable- folders.
Deep levels in layouts should be avoided
Always try to avoid deep levels in layouts. Depp levels makes it difficult for the interface to work.
The simplest way to avoid it is using the correct ViewGroup. You need to prefer single view
hierarchy.
Ques 50 – What are Android Permission Levels Normal and

Dangerous?
For protecting the privacy of Android smartphone and tablet users, a concept called Permissions
for Android apps is covered. The apps must request permissions for:
 Accessing contacts from the contacts list

 Accessing SMS messages
 Launching Camera
 Internet
 Allowing application to record audio
 Allows applications to connect to paired Bluetooth devices.
 Allows an application to capture video output.
Add the <uses-permission> tag in the app manifest file. This permission would be visible for users
when that particular feature in the app is accessed. For example, for recording audio, immediately
the following will ask for a permission from the user:
1 <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
Two types of permissions are listed:
Normal Permissions
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If normal permissions are listed in its manifest, then the system automatically grants those
permissions to your app. This is because the permissions aren’t risky to the privacy of users or the
operation of the Android device.
Here are some of the Normal Permissions:
 ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS: Access information about networks.

 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE: Access information about networks.
 ACCESS_WIFI_STATE: Access information about Wi-Fi networks.
 BLUETOOTH: Connecting applications to paired Bluetooth devices
 BLUETOOTH_ADMIN: Discover and pair Bluetooth devices.
Dangerous Permissions
If dangerous permissions are listed in its manifest, then the user needs to explicitly agree for
granting the permissions. This is because the permissions are risky to the privacy of users or the
Some of the Dangerous Permissions are listed below:
Permission Groups Permissions
CALENDAR READ_CALENDAR and WRITE_CALENDAR
CALL_LOG READ_CALL_LOG, WRITE_CALL_LOG and PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS
CAMERA CAMERA
CONTACTS READ_CONTACTS, WRITE_CONTACTS and GET_ACCOUNTS
LOCATION ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
MICROPHONE RECORD_AUDIO
Ques 51 – How to block out an area on the screen to display a single

item in Android?
To achieve this, you need to use the FrameLayout. You can add a single child or multiple child
views to FrameLayout and control their position.
JEKISHAN K. PARMAR
Let us see how you can create a FrameLayout in activity_main.xml:
1 <FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
2
5
6 <ImageView
7 android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher"
8 android:scaleType="fitCenter"
9 android:layout_height="200px"
10 android:layout_width="200px"/>
11
12 <TextView
13 android:text="Example"
14 android:textSize="20px"
15 android:layout_height="fill_parent"
17 android:gravity="center"/>
18
19 </FrameLayout>
The following are the attributes of FrameLayout:
 android:id: This is the ID which uniquely identifies the layout.

 android:foreground: This defines the drawable to draw over the content and possible values may be
a color value.
 android:foregroundGravity: Defines the gravity to apply to the foreground drawable. The gravity
defaults to fill. Possible values are top, bottom, left, right, center, center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.
 android:measureAllChildren: Determines whether to measure all children or just those in the
VISIBLE or INVISIBLE state when measuring. Defaults to false.
Ques 52 – How to create a Content Provider in Android
The Content Provider centralize content and allow different applications access it. Let us see how
to create a Content Provider:
 Create a Content Provider class that extends the Content Provider base class.
 Define content provider URI address to be used to access the content.
 Create a database to store the content.
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 You can use the SQLite database. The onCreate() handler of each of its Content Providers is called
on the main application thread when the application is launched.
 Implement Content Provider queries for performing different database specific operations.
 Register your Content Provider in the activity file using <provider> tag.
Here are the methods used while working with Content Provider:
 onCreate(): Called when the provider is started.

