Dimaano, John Michael A.

10-40670

Chapter Five

Problem 1
Water flows through a 75mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3m/sec. Find (a) the volume flow
rate in m3/sec and lit/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in kg/sec, and (c) the weight flow rate in N/sec.

Solution
(a) Q = Av
= Π/4 (0.075)2(3)
= 0.013 m3/s x 1000 lit/m3
= 13 lit/sec

(b) M = ρQ
= 1000(0.013)
= 13 kg/sec (mass flow rate)

(c) W = γQ
= 9810(0.013)
= 127 N/sec (weight flow rate)

Problem 2
What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a diameter of 20 mm and speed of
0.5 m/sec?

Solution
Flow rate, Q = Av
Q = Π/4 (0.022(0.5)
Q = 1.57 x 104 m3/sec

Problem 3
A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 0.61 m 3/s. Assuming an
efficiency of 87% what is the head acting on the turbine?

Solution
Given: Power output = 600 hp
Efficiency, η = 87%

Power input = 600/0.87 = 689.655 hp

Power input = 514, 483 watts
 Power input = Qγ HE
514, 483 = 0.61(9810)HE
HE = 85.97 m
Problem 4
A standpipe 5m in diameter and 10m high is filled with water. Calculate the potential energy of
the water if the elevation datum is taken 2m below the base of the standpipe.

Solution
PE = Wz
W = γ x Volume
= 9.81 x Π/4 (5)2(10)
= 1,926.2 kN

PE = 1,926.2 x 7
PE = 13,483.32 kN-m

Problem 5
Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could rise if projected
with a velocity of 20 m/s?

Solution
As the jet rises, its kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy

Neglecting air resistance:

KE = PE
1
/2Mv2 = Wh
h = v2/2g

h = (20)2 = 20.4 m
2(9.81)

Problem 6
Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2m and a velocity of 3 m/s. It flows down a
chute into another channel where the depth is 1m and the velocity is 10 m/s. Neglecting friction,
determine the difference in elevation of the channel floors.

Solution
Neglecting friction (head lost):
E1 = E2
v1 2 v 2

+2+ z= 2 +1
2(g) 2( g)
2
3 102
+2+ z= +1
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
z = 3.64 m
Problem 7
Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150 mm diameter pipe then discharges into air as shown
in the Figure. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 600 mm, determine the pressure needed
at point 1 to cause 17 lit/sec of oil to flow.

Solution
Q = 0.017 m3/s
Energy equation between point 1 and point 2:
E1 – HL1 – 2 = E2
υ1 2 p 2υ p
+ 1 + z 1 – HL1-2 = 2 + 2 + z 2
2g γ 2g γ
2
p 8 ( 0.017 )
0 + 1 + 20 – 0.6 = 2 4
+0+30
γ Π g ( 0.15 )
p1
= 10.65m of oil
γ
p1 = 10.65(9.81 x 0.84) = 87.76 kPa

Problem 8
Gas is flowing through square conduit whose section gradually changes from 150mm (section 1)
to 300 mm (section 2). At section 1, the velocity of flow is 7 m/s and the density of gas is 1
kg/m3 while at section 2 the velocity of flow is 2 m/s. Calculate the mass flow rate and the
density of the gas at section 2.

Solution

M = ρQ
M = ρ1 A 1 v 1
 = 1[(0.15)(0.15)](7)
M = 0.1575 kg/sec (mass flow rate)

M = ρ2 A 2 v 2
ρ2 [ ( 0.3 ) ( 0.3 ) ] ( 2 ) =0.1575
kg
ρ2=0.875 (mass density at section 2)
m3
Problem 9
A liquid having sp. gr. Of 2.0 is flowing in a 50mm diameter pipe. The total head at a given point
was found to be 17.5 Joule per Newton. The elevation of the pipe above the datum is 3m and the
pressure in the pipe is 65.6 kPa. Compute the velocity of flow and the horsepower in the stream
at that point.

