Jupiter on your side

Gods and humans in Antiquity in the Lower Danube area

Accompanying publication for the thematic exhibitions

in Bucharest, Alba Iulia and Constanţa
- May-September 2013 -

Editor
Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu

Bucharest
2013
 ORGANISeRS:
Institutul de Arheologie“Vasile Pârvan” București
Banca Națională a României
Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie Constanța
Muzeul Național al Unirii Alba Iulia
Muzeul Municipiului București. Casa Memorială “dr. G. Severeanu”
ArheoMedia-Project
Asociația ara. Arheologie-Restaurare-Arhitectură

PARtNeR INStItUtIONS:
Muzeul “Octavian Goga” Ciucea
Muzeul Național al Civilizației Dacice și Romane Deva
Muzeul Național de Istorie a României București
Muzeul Olteniei Craiova
Muzeul de Istorie "Paul Păltănea" Galați
Muzeul Național Brukenthal Sibiu

Design of the exhibition in Bucharest: Virgil Apostol, Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu and Romeo Cîrjan
Maps within the exhibition in Bucharest: Daniel Spânu
Drawings within the exhibition in Bucharest: Iuliana Barnea, Cristina Georgescu, Virgil Apostol, Monica Mărgineanu Cârstoiu

Front cover and volume layout: Romeo Cîrjan

ISBN: 978-973-0-15140-4
Printed at: Masterprint Super Offset, Bucharest

All text © the authors and Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan" Bucharest
 eXHIBItIONS IN BUCHAReSt, ALBA IULIA AND CONStANȚA
Under the common thematic "Cults in Antiquity in the area of the Lower Danube" the three temporary exhibitions present during 2013
monuments from the local collections, some of them never showed to the public, while others have been recently discovered.
Not all of the stone monuments and other exhibits are published in the catalogue in this volume.
Bucharest - Casa Memorială dr George Severeanu
"Jupiter on your side... Gods and humans in the Antiquity in the Lower Danube area"
Cat. nos 2, 6, 7, 11, 17, 20-23, 28, 30-31, 34-37, 39, 43-44, 50, 55, 62-63, 76-77, 88-89, 109, 127-128, 130.
Constanța - Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie
"Art and religion in Roman Dobrogea"
Cat. nos 4-5, 14-15, 18, 23-24, 26-27, 29, 56-60, 67-69, 79, 82-84, 90-108, 114-120, 126, 129.
Alba Iulia - Muzeul Național al Unirii
Cat. nos 3, 8, 10, 12-13, 16, 25, 52, 70-72, 75, 81, 85-86, 110-113, 121-125.

AUtHORS OF tHe eSSAYS AND CAtALOGUe eNtRIeS

dr Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu(C.-G. A.) dr Sabina Mariţiu

Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan" Bucharest Banca Naţională a României
dr Gerhard Bauchhenss dr Radu Ota
Wilenstrasse 28, D- 53913 Swisttal Muzeul Național al Unirii Alba Iulia
dr Iulian Bîrzescu (I.B.) dr Florina Panait Bîrzescu
Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan" Bucharest Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan" Bucharest
dr George Bounegru (G.B.) dr Adriana Panaite
Muzeul Național al Unirii Alba Iulia Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan" Bucharest
dr Ana Cătinaș dr Daniel Spânu
Muzeul de Istorie turda Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan" Bucharest
dr Radu Ciobanu (R.C.)
Muzeul Național al Unirii Alba Iulia
dr Romeo Cîrjan (D.-R.C.) english translations (if different from the author)
Banca Națională a României V.B.: Volker Bauchhenss
dr Zaharia Covacef (Z.C.) A.A.: Adriana Andrei
Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie Constanța I.Z.: Ioana Zirra
dr Monica Mărgineanu Cârstoiu M.K.: Maria Krause
Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan" Bucharest L.D.: Lorena Drăghici
contents Acknowledgments 9