 query()This receives a request from a client.
 insert(): To insert a new record into the content provider.
 delete():To delete an existing record from the content provider.
 update():To update an existing record from the content provider.
 getType():Returns the MIME type of the data at the given URI.
Ques 53 – What is ART (Android Runtime) for Android Applications?
Android Runtime (ART) is the managed runtime. It is used by applications on Android. ART and
Dalvik were created specifically for the Android project. Dalvik is the predecessor of ART and
optimized the virtual machine for memory, battery life and performance.
ARM executes the Dalvik Executable format and Dex bytecode specification. The dx tool gets all
the class files of your application and generates a single .dex file. It converts the Java class files in
.dex files.
Dalvik uses a just-in-time (JIT) compiler to compile code when you run an app. However, ART
uses an ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler and pre-compiles bytecode when the app is installed.
Note: Android removes the aging virtual machine and replaced it with ART in 2014.
The following are some of the features of ART:
Ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation
ART has ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation to enhance app’s performance. At the time of
installation, ART compiles apps with the dex2oat tool.
Debugging Options
ART has a number of debugging options. This includes, locks in stack traces, instances of a given
class, references, etc.
Detailed Runtime Exception report
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ART provides with the detailed report for runtime exceptions. The details included are for:
 lang.ClassCastException
 lang.ClassNotFoundException
 lang.NullPointerException
 lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 lang.ArrayStoreException
Compacting Garbage Collection
The ART compacts the Garbage Collector to minimize background memory usage.
Ques 54 – Why can’t we run standard Java bytecode on Android?
The Java API and virtual machine are designed for desktop, not have that much compatibility with
mobile devices. This is why a separate virtual machine is created for mobile devices, called Dalvik
virtual machine.
The bytecode is translated to Dalvik bytecode. It is optimized for low power handheld devices i.e.
mobile devices. In 2014, Dalvik was replaced by ART (Android Runtime). Android runtime (ART) is
the managed runtime. It is used by applications on Android. ART and Dalvik were created
specifically for the Android project. Dalvik is the predecessor of ART and optimized the virtual
machine for memory, battery life and performance.
ARM executes the Dalvik Executable format and Dex bytecode specification.
The dx tool gets all the class files of your application and generates a single .dex file. It converts
the Java class files in .dex files.
Dalvik uses a just-in-time (JIT) compiler to compile code when you run an app. However, ART
uses an ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler and pre-compiles bytecode when the app is installed.
JEKISHAN K. PARMAR
Ques 55 – What is a Widget in Android?
Android has Widgets to get information at a glance, you definitely don’t want an application to be
click and load. For that, Android comes with Widgets, to display weather, calendar, live news,
score updates on the right – home screen.
Users can move and resize the widgets. Let us learn about the types of Widgets in Android:
Information Widgets
To display information like clock, live score update, weather, etc., use the Information Widgets. To
launch, just touch the Widget.
Collection Widget
Th Collection Widget allow users to create a collection or articles, or collection of images as a
Widget. You can scroll these widgets vertically.
Control Widget
These are functions that can be operated from the home screen like music app, allowing users to
play and pause music without operating the actual music app.
Ques 56 – How to Speed up Gradle build process in Android Studio?
To speed up Gradle build process in Android Studio, try the below given steps:
 Update Gradle versions

 Add incremental true in the Android block
 Optimize build configuration.
 Calculate the build time by disabling antivirus and find out the difference. This is because the
antivirus rescan cache files before letting Gradle to use it. The rescanning takes more and would eventually
slow down the process.
 Perform profiling to check how long the Gradle takes to execute each phase of the build lifecycle.
Ques 57 – How to pass data between activities in Android?
You can pass data between activities using Android Serializable.
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Ques 58 – Why do we use Android Parceable?
Parcelable lets developers to serialize a class so its properties are easily transferred from one
activity to another. It is the Android implementation of the Java Serializable.
Ques 59 – How to access unique IMEI number with Android?
Use TelephonyManager in Android to access unique IMEI number.
Ques 60 – What are Pickers in Android?
Pickers is a component in Android that allows users to select date or time. This is possible since
Picker has widgets for selecting:
 TimePicker Widget: part of the time (hour, minute, AM/PM)

 DatePicker Widget: date (month, day, year).
The following are some of the methods of TimePicker that allows you to get the current time,
minutes, hours, etc.:
 getHour(): Returns the currently selected hour using 24-hour time.

 getMinute(): Returns the currently selected minute.
 setEnabled(boolean enabled): Set the enabled state of this view.
 setHour(int hour): Sets the currently selected hour using 24-hour time.
 setIs24HourView(Boolean is24HourView): Sets whether this widget displays time in 24-hour mode
or 12-hour mode with an AM/PM picker.
 setMinute(int minute): Sets the currently selected minute.
 validateInput(): Validates whether current input by the user is a valid time based on the locale.
The following are some of the methods of DatePicker that allows you to get the current month,
year, day, etc:
 getFirstDayOfWeek(): Gets the first day of week.

 getMaxDate(): Gets the maximal date supported by this DatePicker in milliseconds since January 1,
1970 00:00:00 in TimeZone.getDefault() time zone.
 getMinDate(): Gets the minimal date supported by this DatePicker in milliseconds since January 1,
1970 00:00:00 in TimeZone.getDefault() time zone.
 setFirstDayOfWeek(int firstDayOfWeek): Sets the first day of week.
 setMaxDate(long maxDate): Sets the maximal date supported by this DatePicker in milliseconds
since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 in TimeZone.getDefault() time zone.
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Ques 61 – What is a Location Object in Android?
It represents a geographic location that has timestamp, latitude, longitude, etc. To get location
specific information with the Location Object, following are the methods:
 void setLatitude(double latitude): Set the latitude, in degrees.

 void setLongitude(double longitude): Set the longitude, in degrees.
 float getAccuracy(); Get the estimated accuracy of this location, in meters.
 double getAltitude(); Get the altitude if available, in meters above sea level.
 float getBearing(): Get the bearing, in degrees.
 double getLatitude(): Get the latitude, in degrees.
 double getLongitude(): Get the longitude, in degrees.
 float getSpeed(): Get the speed if it is available, in meters/second over ground.
 boolean hasAccuracy(): True if this location has an accuracy.
 boolean hasAltitude(): True if this location has an altitude.
 boolean hasSpeed(): True if this location has a speed.
 void reset(): Clears the contents of the location.
 void setAccuracy(float accuracy): Set the estimated accuracy of this location, meters.
 void setAltitude(double altitude): Set the altitude, in meters above sea level.
Ques 62 – How to check Internet connection in Android?
To check Internet connection in Android, you need to use the ConnectivityManager class.
Here’s the class:
1 ConnectivityManager c = (ConnectivityManager)
2 this.context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
Ques 63 – What are the Java classes for using sensors in Android?
The following are the classes for using sensors:
 Sensor: The capabilities for a specific sensor.