Solution:
v2 P
Total energy, E = + +z
2g γ
E = 17,5 Joule/N x (1N-m/Joule)
E = 17.5 m
v 2 +65.6 +3
17.5 =
2 g 9.81(2)
2
v
=11.156 m
2g
v = 14.79 m/s (velocity of flow)

Power, P = Q γ E
Π
= [ ( 0.05 )2 (14.79)¿ x (9810 x 2) x 17.5
4
= 9970.92 watts x (1 hp/746 watts)
Power, P = 13.37 hp

Problem 10
A diverging tube discharges water from a reservoir at a depth of 10m below the water surface.
The diameter of the tube gradually increases from 150mm at the throat to 225mm at the outlet.
Neglecting friction, determine: (a) the maximum possible rate of discharge though this tube, and
(b) the corresponding pressure at the throat.

Solution
(a) Energy equation between 1 & 3
(Neglecting head loss & datum along point 3)
E1 = E3
υ12 p υ 2 p
+ 1 + z1 = 3 + 3 + z3
2g γ 2g γ
υ 2
0 + 0 +10 = 3 +0+0
2g
 m
v3 =14
s
Π
Q = Q3 = ( 0.225 )4 ( 14 )
4
Q = 0.557 m3/s
(b) Pressure at the throat
Energy equation between 1 & 2
υ2 2 p υ 2 p
+ 2 + z2 = 3 + 3 + z3
2g γ 2g γ
2
8 ( 0.557 ) p2 14 2
4
+ +0= + 0+0
Π 2 g ( 0.15 ) γ 2g
P2 = -398.75 kPa
Chapter Six

Problem 1
A weigh tank receives 7.65 kg of liquid having sp. gr. Of 0.86 in 14.9 seconds. What is the flow
rate in liters per minute?

Solution
7.65 kg
Mass flow rate, M = =0.5134
14,9 s
Mass flow rate, M = ρQ
0.5134 = (1000 x 0.86)Q
Q = 5.97 x 10-4 m3/s
Q = 0.597 L/sec = 35.82 lit/min

Problem 2
An orifice has a coefficient of discharge of 0.62 and a coefficient of contraction of 0.63.
Determine the coefficient of velocity for the orifice.

Solution:
C = C c x Cv
0.62 = 0.63 x Cv
Cv = 0.984

Problem 3
An open cylindrical tank, 2.4m in diameter and 6m tall has 1m glycerin (S g = 1.5), 2.5m of
water, and 1.5m of oil (So = 0.82). Determine the discharge through the 125 mm diameter located
at the bottom of the tank. Assume C = 0.65.

Solution:
 Q = CA √ 2 gH
1 0.82
H = 1 + 2.5 +1.5
1.5 1.5
H = 3.487 m of glycerin
Π 2
Q = 0.65 x ( 0.125) x √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 3.487 )
4
Q = 0.066 m3/s

Problem 4
An orifice of 50mm square, with C = 0.6 is located on one side of a closed cylindrical tank as
shown. An open mercury manometer indicates a pressure head of 30mm Hg in the air at the top
of the tank. If the upper 4m of the tank is oil (sp. gr. = 0.80) and the remainder is water,
determine the discharge through the orifice.

Solution
Q = CA √ 2 gH
H = 4 + 4(0.8) + (-0.3)(13.6)
H = 3.12 m of water
Q = 0.6 x (0.05)2 √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 3.12 )
Q = 0.01173 m3/s

Problem 5
A steel barge, rectangular in plan, floats with a draft of 1.5m. If the barge is 10 m long, 5 m
wide, and 2 m deep, compute the time necessary to sink it to its top edge after opening a standard
orifice, 180 mm in diameter, in its bottom. Neglect the thickness of the vertical sides and assume
C = 0.60.