Foreword 11

Pre-Roman Divinities in Dacia – Appearances and Identities 13

Daniel Spânu

The Kosmos of Greek Sanctuaries on the shores of the Black Sea

before the Roman Conquest 23
Iulian Bîrzescu

The Dionysopolis temple of the Great Pontic Mother of Gods 31

Igor Lazarenko, Elina Mircheva, Radostina Encheva, Nikolaj Sharankov

Temples from Tomis 43

Zaharia Covacef

Roman sanctuary in Sexaginta Prista 55

Varbin Varbanov

Remarks on the stone statues of Jupiter in Dacia 63

Radu Ota

Nemeseis statuettes and a votive aedicula from Tomi/Constanta 79

Gerhard Bauchhenß

Deities on the coins of Histria, Tomis and Callatis 87

Florina Panait Bîrzescu

Les couleurs des statues de l’Antiquité – quelques considérations

préliminaires sur les pièces découvertes à Apulum 105
Radu Ciobanu

Stone carving workshops in Potaissa 115

Ana Cătinaş

Sculpture workshops at Tomis 123

Zaharia Covacef
Protective deities of Roman roads 133
Adriana Panaite

Magical practice in Dacia and Moesia inferior 143

Sorin Nemeti

Les Dieux Vents - iconographie et symboles

à partir d’une mosaïque d’Apulum 157
Radu Ciobanu

‘Migrated’ Roman lithic fragments

in the vicinity of the capital of Roman Dacia 164
Monica Mărgineanu Cârstoiu

Creating identities...
Roman antiquities in modern Romanian numismatics (1877-1989) 186
Sabina Mariţiu, Romeo Cîrjan

Catalogue 194

Bibliography 279

LIST oF FuRTHeR uSeD ABBReVIATIoNS 293

Sources of illustrations 294

 A Roman sanctuary in Sexaginta Prista
Varbin Varbanov
e Roman province of Moesia was established in 15
A.D. and was reorganised in 86 A.D. into two provinces:
Moesia superior and Moesia inferior. e province of
Lower Moesia covered the largest part of nowadays
Northern Bulgaria and Northern Dobrudja (in Romania).
Its natural northern border was the Danube River on
whose right bank Roman posts were located. e fort of
Sexaginta Prista was part of this chain of military camps.
It was located in the proximity of the mouth of the
Rusenski Lom River, in the central part of the
contemporary town of Rousse. In the 19th century,
Sexaginta Prista was localised by Felix Kanitz, based on the
distances between the military camps, marked in the
Roman route maps. Archaeological excavations on the hill
close to the bank of the Danube River were conducted
between 1976 and 1978 and between 2005 and 2010.
e first excavations in an area of around 1,000 m2 revealed
a part of the north-western fortification wall with a tower
and the remains of several buildings. e results of these
excavations were not published in detail, but only generally
presented in three articles.1
Between 2005 and 2010, around 500 m2 were
investigated and the site chronology became more precisely.
e earliest chronological level, represented by hundreds
of pits, is considered to date from the Late Hellenistic
period. At this stage, the pits are interpreted as a racian
pit sanctuary.2 Arguments underlying this statement are the
lack of residential structures, the density of the pits and the
finds discovered inside them. e pit sanctuary functioned
from the 2nd-1st century B.C. to the last quarter of the 1st
century A.D. For the excavators the pits nos 3 and 30 (see
fig. 38), considerably different in size and content, formed
1. Varbanov – Dragoev 2006; Varbanov – Dragoev 2007a; Varbanov
– Dragoev 2007b; Hawthorne et al. 2011 (with older literature).
2. Stancev 2006, 239; Hawthorne et al. 2011.
the nucleus of the sacred space.3 Its satellite settlement was
an important trading, spiritual and administrative racian
(Getic) centre. It was also located underneath the
contemporary town of Rousse. It has not yet been located
with certainty, but according to the information available
at this point, the settlement was around 1 km to the east
of the studied hill.4
In the middle of the 1st century A.D., a Roman naval
base, called Sexaginta Prista, was located at the mouth of the
Rusenski Lom River. Later on, the Early Roman fort,
constructed during the reign of Emperor Domitian, kept this
name. It was located around 1-1.5 km to the south of the
studied hill. During the Roman period, the hill continued to
be a sacred area In the 2nd century A.D., a temple dedicated
to Apollo and the racian Rider was erected over the pit
field. e site remained a cult centre up to the beginning of
the 4th century A.D., when the Late Roman fort of
Sexaginta Prista was constructed. e principia of the fort
were constructed over the remains of the temple.
Despite the destructions and the overlap of
constructions in the subsequent periods, the remains of the
Roman cult building allowed the examination of its plan
and chronology. e excavations revealed the walls of at
least three buildings (fig. 38 and 39). All of them were made
of unprocessed stones joined with clay, while in one of the
buildings, mortar was used to plaster the walls and,
partially, the floor. At this stage, only the plan of the
building could be followed. e building was overlapped
by the principia of Sexaginta Prista and only its northern
corner was preserved. It has a rectangular shape, with
north-east-south-west orientation and an apse on the
north-eastern wall. Despite the fact that the right shoulder
3. Varbanov – Dragoev 2007b, 229; Hawthorne et al. 2011, 71.
4. Hawthorne et al. 2011, 67 (with mentions of previous reports); 69.
55
 Fig. 38: Sexaginta Prista - features investigated in 2005-2007.