 SensorManager: Registers sensor event listeners.
 SensorEvent: Provides raw sensor data with information for accuracy.
 SensorEventListener: Create two callback methods that receive notifications (sensor events) when
sensor values change or when sensor accuracy changes.
Ques 64 – What does Google Map API do in Android?
The Google Map API is used in Android to integrate Google Map in the Android app. You can
display any location on the map, show current location, search directions, etc. With the API, you
can easily customize the Google Map.
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On a Map, you may have seen a lot of Markers. On every Marker, you see a text, for example, a
restaurant, monument, etc. Let us see how we can add a marker in an Android app. The
addMarker() method is used:
1 final LatLng Demo = new LatLng(39 , 77);
2
3 Marker m = gMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
4
5 .position(Demo).title("MyRestaurant"));
In Android, different types of Maps can be added.
 Hybrid: This display road map with roads, which is Satellite data.

 Satellite: This displays Satellite data that won’t show roads.
 Normal: A basic map with roads, rivers, labels, etc.
 Terrain: Displays colors, contour lines, etc.
Set the type of Maps as well:
1 gMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_NORMAL);
2 gMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_TERRAIN);
3 gMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_HYBRID);
4 gMap.setMapType(GoogleMap.MAP_TYPE_SATELLITE);
Following are the methods that allow you to customize the Google Map like adding a polygon on
the Map, taking snapshot of the app, etc.
 addCircle(CircleOptions options): To add a circle to the map

 addPolygon(PolygonOptions options): To add a polygon to the map
 addTileOverlay(TileOverlayOptions options): To add tile overlay to the map
 animateCamera(CameraUpdate update): To move the map according to the update with an
animation
 clear(): To remove everything from the map.
 getMyLocation(): To return the currently displayed user location.
 setTrafficEnabled(boolean enabled): To toggle the traffic layer on or off.
 snapshot(GoogleMap.SnapshotReadyCallback callback): This take a snapshot of the map
Ques 65 – Which database is to be used for Android App

Development?
To work with Database on Android, the most widely used Database in SQLite. It is an opensource
SQL database to store data to a text file on a device. Android has built-in SQLite database
implementation.
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The package “android.database.sqlite” has a lot of functions that allows you to manage the
Android database SQLIte. One of them is “openOrCreateDatabase()”. Here, the database name is
DemoDB:
1 SQLiteDatabase db = openOrCreateDatabase("DemoDB",MODE_PRIVATE,null);
To insert a data, you need the execSQL method() method. This works like the Create and Insert in
SQL:
Create
1 db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS EMPTABLE(empname VARCHAR,empdept VARCHAR, empzone);");
Insert
1 db.execSQL("INSERT INTO VALUES('Amit','IT', 'North' );");
Now, if you need to get the data from the database, the Cursor class include some methods. Let
us learn about these methods can the role they perform in getting the number of rows, columns,
array of the column names, etc:
 getColumnCount(): Returns the total number of columns of the table.

 getColumnIndex(String columnName): Returns the index number of a column by specifying the
name of the column
 getColumnName(int columnIndex): Returns the name of the column by specifying the index of the
column
 getColumnNames(): Returns the array of all the column names of the table.
 getCount(): Returns the total number of rows in the cursor.
 getPosition(): Returns the current position of the cursor in the table.
 isClosed(): Returns true if the cursor is closed and return false otherwise
Ques 66 – What are the types of fragments in Android?
Fragments can also be considered as a “sub activity” that can be reused in different activities. We
can add or remove even when the activity is running. A fragment has its own lifecycle. A fragment
is a reusable component in activities. You can use a fragment in multiple activities. Fragments can
be used to populate Menus. An activity may contain 0 or multiple number of fragments based on
the screen size.
The following are the types of Fragments:
 ListFragment
 DialogFragment
 Single Frame Fragment
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ListFragment
This fragment has a ListView view by default. Use it for displaying a list of items
DialogFragment
A dialog is displayed on the top of the parent activity. This displays a floating dialog.
Single Frame Fragment
These are the fragments for small screen devices such as smartphone.
Ques 67 – What is the role of Services in Android?
in the background. There are two states of Services:
A service starts when an activity starts it by calling startService(). After that, a service can run in
the background indefinitely. This service runs even when the component that started it is
destroyed.
A service is bound when an application component binds to it by calling bindService(). A bound
service offers a client-server interface allowing components to interact with the service, send
requests, etc.
Just like an Activity, the Service base class has callback methods:
 onStartCommand(): This method is called when another component requests that the service be
started calling startService(). After implementing this, you should stop the service by calling stopSelf() or
stopService() methods when the work is stopped.
 onBind(): The system calls this method when another component wants to bind with the service by
calling bindService(). If you implement this method, you must provide an interface that clients use to
communicate with the service, by returning an IBinder object.
 onUnbind(): The system calls this method when all clients have disconnected from a particular
interface published by the service.
 onRebind(): The system calls this method when new clients have connected to the service, after it
had previously been notified that all had disconnected in its onUnbind(Intent).
 onCreate(): This method is called to perform one-time setup procedures when the service is initially
created.
 onDestroy(): This method is called when the service is no longer used and is being destroyed.
JEKISHAN K. PARMAR
Ques 68 – Why do we use Handler in Android?
A Handler in Android allows sending and processing Message and Runnable objects associated
with a thread’s MessageQueue. It schedules messages and runnables to be executed in future.
A lot of methods are provided for scheduling messages such as postAtTime(Runnable, long),
postDelayed(Runnable, Object, long), sendEmptyMessage(int), sendMessage(Message), etc.
Ques 69 – How to display a list of completion suggestions