Solution:
When the orifice is opened, the barge will sink a volume equal to the volume of water
inside the barge. Since the cross-sectional area of the barge is constant and its thickness is
negligible, the barge will sink to a depth equal to the depth of water that goes in. Thus the head
over the orifice, being submerged, is kept constant at 1.5 m.
The barge will sink to its top when x = 0.5m.

Volume = Qt
Volume = 5(10)(0.5)
Volume = 25 m3

Q = CA √ 2 gH
Π 2 3
Q = 0.6 ( 0.18) √2 ( 9.81 ) (1.5)=0.08283m / s
4
25 = 0.08283 t
t = 301.83 sec = 5.03 min

Problem 6
A large closed cylindrical steel tank 4 m high with its bottom on a level ground contains two
layers of liquid. The bottom layer is water 2 meters deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid
whose specific gravity is not known, to a depth of 1 meter. The air space at the top is pressurized
to 16 kPa above atmosphere. A 50-mm-diameter orifice with a coefficient of velocity of 0.98 is
situated one meter from the bottom of the tank. The jet from the orifice hits the ground 3.5 m
horizontally away from the vena contracta. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid at the top
layer.

Solution:
From the trajectory:
gx 2
y=x tan θ−
2 v 0 cos 2 θ
2

θ = 0̊
9.81(3.5)2
-1 = 0 -
2 v 0 cos 2 0 ̊
2

v 0=C v √ 2 gH
7.75 = 0.98√ 2 ( 9.81 ) H
H = 3.19 m
16
H = 1 + 1(s) + =3.19
9.81
s = 0.56

Problem 7
A standard short tube 100 in diameter discharges water under a head of 4.95 m. A small hole,
tapped in the side of the tube 50 mm from the entrance, is connected with the upper end of the
piezometer tube the lower end of which is submerged in a pan of mercury. Neglecting vapor
pressure, to what height will the mercury rise in the tube? Also determine the absolute pressure
at the upper end of the piezometer tube.
Solution:
Note: For standard short tubes, the pressure head at point
near entrance is -0.82H.

pa
=−0.82 H
γ
pa
=−0.82 ( 4.95 )=−4.059
γ
pa = -4.059(9.81)
pa=−39.82 kPa

Neglecting vapor pressure:

p 39.82
h= a =
γ m 9.81 x 13.6
h=0.298
h=298 mm

Problem 8
A Borda’s mouthpiece 150 mm in diameter discharges water under a head of 3 m. Determine the
discharge in m3/s and the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta.

Solution:
Under ideal conditions, the coefficients of a Borda’s mouthpiece are C c = 0.5 and Cv =
1.0

Diameter at vena contracta:

a=C c A
π 2 π
d =0.50 x ( 150 )2
4 4
d=106.1mm

Discharge:
Q = CA √ 2 gH
C=C c x C v
C=0.5 x 1.0=0.50
π 2
Q = 0.5 x ( 150 ) √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 3 )
4
Q = 0.0678 m3/s

Problem 9
A 100-mm-diameter orifice on the side of a tank 1.83 in diameter, draws the surface down from
2.44 m to 1.22 m above the orifice in 83.7 seconds. Calculate the discharge coefficient.

Solution:
 Since the head vary, the flow is unsteady.

2 As
t= ¿ - √ H 2]
CA o √ 2 g
π
2 (1.83)2
4
83.7 = ¿ - √ 1.22]
π
C x (0.100)2 √ 2( 9.81)
4
C = 0.8265

Problem 10
Carbon tetrachloride having specific gravity of 1.6 is flowing through a pipe. The differential
gage attached to the Pitot-static tube shows a 100-mm deflection of mercury. Assuming C t =
1.00, find the velocity of flow.