56
of the building was destroyed, we can assume that its width
was of around 8.00 m, while its length was unclear
(8.00/9.00 m, but more than 5.00 m). e thickness of the
walls ranged from 0.60 to 0.80 m. e apse was elevated
above the floor level inside the building by about 0.25 m.
e floor level of the apse was made of two different types
of plaster (0.20 m thick): with white and pink shades (an
evidence of repair works), while the floor level inside the
building was made of tamped loess, mixed with small
stones here and there. An evidence of disaster was the
partially preserved coloured mortar coating on the inner
north-western wall. Probably, the column base discovered
in situ in 2009 was also a structural part of this building.
Within the preserved part of the building the following
were discovered: four intact votive plates depicting the
racian rider hunting5 (see for example fig. 43-45) and
with the so-called benedictio Latina gesture, 54 fragments
of votive plates and six fragments of other marble items.
ey were discovered in four pits.6 e intact votive plates
were found on the bottom of the pits, placed one over
another with their faces down. An altar dedicated to Apollo Fig. 39: Sexaginta Prista - possible reconstruction
(fig. 40) by the veteran M. Ulpius Victor was discovered in of the Roman time sanctuary.
situ in front of the right shoulder of the apse.7 C. Valerius
Crescens, soldier of the legio XI Claudia, dedicated a votive above the apse, in the second half of the 3rd century, when
relief Deo Apollinis sancto (fig. 41). From a probable further the temple had been destroyed. Two bronze coins used in
votive relief there is only a fragment from the bottom the previous publications for dating the period of
preserved, still bearing part of the inscription put up by construction of the building were found inside the plaster
Iulius Renatus (fig. 42). ese finds are supportive of the floor coating of the temple. ey are dupondii issued by
statement that the temple was dedicated to Apollo and the Domitian and Faustina the Elder. e coins were worn out
racian Rider.8 Weather the cult place was of regional and had been in circulation, especially the one issued by
importance over the centuries or it was visited by Roman Domitian. Actually, the coins do not indicate the period
soldiers and veterans can only be hypothesised. e pit when the temple was constructed, but are rather an
sanctuary and the following cult place was most certainly evidence of repair works, which were conducted in the last
directly impacted by the arrival of the Roman army.9 quarter of the 2nd century A.D. e reason for such repair
ese finds, discovered in the layers approximately works is unclear and it may be interpreted in several ways:
over the apse of the temple, also date back to the 3rd repair works required by the aging of the building
century. Most of them originated in later pits dug in a layer (evidenced in other temples in Lower Moesia and race),

5. Stancev 2006, 239-241: Kazarow 1938, 'Jagdmotiv Typ B' and 8. Among the fragmentary preserved reliefs and inscriptions there are
Oppermann's 'Groupe Batkun-Glava Panega'. eventually dedications to other deites like Asklepius to be found -
6. Hawthorne et al. 2011, 66. Stancev 2006, 242.
7. Varbanov – Dragoev 2007b, 231. 9. Hawthorne et al. 2011, 67.

57
repair works due to an earthquake or to a violent
destruction (for example, in the latter case, repair works
could be caused by the invasion of the Costoboci in the
Balkans in 170/171 A.D.).
e construction of the Temple could date back to the
first half of the 2nd century A.D. (the reign of Hadrian-
Antoninus Pius). Arguments underlying this statement are
given by several finds, discovered in the substructure - a
buckle from a chain armour, vessel fragments (terra
sigillata) and mainly one sestertius of Trajan, discovered
next to the left shoulder of the temple, which had been in
Fig. 40: Altar with the dedication to Apollo,
found within the apse of the sanctuary
(limestone; h 58; w 38-43; d 29-27.5 cm)
58
circulation for a short period of time. Inside the temple and
its close vicinity, other fragments of terra sigillata dating
from the 1st-2nd century A.D. period were also discovered.
Fragments of pottery, lamps and a whole lamp were
found inside the plaster floor level. Other interesting finds
were the COL stamped tiles dating from the 2nd century
A.D., parts of the temple roof probably, which were
changed after the repair works in the last quarter of the 2nd
century A.D. A brick fragment with a stamp of the cohors
II Mattiacorum was also found inside the temple.
e end date of the functioning of the temple was
determined with relative accuracy. One wall crossed and
overlapped the temple; it was subsequently added and was
constructed after the Temple had been abandoned. An
antoninianus of Phillip the Arab was found in it, which also
gives a terminus post quem for the wall’s construction - the
middle of the 3rd century A.D. e wall was later
overlapped and destroyed by the principia. As there are no
traces of a floor level or hints of a roof construction, it is
possible that the wall was fenced - it fenced the temenos,
where the rituals were conducted, the remains of which
were the discovered 17 pits.
e temple of Apollo was not functioning anymore in
the middle of the 3rd century A.D., due to its pillaging and
destruction during the invasions of the Goths in the 40’s
and the 50’s of the 3rd century A.D. A small amount of
data for the civil settlement of Sexaginta Prista supports
this statement - in the area of the fort four coin hoards of
denarii and antoniniani and two of provincial bronze coins
were discovered. Five of them were issued for the last time
in the middle of the 3rd century A.D.
Stratigraphically, several other walls date back to the
2nd and 3rd centuries. In the south-eastern wall of the
temple, which was initially considered part of it, several
small fragments of pottery, including a wall of a terra
sigillata vessel, were discovered. Despite that this wall had
deeper foundations than the walls of the temple, it was
probably built subsequently - the foundations were deeper
due to the instability of the terrain caused by the racian
pits. ere is no floor level or other finds connected to the
wall - it is preserved only in substructure.