automatically while the user is typing?
To display a list of completion suggestions automatically when user types, use the
AutoCompleteTextView Control in Android.
The following are some of the attributes for AutoCompleteTextView control in Android:
 android:completionHint: The hint displayed in the drop down menu.

 android:completionHintView: The hint view displayed in the drop down menu.
 android:completionThreshold: The number of characters that the user must type before completion
suggestions are displayed in a drop down menu.
 android:dropDownAnchor: View to anchor the auto-complete dropdown to.
 android:dropDownHeight: The basic height of the dropdown.
 android:dropDownHorizontalOffset: Amount of pixels by which the drop down should be offset
horizontally.
 android:dropDownSelector: Selector in a drop down list.
 android:dropDownVerticalOffset: Amount of pixels by which the drop down should be offset
vertically.
 android:dropDownWidth: The basic width of the dropdown.
 android:popupBackground: The background to use for the popup window.
You can also add more functionalities to the AutoCompleteTextView control and customize the
AutoCompleteTextView using some of the following methods:
 showDropDown(): Displays the drop down on screen.

 setDropDownAnchor(int id): Sets the view to which the auto-complete drop down list should anchor.
 setDropDownBackgroundDrawable(Drawable d): Sets the background of the auto-complete drop-
down list.
 setDropDownBackgroundResource(int id): Sets the background of the auto-complete drop-down
list.
 setDropDownHeight(int height): Sets the current height for the auto-complete drop down list.
 setDropDownHorizontalOffset(int offset): Sets the horizontal offset used for the auto-complete drop-
down list.
 setDropDownVerticalOffset(int offset): Sets the vertical offset used for the auto-complete drop-down
list.
 setDropDownWidth(int width): Sets the current width for the auto-complete drop down list.
 getDropDownHeight(): Get the current height for the auto-complete drop down list.
 getDropDownHorizontalOffset(): Get the horizontal offset used for the auto-complete drop-down list.
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 getDropDownVerticalOffset(): Get the vertical offset used for the auto-complete drop-down list.
Ques 70 – How to display items in two-dimensional Grids in Android?
Android GridView allows items to be displayed in two-dimensional grid.
Let us see how we define a GridView in activity_main.xml:

2
3 <GridView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
4 android:id="@+id/gridview"
6 android:layout_height="fill_parent"
7 android:columnWidth="80dp"
8 android:numColumns="auto_fit"
9 android:verticalSpacing="8dp"
10 android:horizontalSpacing="8dp"
11 android:stretchMode="columnWidth"
12 android:gravity="center"
13 />
The following are the attributes:
 android:id: This is the ID which uniquely identifies the layout.

 android:columnWidth: This specifies the fixed width for each column. This could be in px, dp, sp, in,
or mm.
 android:gravity: Specifies the gravity within each cell. Possible values are top, bottom, left, right,
center, center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.
 android:horizontalSpacing: Defines the default horizontal spacing between columns. This could be
in px, dp, sp, in, or mm.
 android:numColumns: Defines how many columns to show. May be an integer value, such as “100”
or auto_fit which means display as many columns as possible to fill the available space.
 android:verticalSpacing: Defines the default vertical spacing between rows. This could be in px, dp,
sp, in, or mm.
Ques 71 – What are the sensors supported in Android platform?
The Android platform supports three broad categories of sensors:
 Motion sensors: These sensors measure acceleration forces and rotational forces along three axes.
 Environmental sensors: These sensors measure various environmental parameters like humidity,
pressure, etc.
 Position sensors: These sensors measure the physical position of a device.
JEKISHAN K. PARMAR
Ques 72 – What are the tips to reduce the battery usage of your
Android app caused due to location usage?
Here are some of the tips you can follow to reduce the battery usage of your Android app caused
due to location usage:
 Remove location updates when they are no longer required.