Solution:

v=Ct x √ 2 gH
P B−P A
h=
γ
(S ¿ ¿ gagefluid−S fluid)
=R ¿
S fluid
 0.08(13.6−1.6)
=
1.6
h=0.6 m

v=1 x √ 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.6 )

v=3.43 m/s

Chapter Seven

Problem 1
Water having kinematic viscosity v = 1.3 x 10-6 m2/s flows in a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a
velocity of 4.5 m/s. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

Solution:
vD 4.5 ( 0.1 )
Re = =
v 1.3 x 10−6
Re =346 , 154> 2000 (turbulent flow)

Problem 2
Oil of specific gravity 0.80 flows in a 200 mm diameter pipe. Find the critical velocity. Use μ =
8.14 x 102 Pa-s.

Solution:
At critical velocity in pipes, Re =2000
vDρ
Re =
μ
 v c (0.2)(1000 x 0.80)
2000 =
8.14 x 10−2
v c =1.0175 m/ s

Problem 3
A fluid flows at 0.001 m3/s through a 100-mm-diameter pipe. Determine whether the flow is
laminar or turbulent if the fluid is (a) hydrogen (v = 1.08 x 10 -4 m2/s), (b) air (v = 1.51 x 10 -5
m2/s), (c) gasoline (v = 4.06 x 10 -7 m2/s), (d) water (v = 1.02 x 10 -6 m2/s), (e) mercury (v = 1.15 x
10-7 m2/s), or (f) glycerin (v = 1.18 x 10-3 m2/s)

Solution:
0.1273 ( 0.1 )
(a) Re =
1.08 x 10−4
Re =118 (laminar)

0.1273 ( 0.1 )
(b) Re =
1.51 x 10−5
Re =843 (laminar)

0.1273 ( 0.1 )
(c) Re =
4.06 x 10−7
Re =31 , 361 (turbulent)

0.1273 ( 0.1 )
(d) Re =
1.02 x 10−6
Re =12 , 483 (turbulent)

0.1273 ( 0.1 )
(e) Re =
1.15 x 10−7
Re =110 ,716 (turbulent)

0.1273 ( 0.1 )
(f) Re =
1.18 x 10−3
Re =10.8 (laminar)

Problem 4
Water flow at the rate of 200 lit/sec through 120-m horizontal pipe having a diameter of 300 mm.
If the pressure difference between the end points is 280 mmHg, determine the friction factor.

Solution:
 0.0826 fLQ 2
h f =¿
D5

For a horizontal pipe, the head lost between the points is equal to the difference in
pressure head
P1−P2
hf= = 0.28 mm Hg (13.6) = 3.808 m of water
γ
0.0826 f (120)(0.2)2
3.808 =
(0.3)5
f = 0.0233

Problem 5
The head lost in 50 m of 12-cm-diameter pipe is known to be 6 m when a liquid of sp. gr. 0.9
flows at 0.06 m/s. Find the shear stress at the walls of the pipe.

Solution:
γh L D (9810 x 0.9)(6)(0.12)
τ 0= =
4L 4(50)
τ 0=31.78 Pa

Problem 6
What commercial size of new cast iron pipe shall be used to carry 4,490 gpm with a lost head of
10.56 feet per mile? Assume f = 0.019.

Solution:

0.0826 fLQ2
hf=
D5

gal 3.79lit 1 min

Q = 4490 x x
min gal 60 sec
3
Q = 284 lit/sec = 0.284 m /s
5280 ft 1m
L = 1 mile x x
mile 3.28 ft
L = 1609.76 m
1m
h f =10.56 ft x
3.28 ft
h f =3.22 m

0.0826 ( 0.019 )( 1609.76 )( 0.284 )2

3.22 ¿
D5
D = 0.576 m = 576 mm
Problem 7
There is a leak in a horizontal 300-mm-diameter pipeline. Upstream from the leak two gages 600
m apart showed a difference of 140 kPa. Downstream from the leak two gages 600 m apart
showed a difference of 126 kPa. Assuming f = 0.025, how much water is being lost from the
pipe.

Solution:

0.0826 fLQ2 0.0826 ( 0.025 ) (600 ) Q 2

hf= =
D5 ( 0.3 )5

h f =509.876 Q 2

Since the pipe is uniform and horizontal, the head lost between any points is equal to the pressure
head difference.