Fig. 41: Votive relief with dedication to Apollo
and representation of the god
(marble; h 29; w 14.6-19; d 4.5 cm)
e wall, located north to the temple, also had deep
foundations, similar to the aforementioned ones. ey may
have been part of the building. A pit was dug inside, with
pottery from the 3rd century A.D., probably from the
second half of the century. ere is no floor level or other
structures connected to the wall.
A very small part of another wall destroyed by the
north-eastern wall of the principia and by a house from the
19th century was found around 15 m to the south-east of
the temple. It could date back to the 3rd century, as revealed
by the several fragments of pottery discovered there. ere
is no floor level or other structures connected to the wall.
e 17 pits recorded so far are another important part
of the sacred territory, except for the constructions. is
type of structures is subject to discussions, concerning their
function and meaning. Until recently, most scholars in
Bulgaria considered them as waste facilities and their
documentation was not a priority. In recent years, however,
several sanctuaries were excavated in Telerig and Snyagovo
villages, Dobrich region, in Chernovrah village, Tryavna
region, in Kasnakovo and Krepost villages, Haskovo region,
in Kale near Mezdra, etc. In the proximity of sanctuaries,
pits containing fragments of pottery, iron and bronze items,
bones, coins and stones, and sometimes fragmented votive
plates were discovered. Apparently, in these cases the pits
were the remains of ritual acts. However, we will never
know for sure, because the relevant data from historical
sources are missing. Pits were a part of the popular customs
widely spread among the Getae. After the end of the 3rd
century A.D., the demographic picture of northern
Bulgaria suffered dramatic changes, which caused these
customs and practices to disappear.
e contents of the Sexaginta Prista pits are not
different from cases mentioned before: fragments of votive
plates were found in seven of them, and coins in five them,
which facilitated their accurate dating - from the 2nd
century up to the end of the 3rd century A.D. It must be
highlighted that out of the 123 coins from the period
between the 1st and the 3rd century, found during the
excavations, 38 were discovered in the pits. In our opinion,
a large part of the other pits can also be seen as votive
Fig. 42: Fragmentary inscription with dedication to Apollo
(marble; preserved h 8.7; w 12.3; d 2.6 cm)
59
deposits in the context of the temple of Apollo. e
situation is different in one of the pits, where the skeleton
of a child in crouched position was discovered. e
sanctuary in the area of Sexaginta Prista is one of the few
places in Bulgaria, where the continuity of sacred territories
from Hellenistic to the Roman periods is obvious.
In Bulgaria, there are three analogies for the plan of the
studied sanctuary. Two of them are in Haskovo region, in
Ruchei and Kasnakovo villages, of which only the latter was
archaeologically studied. e third example is in the
Arbanas area, Radomir town, Pernik region. e buildings
and sanctuaries with apse plan were spread all over the
Empire, except for Bulgaria. Parallels can be made with the
province of Dacia (the temple of Bel in Porolissum10), the
province of Britannia (the temple of the local god
Antenociticus in Benwell11) and the province of Lusitania
(Portugal - the temple of the sea deities in Milreu).
e sanctuary in Sexaginta Prista does not rank
among the large ones, but has a local significance. e
origin of the sanctuary’s plan could be searched in the Fig. 43: Votive relief with the Thracian Rider
traditions of the pre-Roman era of the Balkans. e (marble; h 15.7; w 11.2-13.3; d 2 cm)
sanctuary shape (a building with an apse) was reproduced
by the sanctuaries from the Late Hellenistic period in
Grădiştea de Munte (the ancient Sarmizegetusa Regia),
Cârlomăneşti and Brad in present-day Romania.

Fig. 44: Votive relief with the Thracian Rider

(marble; h 14.5; w 18; d 2 cm)
10. Rusu-Pescaru – Alicu 2000, 74-77, pl. 22.
11. Stancev 2006, 240.

60
Fig. 45: Votive relief with the Thracian Ride
(marble; h 20.5; w 12.6-14.6; d 2.6 cm)
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