 For all non-foreground use cases, batch multiple requests together
 Set a timeout when location updates should stop.
Ques 73 – Difference between LinearLayout and RelativeLayout?
The difference can be understood using the following screenshot wherein LinearLayout sets a
layout in horizontal or vertical row. However, in RelativeLayout you can set the location of child
relative to each other or parent:
Let us now learn about these layouts to learn about more points about their differences.
The Linear Layout arranges views horizontally or vertically. For this, set the following under linear
layout:
For Horizontal (single column):
1 android:orientation="horizontal"
For Vertical (single row):
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1 android:orientation="vertical"
The following are some of the useful methods that helps in working with LinearLayout:
 getGravity(): Get the current gravity.

 getOrientation(): Get the current orientation.
 setDividerPadding(int padding): Set padding displayed on both ends of dividers.
 setGravity(int gravity): Describes how the child views are positioned.
Relative Layout
Specify the position of child views relative to each other or parent. The following are some of the
constants of RelativeLayout:
 ALIGN_BASELINE: Aligns a child’s baseline with another child’s baseline.

 ALIGN_BOTTOM: Aligns a child’s bottom edge with another child’s bottom edge.
 ALIGN_END: Aligns a child’s end edge with another child’s end edge.
 ALIGN_LEFT: Aligns a child’s left edge with another child’s left edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_BOTTOM: Aligns the child’s bottom edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s bottom
edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_END: Aligns the child’s end edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s end edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_LEFT: Aligns the child’s left edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s left edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_RIGHT: Aligns the child’s right edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s right edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_START: Aligns the child’s start edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s start edge.
 ALIGN_PARENT_TOP: Aligns the child’s top edge with its RelativeLayout parent’s top edge.
Ques 74 – How to display web page in an Android application?
If you want to display web pages in your application, then use the WebView. These web pages
would be displayed as part of the activity layout. It can handle a wider range of HTML tags for you
web pages.
It is displayed as:
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To get control over the WebView and customize it, use the following methods:
 canGoBack(): Specifies the WebView has a back history item.

 canGoForward(): Specifies the WebView has a forward history item.
 clearHistory(): Clears the WebView forward and backward history.
 destroy(): Destroy the internal state of WebView.
 getProgress(): Gets the progress of the current page.
 getTitle(): Returns the title of the current page.
The layout you can set like this:
1 <WebView
2 android:id="@+id/webview"
3 android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
4 android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
6 android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
Now, in your Java file, create an object and get the reference:
1 WebView w = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
Since it’s a WebView and you definitely want to load a URL in it to begin with. For that, the class
has the loadUrl(String url) method, in which as “url” you need to set the url:
1 w.loadUrl("http://www.google.com");
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Ques 75 – What are the cloud backup options available for Android
app?
Auto backup
This auto backup works for Google Drive i.e. your data gets uploaded to the Drive account of the
user. You can store up to 25 MB of file-based data per app. It’s enabled by default.
Key/Value Backup
The Key/Vale Backup saves data in the form of key/value pairs by uploading it to the Android
Backup Service.
Ques 76 – Why Android introduced nine-patch image in Android?
A nine-patch image is a stretchable bitmap image used as a background of a view. Android
supports a variety of different screen sizes because it has nine-patch image.
The nine- patch image has an extra 1-pixel border around the image to determine where the
image can be stretched. This stretching is to meet the specific layout constraints. The extension of
the nine patch images is “.9.png”.
Ques 77 – What to use for accessing date in a ContentProvider?
When you want to access data in a ContentProvider, you need to use the ContentResolver object
in your application’s Context.
Ques 78 – What is DDMS in Android?
DDMS is Dalvik Debug Monitor Server that has many services on the device that includes call
spoofing, capturing screenshot, introspection, etc.
To run DDMS, click Tools > Android > Android Device Monitor.
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The left pane allows you to select device. However, the right one gives information about that
device or app. The following are the services provided by DDMS:
The main services provided by Dalvik Debug Monitor Server are:
 Total heap statistics

 Object allocation statistics
 App thread statistics
 Device screen capture
 Incoming call and SMS spoofing
 Location data spoofing
 Logcat
 Device State Emulation
 Network Statistics Console
Ques 79 – What are Platform Tools in Android?
Google has some tools to control the Android device. Download SDK Platform and SDK Platform-
tools to develop an Android app. One of the best know Platform Tools is ADB.
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ADB is Android Debug Bridge, which is a command-line tool to communicate with a device. You
get access to a UNIX shell with a variety of commands using the ADB command. Installing and
debugging apps also comes under ADB. You can also use adb with a device connected over USB.
The following are the components of ADB:
 Client: Client runs on the development machine. Invoke it using the abd command.
 Daemon; It runs as a background process.
 Server; The server manages communication between the client and the daemon.
To download Platform Tools, go to the following official link and download “SDK Platform Tools”
for your OS.
Now extract the zip file in “C://adb”. After extracting the files, go to adb > platform-tools. This
folder will have adb.exe.
Now, open CMD by typing “Windows+R” or typing “CMD” in START.
Now, reach the platform tools directory:
Now, when you will type “adb”, then ADB version would be visible. This is how we got ADB on
Windows.
The following are some of the commands:
 adb reboot-bootloader: Reboots Android device in bootloader mode