P1−P2
[hf 1= ]
γ
140
509.876 Q 1 =
2
9.81
Q 1=0.167 m3/s

P2−P 4
[hf 2= ]
γ
126
509.876 Q 2 =
2
9.81
Q1=0.159 m3/s

[Q 0=Q 1 −¿ Q 2]
Q0=0.167−0.159=0.008m3/s
lit
Q 0=8
sec

Problem 8
Assume that 57 liters per second of oil (ρ = 860 kg/m 3) is pumped through a 300 mm diameter
pipeline of cast iron. If each pump produces 685 kPa, how far apart can they be placed? (Assume
f = 0.031)

Solution:
Each pump must be spaced such that the head lost between any two pumps is equal to the
pressure head produced by each.

P 685 x 10 3
Pressure head, = = 81.2 m
γ 860 (9.81)
0.0826 ( 0.031 ) L(0.057)2
hf=
(0.3)5
L = 23, 718 m = 23.718 km

Problem 9
Two pipes, each 300 m long, are connected in series. The flow of water through the pipes is 150
lit/sec with a total frictional loss of 15 m. If one pipe has a diameter of 300 mm, what is the
diameter of the other pipe? Neglect minor losses and assume f = 0.02 for both pipes.

Solution:

Q1 = Q2 = 0.15 m3/s
HL = hf1 + hf2

0.0826(0.02)(300)(0.15)2 0.0826(0.02)(300)(0.15)2
15 = +
0.35 D5
D = 0.255 m
D = 255 mm

Problem 10
Three reservoirs A, B, and C are connected respectively with pipes 1, 2, and 3 joining at a
common junction P whose elevation is 366 m. Reservoirs A is at elevation 933 m and reservoirs
B is at elevation 844 m. The properties of each pipe are as follows: L 1 = 1500 m, D1 = 600 mm, f1
= 0.02; L2 = 1000 m, D2 = 450 mm, f2 = 0.025; L3 = 900 m, D3 = 500mm, f3 = 0.018. A pressure
gage at junction P reads kPa. What is the flow in pipe 3 in m3/s and the elevation of reservoir C.

Solution:

h f 1=62.4 m
0.0826(0.02)(1500)Q 1 2

5
= 62.4
0.6
Q 1=¿ 1.399 m3/s

0.0826(0.025)(1000)Q2 2

h f 2=26.6=
(0.45)5
Q2 = 0.488 m3/s

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q3 = 1.399 = 0.488 = 0.911 m3/s

Elevation od reservoir C:

0.0826 ( 0.018 ) ( 900 )( 0.911 )2

hf 3 = 5
=35.54 m
( 0.5 )

El. C = 870.6 – 35.54

El. C = 835.06 m

Chapter Eight
Problem 1
Determine the uniform flow through a trapezoidal concrete lined canal having side slope of 3H
to 4V and bottom width of 2m if the depth of flow is 2m. The channel is laid on a slope of 3 m
per 2 kilometers. Use n = 0.013.

Solution:

1
Q = A R2/3S1/2
n
y = (5/4)2 = 2.5 m
5+2
A= (2)
2
A = 7 m2
P = 2 + 2(2.5) = 7m
R = A/P = 7/7
R = 1m
S = S0 = 3/2000 = 0.0015
2 1
1
Q = (7) ( 1 ) ( 0.0015 ) 2
3
0.013
Q = 20.85 m3/s

Problem 2
The section of a storm drain tunnel is as shown. During the heavy storm, the water surface is
2.5m above the semicircular section. If n = 0.02 and the slope of the channel is 0.009, calculate
the discharge.