 adb push: To move a file from your local system to an Android phone’s location.
 adb pull: Moves the file from Android to your System
 adb devices: Displays all the connected adb compatible devices
 adb backup: Backs up the Android device
 adb install: Installs application from your system’s apk file location on to Android device.
 adb reboot: Reboots Android phone in normal mode
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Ques 80 – How to create a custom camera interface for your Android

app?
Here are the steps to create a custom camera interface for your app:
 Check for the existence of camera.

 Create a camera preview class to preview the live images from the camera.
 Create a view layout that incorporates the preview and the user interface controls you want.
 Setup Listeners for Capture like user pressing a button to click an image.
 Capture pictures or videos and save the output.
 After using the camera, your application properly releases it for other applications.
Ques 81 – How to specify location frequency in Android?
To specify location frequency in Android:
 Specify the interval at which location is computed for your app.

 Specify the interval at which location computed for other apps is delivered to your app.
Ques 82 – How to define own custom fonts in Android?
The custom fonts can be set for the strings in the Android app. Place the font in the following
location:
1 assets/fonts
Now, the Typeface class is the class you need to focus on for accessing the same font:
Before working on the example, let us first see the methods available to effectively work with fonts:
 create(String familyName, int style): Create a Typeface object given a family name, and option
style information.
 create(Typeface family, int style): Create a Typeface object that best matches the specified
existing Typeface and the specified Style.
 createFromFile(String path): Create a new Typeface from the specified font file
 defaultFromStyle(int style): Returns one of the default Typeface objects, based on the specified
style
 getStyle(): Returns the Typeface’s intrinsic style attributes
Let’s say we have a TextView in our app:
1 <TextView
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4 android:text="Typeface"
5 android:id="@+id/textView1"
6 android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
7 android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
8 android:textSize="20dp" />
The MainActivity.java file has the following code for Typeface class:

1 public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity {
2
3 TextView tv;
4
8
9 tv =(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView1);
10
11 Typeface f = Typeface.createFromAsset(getAssets(), "font/fontnew.ttf");
12 tv.setTypeface(f);
13 }
14 }
Ques 83 – How to create custom toast in Android?
Toast is used to display a short message in the bottom that is invisible after some seconds.
You can easily create a customized toast in Android. That would mean changing the color of the
Toast, background color, different font face and font size.
For example, the following is a custom toast:
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To create a custom toast, you need to set a TextView and work it for setView():
1 public void onClick(View v) {
2
3 Toast toast = new Toast(getApplicationContext());
4 toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER,0,0)
5
6 TextView tv = new TextView(MainActivity.this)
7 tv.setBackgroundColor(Color.BLACK);
8 tv.setTextColor(Color.WHITE)
9 tv.setTextSize(25);
10
11 Typeface t = Typeface.create("serif", Typeface.BOLD_ITALIC);
12 tv.setTypeface(t);
13 tv.setPadding(10, 10, 10, 10);
14 tv.setText("\"Hi, How you doing?\"");
15 toast.setView(tv);
16 toast.show();
17 }
18 }
Above, we have set Toast:

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1 Toast toast = new Toast(getApplicationContext());
2 toast.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER,0,0)
Now, set the TextView:
1 TextView tv = new TextView(MainActivity.this)
2 tv.setBackgroundColor(Color.BLACK);
3 tv.setTextColor(Color.WHITE)
4 tv.setTextSize(25);
The Typeface class is used to set the font face:
1 Typeface t = Typeface.create("serif", Typeface.BOLD_ITALIC);
2
3 tv.setTypeface(t);
4 tv.setPadding(10, 10, 10, 10);
5 tv.setText("\"Hi, How you doing?\"");
Now pass the TextView object to the Toast:
1 toast.setView(tv);
Ques 84 – What is Android Interface Definition Language?
The Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL) allows to define the programming interface that
both the client and service agree to. This is to form a communication between them using
interprocess communication (IPC).
AIDL has the following data types:
 int
 long
 char
 String
 CharSequence
 List
 Map
Define the AIDL interface in an .aidl file. Save it in the src/ directory of both the application hosting
the service and any other application that binds to the service.
Let us see how to create a bounded service using AIDL.
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 Create an aidl file that defines the programming interface with method signatures.
 Based on the .adl file, an interface is generated by the Android SDK tools. This interface has Stub,
which is inner abstract class. This Stub extends Binder.
 Implement a Service and override onBind() to return your implementation of the Stub class.
Ques 85 – What are the touch screen events provided by Android?
Android has some touch screen events like scrolls, pinch, double tap, long presses, etc, which are
gestures. GestureDetector class detects various gestures and events.
The following methods tell more about how to handle the touch screen events:
 getEventTime(): This method gets the event time of the current event being processed.
 getFocusX(): This method gets the X coordinate of the current gesture’s focal point.
 getFocusY(): This method gets the Y coordinate of the current gesture’s focal point.
 getTimeDelta(): This method returns the time difference in milliseconds between the previous
accepted scaling event and the current scaling event.
 isInProgress(): This method returns true if a scale gesture is in progress.
 onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event): This method accepts MotionEvents and dispatches events
when appropriate.
Ques 86 – Which method is called only once in a fragment life cycle?
The onAttached() method is used only once in a fragment life cycle.
Ques 87 – What are the permissions needed to access contacts from