Solution:
 2 1
1
Q = A R3 S 2
n
1
A = 5.5(2.5) + π¿
2
A = 16.20 m2
P = 2.5(2) + 1.5(2) + π (1.25 )
P = 11.93 m
R = A/P = 16.20/11.93
R 1.358 m
2 1
1
Q = 16.20 x ( 1.358 ) 3 ( 0.009 ) 2
0.02
3
Q = 94.28 m /s

Problem 3
A rectangular, concrete channel, 15 m wide is to carry water at the rate 22 m 3/s. If the channel
slope is 0.00025, determine the normal depth of the flow. Use roughness coefficient n = 0.013.

Solution:
2 1
1
Q = A R3 S 2
n
A = 15d
R = A/P = 15d/(15 + 2d)

1 15 d 2/3
22 = 15d [ ] (0.00025)1/2
0.013 15+2 d
15 d 2/3
1.206 = d[ ]
15+2 d

Solve for d by trial and error,

d = 1.187 m

Problem 4
A circular concrete sewer 1.60 m in diameter and flowing half-full is laid on a slope of 4 m per 5
km. Determine the discharge.

Solution:
For concrete lining, n = 0.013.
2 1
1
Q = A R3 S S 2
n
D = 2r = 1.60m; r = 0.80m
For semi-circular section, R = r/2
 1 ( )2 1 0.8 23
Q=
2
π 0.8 x
0.013 2 ( )¿
Q = 1.187 m3/s
Problem 5
Water flows in a rectangular V-notch steel channel, with vertex angle of 60° , at a velocity of 1.2
m/s. Find the normal depth of flow if the channel is laid on a slope of 0.0017. Use n = 0.014.

Solution:
2 1
1
v= R 3 S S 2
n
1
A = ( 2 d tan 60° ) d
2
A = d 2 tan 60 °
P = 2 d sec 60°
R = A/P
d 2 tan 60 ° /sec 60 °
R = 0.433d
1
1.2 = ¿
0.014
d = 0.601 m (normal depth)

Problem 6
An open channel to be designed to carry 1.5 m 3/s at a slope of 0.007. The channel material has an
n value of 0.012. Find the most efficient cross section for rectangular section.

Solution:
For most efficient rectangular section:
b = 2d
A = 2d2
R = d/2

Then;
1
1.5= ( 2 d 2) ¿
0.012
8
d 3 = 0.17076
d = 0.515 m or 515 mm
b = 2d = 1,030 mm

Problem 7
Determine the maximum flow through a 1.2-m-diameter concrete culvert which is laid on the
slope of 0.009. Use n = 0.013.

Solution:
 The maximum flow through the circular section occurs when the depth of flow d is 0.938
of the diameter D.

cos ( θ2 )= 0.5256
0.60
θ = 57.67°
360 – θ = 302.33°
A = Asector + Atriangle
= π ¿¿
A = 1.102 m2

P = π ¿¿
R = A/P
R = 1.102/3.166 = 0.348 m
2 1
1
Q = A R3 S 2
n
1
= 1.102 x ¿
0.013
Q = 3.979 m3/s

Problem 8
Find the flow in a 15-m-wide rectangular channel for which the critical depth is 3 m.

Solution:
The critical depth for rectangular channel is:

q2
d c=
q 2
√3

g
=3

=27
g
q = 16.27 m3/s per meter width
Q = qb
= 16.27(15)
Q = 244.12 m3/s
Problem 9
Water is flowing in a 3-m-wide rectangular channel at a depth of 360 mm. A hydraulic jump
occurs and the depth of water downstream from the jump is 1300 mm. Determine the discharge.

Solution:
For rectangular channel:
q2 d 1 d2 (d1 + d2 )
=
g 2
2
q 0.36(1.3)(0.36+1.3)
=
g 2
3
q =1.952 m /s per diameter width
Q = qb
= 1.952(3)
Q = 5.856 m3/s

Problem 10
A small boat is moving in shallow still water where the depth is 1.5m; its bow makes and angle
of 65° with the line motion. Compute the speed of the boat.