an Android device?
To read contact from an Android device, you need the READ_CONTACTS permission.
The permissions are set in the AndroidManifest.xml:

1 <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_CONTACTS">
Ques 88 – What are the Events in Android?
Events gathers data about a user’s interaction with interactive components of Applications. The
following are the event handlers in Android for click events, pressing a key, selecting a menu item:
JEKISHAN K. PARMAR
Ques 89 – What are the attributes of Views and ViewGroups in

Android?
View objects are User Interface elements in Android that responds to the user’s actions. For
examples: Button, CheckBox, AutoCompleteTextView, RadioButton, etc.
The ViewGroups is the base class for layouts and views containers. These layouts include the UI
The following are the attributes:
 android:layout_width: Specifies the width of the View or ViewGroup

 android:layout_height: Specifies the height of the View or ViewGroup
 android:android:layout_margin: Specifies extra space on the left, top, right and bottom sides of this
view.
 android:layout_marginBottom: Specifies extra space on the bottom side of this view.
 android:layout_marginEnd: Specifies extra space on the end side of this view.
 android:layout_marginHorizontal: Specifies extra space on the left and right sides of this view.
 android:layout_marginLeft: Specifies extra space on the left side of this view.
 android:layout_marginRight: Specifies extra space on the right side of this view.
 android:layout_marginStart: Specifies extra space on the start side of this view.
 android:layout_marginTop: Specifies extra space on the top side of this view.
 android:layout_marginVertical: Specifies extra space on the top and bottom sides of this view.
 android:layout_gravity: Specifies how child Views are positioned
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 android:layout_weight: Specifies how much of the extra space in the layout should be allocated to
the View.
Ques 90 – From which version the new Android Runtime permission

was made necessary and why?
The new Runtime Permission came in Android Marshmallow. It introduced a redesigned
application permissions model.
The Android apps are no longer automatically granted all of their specified permissions at the time
of installation. The users are now prompted to grant or deny individual permissions.
For protecting the privacy of Android smartphone and tablet users, a concept called Permissions
for Android apps is covered. The apps must request permissions for accessing contacts from the
contacts list, accessing SMS messages, launching Camera, Internet, allowing application to record
audio, etc.
If normal permissions are listed in its manifest, then the system automatically grants those
permissions to your app. This is because the permissions aren’t risky to the privacy of users or the
If dangerous permissions are listed in its manifest, then the user needs to explicitly agree for
granting the permissions. This is because the permissions are risky to the privacy of users or the
Ques 91 – What is the difference between Serializable and Parcelable

in Android?
If you want to pass the objects to activities then you need to implement the Serializable or
Parcelable interface.
Serializable and Parcelable are interfaces. Serializable is a standard java interface and Parcelable
is an Android-specific interface.
The following are the differences between Serializable and Parceable in Android:
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Ques 92 – RecyclerView vs ListView in Android
ListView allows you to add a list of scrollable items. It is a subclass of AdapterView. RecyclerView
introduced when Android Marshmallow released to overcome the limitations of ListView.
The following are the differences between RecyclerView and ListView in Android:
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Ques 93 – What is Android Lint. What it is typically used for?
Android Studio has a code scanning tool called lint. This tool allows in knowing and correcting the
problems with the structural quality of your code.
The following are some of the roles of Android Lint:
 Checks the project source files for potential bugs.

 Optimization enhancements.
 Checks the accessibility status of the Android app.
 Finds poorly structured code
 Checks for unused namespaces that takes unnecessary space.
 Code Redundancy
To scan the code, follow the below steps:
Step1: Go to your project directory and right click. Click “Analyze”
Step2: Now click “Inspect Code”:
Step3: After clicking, you need to set the “Inspection Scope”. You will get the following options:
Set the scope for:
 Whole Project: Inspect the entire project.