Solution:
gd
sinθ= √
v
sin65 ° =
√ 9.81(1.5)
v
v = 4.43 m/s
Chapter Nine

Problem 1
A hose and nozzle discharges a horizontal water jet against a nearby vertical plate. The flow rate
of water is 0.03 m3/s, and the diameter of the nozzle tip is 30 mm. Find the horizontal force
necessary to hold the plate in place.

Solution:
Qγ
F= v
g
Q 0.03 m
v= = =42.44
A π s
( 0.03 )2
4
0.03 ( 9810 )
F= ( 42.44)
9.81
F = 1273.2 N

Problem 2
A jet of water flowing at the rate of 0.12 m 3/s hits a vertical building wall horizontally at close
range with a force of 7000 N. Determine the diameter of the jet in mm.

Solution:
F=ρQv
Q
F=ρQx
A
2
F=ρ Q / A
1
7000 = 1000(0.12) x π 2
2
D
4
D = 0.051 m = 51 mm

Problem 3
A jet having a diameter of 50 mm and a velocity of 12 m/s is deflected through an angle of 180°
by a fixed curved vane. Neglecting friction, determine the horizontal and vertical components of
the forced exerted by the jet on the vane.

Solution:
Q= A 1 v 1
π
= ¿
4
Q = 0.0236 m3/s
F x =ρ Q( v ¿ ¿1 x−v 2 x ) ¿
= 1000(0.0236)(12-(-12)]
F x = 566.4 N to the right

Problem 4
The water tank in the figure shown stands on a frictionless cart and feeds a jet of diameter 50
mm and velocity 12 m/s, which is deflected 50° by a vane. Compute the tension in the
supporting cable.

Solution:
Since the cart is frictionless, the tension in the cable is equal to the X-component of the
force exerted by the jet on the vane.

T =−F x = ρQ(v 2 x −v 1 x ) force reaction

Q= Av
π
= ¿
4
m3
Q=0.0236
s

Since the jet source and the vane is on the same body, then there is no initial momentum.
The initial absolute velocity v1 =0
 T = 1000(0.0236)(12 cos 50° - 0)
T = 182 N

Problem 5
A jet issued at the rate of 155 L/s and a velocity of 35 m/s strikes a blade moving in the same
direction at 20 m/s. The deflection angle of the blade is 150° .Neglecting friction in the blade,
determine the X and Y components of the force exerted by the jet on the blade. Find also the
work done on the vane.

Solution:

u=v 1−v ꞌ
m
u=35−20=15
s
,
v 2 x =v −u cos 30 °
m
v 2 x =20−15cos 30° =7
s
v 2 y =u sin30 °
m
v 2 y =15 sin30 °=7.5
s
Qꞌ = Au
Qu 15
=
v1
=0.155
35( )
3
Qꞌ = 0.0664 m /s

F x =ρ Qꞌ( v ¿ ¿1 x−v 2 x ) ¿ = 1000 (0.0664)(35-7)

 F x =1860 N ¿ the¿

F y =ρQꞌ( v ¿ ¿1 y−v 2 y )=1000(0.0664)(0−7.5)¿

Fy = -498 N or 498 N downwards

Work = ρ Qꞌ u(1-cos β ¿ v ꞌ
= 1000(0.0664)(15)(1-cos150°)(20)
Work = 37,171.23 N-m/s

Problem 6
The jets from a garden sprinkler are 1-inch in diameter and are normal to the 2-feet radius as
shown in the Figure. The pressure at the base of the nozzle is 60 psi. Neglect the velocity head at
the base of the nozzle. Use coefficient of velocity Cv = 0.80 and coefficient of contraction Cc =
1.00.
(a) Determine the velocity of flow of the jet in ft/sec.
(b) Determine the force exerted by the jet on the sprinkler.
(c) Determine the force F applied on each sprinkler pipe 1 foot from the center (as
shown) to maintain the equilibrium.

Solution:
Energy equation between O and A neglecting losses:
[EO = EA]
vo Po
2 v P2

+ + zo = A +¿ A + zA
2g y 2g y

8640 v 2
0+ + 0= A +0+ 0
62.4 2g
ft
v A =94.43 (theoretical velocity)
s
Actual velocity, v=C v v A=0.80 ( 94.43 )
ft
Actual velocity, v=75.54
sec

Q=C A A v A
Q=(C ¿ ¿ c x C v ) A A v A ¿
π 1
Q= (1 x 0.8 ) ( )2(94.43) = 0.412 ft3/s
4 12

Qγ
Dynamic Force, F D = v
g
 0.412 ( 62.4 )
Dynamic Force, FD = (75.54)
32.2
Dynamic Force, FD = 60.31 lbs
[∑MO = 0 F(1) = FD(2)
F = (60.31)(2) = 120.62 lbs

Problem 7
A submarine is running submerge in sea water (sp. gr. = 1.03) at a speed of 24 kph. The
projected area normal to the direction of motion being 6 square meters. If the drag coefficient is
0.10, determine the drag force.

Solution:
v2
FD = C D γA
2g
m
v=24 kph ÷ 3.6=6.667
s
6.667 2
FD = 0.10(9.81 x 1.03)(6)
2(9.81)
FD = 13.735 kPa

Problem 8
A torpedo is launched with a sufficient power so that after it has reached a steady state of
motion, its velocity in salt water is 16 m/s. (a) What speed would it attain in frsh water if
resistance is the same, (b) what speed would the torpedo attain in fresh water if the power is the
same?

Solution:
(a) The resistance on the torpedo is the drag force
v2
FD = C D γA
2g
Since the resistance is the same:
FD is fresh water = FD in salt water

vf
2 v2

C D γf A =C D γ s A s
2g 2g
γ f v f =γ s v s
2 2

9.81 v f =( 9.81 x 1.03 ) 162

2

v f = 16.24 m/s
 (b) Power = FD x v
Power in fresh water = Power in salt water
v v
γ f v f =γ s v s
2 2

C D γ f A f v f =C D γ s A s v s 3 3

2g 2g
9.81 v f =( 9.81 x 1.03 ) 163
3

m
v f =16.16
s

Problem 9
A steel ball (sp. gr. = 7.85) having a diameter of 100 mm is dropped into the ocean (sp. gr. =
1.03) What is the terminal velocity assuming a drug coefficient of 0.20?

Solution:
A falling body reaches terminal velocity when the sum
of all vertical forces is zero.

FD + BF – W = 0
W = γ steel V steel
4
= (9810 x 7.85) π (0.05)3
3
W = 40.32 N

BF = γ sw V
4
= (9810 x 1.03) π (0.05)3
3
BF = 5.29 N

FD + 5.29 – 40.32
FD = 35.03 N
v 2
FD = C D γA t
2g
vt 2
35.03 = 0.20(9810 x 1.03)[π(0.05)2]
2g
v t=6.58 m/s

Problem 10
If the velocity of flow in a 600-mm-diameter cast iron pipe (E=8.29 x 10 9 Pa) be changed in 0.25
second from 0.6 m/s to 0 m/s by closing a valve 300 m from a reservoir, what probable increase
in pressure due to water hammer will be expected close to valve? The pipe wall is 20 mm thick.

Solution:
EB
Celerity,
¿

√ ρ( 1+
9
E B d , where EB = 2.07 x 10 Pa (for water)
E t
)

2.07 x 109
c=

√ 1000(1+

c=¿1,088 m/s
2.07 x 109 600
8.29 x 109 20
)

Time for the pressure wave to travel round trip:

2L
Time, T =
c
2(300)
Time, T = =0.55 sec
1,088

Since the time of closure (t c =¿0.25 sec) is less than T, it is a sudden closure, and the
pressure increase is:

P h= ρ c ∆ v
Ph=1000 ( 1088 ) ( 0.6−0 )
Ph=652,800 Pa=652.8 kPa