 Module ‘app’: Inspect only the ‘app’ module.
 Directory: Only the app directory
 Custom Scope: Set the custom scope for scan here.
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Ques 94 – What are the files under Android Studio Project Directory?
A Project Directory in Android Studio has a structure that is organized by modules and files.
Let’s say we have a project named “DemoProject”. Within that we would have the “src” and “res”
directory.
The “src” has the following Java files:

1 MainActivity.java
2 DemoActivity.java
The layouts we have would come under “res/layout”:

1 main_activity.xml
2 demo_activity.xml
The “strings.xml” comes under the “res/values/” folder. This is the string resource file.
Let us now learn more about it:
Manifest
source set. It consists of the package name, permissions, activity and other information about the
app.
String Resource
The string resource file is the strings.xml file. Set text strings in your application. The location of
the strings.xml file is:
1 res/values/strings.xml
The src directory
The directory has the source and code files.
Generate Files (R.java)
R.java is the file that generates after compilation. It has the IDs for all the resources of the /res
directory. The location of the R.java file is:
1 \app\build\generated\
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Ques 95 – How to change the Android app title?
To change the Android app title, you need to go to the AndroidManifest.xml and change the label.
Let’s say the following is the app title right now “AmitApplication”:
To change the app title, you need to update the <application> tag.
Within the <application> tag, you need to get the label value i.e.:
1 android:label="@string/app_name"
The app name value is in the strings resource i.e. strings.xml file:
Now, when you will run the same Android app:
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Above, we changed the above title name from “Amit Application” to “Amit Learning
Application”
Ques 96. Can we deliver broadcast to other apps with Android Intent?
Yes, we can do that by passing Intent to sendBroadcast(), sendOrderedBroadcast(), or
sendStickyBroadcast().
Ques 97. What is the APK in Android?
APK is Android Package Kit, which is used for the distribution and installation of mobile apps in
Android. It is generally a package file format. The APK file has the entire code, resources, assets,
certificates, and manifest file.
Ques 98. onCreate() vs onStart() in Android
onCreate() is where the activity gets initialized. It is called only once during the Activity lifecycle.
However, the onStart() method is called whenever the Activity becomes visible i.e. it makes the
activity visible to the user.
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Ques 99. How to identify view elements in Android?
The findViewById is used in Android to identify view elements i.e. it is used to retreive and interact
with widgets in the UI. Here, id is the id to search for:
1 public T findViewById (int id)
Ques 100 – What is the usage of Intent in Android?
an Activity.
Implicit Intent
The Implicit Intent define the action to be performed for different activities. These Intents do not
specify a component i.e. the field for component has nothing.
The following is an example:
1 Intent i = new Intent();
2 i.setAction(Intent.ACTION_SEND);
Explicit Intent
The Explicit Intent allows users to connect one activity to another. It is for an application to launch
various internal activities.
The following is an example that connects the current activity to next activity Demo.class:
1 Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),Demo.class);
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ANDROID PROGRAMMING (2180715)

INTERVIEW-ORIENTED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Ques 1 – What is Android? What is its latest release?

2019. It released in the preliminary name Android Q.

calendar, live news, score updates on the right – home screen.

your device with spoken commands.

ImageDecoder class to provide a modernized approach for decoding images.

AndroidManifest.xml, etc. Let us see them one by one.

For examples: Button, CheckBox, AutoCompleteTextView, RadioButton, etc.

The Content Provider share data between applications. It is implemented as a subclass of

Intent is used in Android to communicate between components. It is a messaging object to pass

calls, connecting another activity, etc.

Android Virtual Device (AVD)

same in the Emulator.

Android Virtual Devices.

Ques 3 – What are the characteristics of Android?

released in 2008 and the name was given Android 1.0.

The following are the characteristics:

Built-in infrared transmitter

home screen. These widgets are resizable.

Google search through Voice

with spoken commands.

Ques 4. What are the features Android 10 (Android Q)?

the awesome features introduced with Android 10:

the name was given Android 1.0.

The latest release of Android is Android ‘P’ i.e. version 9

The Android OS have some disadvantages:

Apps on Google Play Store

whey Android mobile OS is fragmented.

Ques 6 – Why do we use Android Toast?

response for the message.

Let us understand it more with the help of an example:

Or you can also write the above as:

1 CharSequence msg = "A toast!";

2 int toast_duration = Toast.LENGTH_SHORT;

4 val myToast = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext, msg, toast_duration);

Above, we have instantiated Toast object with the makeText(ApplicationContext, Toast_Duration,

The Toast method has the following three parameters:

int, int) method.

Let us see the parameters of the setGravity(int, int, int) method:

To set the position of the Toast to the top-right corner:

The following are the benefits:

Set Android Versions/ API levels

Simulate Phone calls and Messages

Connect Emulator from telnet for phone class.

is developed keeping in mind all these points.

Ques 8 – What is an Activity in Android? What is its lifecycle?

Image Source: developer.android.com

onPause(), so that the activity to begin interacting with the user.

The callback method onDestroy() is called before the activity is destroyed.

Ques 9 – What is the need of AndroidManifest.xml in Android?

The following are the elements of the AndroidManifest.xml file:

5 <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

It also sets other activities and class files, for example:

features, for example, storage, audio, etc.

For example, the permission to set for accessing audio:

1 <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />

activity, service, or broadcast receiver can respond to.

3 <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

4 <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

Here are some of the ADB commands:

 -a: Listen on all network interfaces instead of only on localhost.

The following are the components of ADB:

Ques 11 – What are Fragments in Android?