2D Element

CIV 4234
Advanced Structural Analysis

Introduction to the finite element method
Plate elements
Summary of steps and equations
Step Task Key Equation

1 Identify the problem geometry (A) [F] = [K][U]
Choose the coordinate system
Number the nodes
2 Select a displacement function (B) [u(x,y)] = [f(x,y)][α]

3 Relate the displacements at any point in the member to (C) [u(x,y)] = [f(x,y)] [A]-1[U]
the node displacements
4 Relate the strains at any point in the member to the node (D) [ε(x,y)] = [B][U]
displacements
5 Relate the stresses at any point in the member to the (E) [σ(x,y)] = [D][B][U]
 vol 
node displacements
[F ] =  ∫ [B]T [D][B]dV  [U ]
6 Relate node loads to the node displacements (F)  
7 Relate the stresses at any point in the member to the [σ(x,y)] = [H][U], where,
node displacements (G) [H] = [D][B]
Step 1 – Identify the problem Step 2 – Select a displacement
geometry function
Label the global and local Assume an equation for the
nodes displacement of the element (in
local coordinates) Step 3 – Relate member
displacements to the node
displacements
Write the equation for the
displacement of the element in
Step 5 – Write the stress- Step 4 – Write the strain- terms of the displacement of the
displacement relationships displacement relationships nodes of the element
Express the stress at any point in Express the strain at any point in the
the element in terms of the element in terms of the displacement
displacement of the nodes of the nodes
Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

displacements
By equating energy (or some other
means) express the node loads in
terms of the node displacements, the Step 7 – Write the stress-displacement
stiffness equation for the member relationship
Once the stiffness equations have been
solved, use the displacements to find
the internal stresses
Element type 1
Element type 2
Nodes
Element type 3
How do we divide up a surface?
We will go through the 7 steps listed above for the simplest element that
can be used to model a surface – the triangle.
Triangle with in-plane force and deformation
Triangle with out-of-plane bending

A Strand 7 model using triangle elements
Step 1 - Identify the problem geometry
The triangle element has 3 nodes, and each node can displace in the local x and y directions.
Y
y
3
x 2
 Fx1 
X
u1 
 Fy  v 
 1  1
 Fx2  Displacement
u 2 
Load vector =
  vector =
 
Fy
 2 v2 
 Fx3  u 3 
   
 Fy 3   v3 
geometry function
displacements

displacements
Step 2 - Select a displacement function
 α1 
α 
 2
displacement in the x direction, u = α1 + α2x + α3y u  1 x y 0 0 0  α 3 
displacement in the y direction, v = α4 + α5x + α6y  v  = 0 0 0 1 x y  α 
    4 
α 5 
 
α 6 
•number of coefficients must equal the number of degrees of freedom for the
member
•the displacement function that we have chosen is linear
deformed shape
gap forms –
geometric
discontinuity
geometry function
displacements

displacements
Step 3 - Relate member displacements to the node displacements
u 1  1 x1 y1 0 0 0   α1  1 x1 y1 0 0 0
 v  0 0 0 0 y1 
 1  0 1 x1 y1  α 2   0 1 x1
u 2  1 x 2 0  α 3  1 x y2 0 0 0
 =
y2 0 0
  [A] =  2 
 v 2  0 0 0 1 x2 y 2  α 4  0 0 0 1 x2 y2 
u 3  1 x3 y3 0 0 0  α 5  1 x3 y3 0 0 0
      
 v3  0 0 0 1 x3 y 3  α 6  0 0 0 1 x3 y3 
Inverting gives,
[α]=[A]-1[U]
 x2 y 3 − x3 y 2 0 − x1 y 3 + x3 y1 0 x1 y 2 − x 2 y1 0 
 y −y 0 y 3 − y1 0 y1 − y 2 0 
 2 3 
1  x3 − x2 0 x1 − x 3 0 x 2 − x1 0 
[A]−1 =  
2∆  0 x2 y 3 − x3 y 2 0 − x1 y 3 + x3 y1 0 x1 y 2 − x 2 y1 
 0 y 2 − y3 0 y 3 − y1 0 y1 − y 2 
 
 0 x3 − x2 0 x1 − x 3 0 x 2 − x 1 
where,
1 x1 y1
2∆ = det 1 x 2 y2
1 x3 y3
= (x 2 y 3 − x3 y 2 ) − (x1 y 3 − x3 y1 ) + (x1 y 2 − x 2 y1 )
= 2 × (area of triangular element )
geometry function
displacements

displacements
Step 4 - Write the strain-displacement relationships
εx is the strain in the x direction

εy is the strain in the y direction γxy/2
γxy is the shear strain
∂u
εx =
∂x
∂v
εy = γxy/2
∂y
∂u ∂v
γ xy = +
∂y ∂x
∂
εx = (α1 + α 2 x + α3 y ) = α 2  α1 
∂x α 
∂  ε x   α 2  0 1 0 0 0 0   2 
ε y = (α 4 + α 5 x + α6 y ) = α6 α 
∂y [ε(x, y )] =  ε y  =  α6  = 0 0 0 0 0 1  3 
α
∂ ∂ γ xy  α 3 + α 5  0 0 1 0 1 0  4 
γ xy = (α1 + α 2 x + α 3 y ) + (α 4 + α 5 x + α6 y ) = α 3 + α 5   α 5 
∂y ∂x  
α 6 
Step 4 - Write the strain-displacement relationships (cont)
and from before, [α]=[A]-1[U], so
 ε x   α 2  0 1 0 0 0 0 
[ε(x, y )] =  ε y  =  α6  = 0 0 0 0 0 1[A]−1 [U ] = [B][U ]
γ xy  α 3 + α 5  0 0 1 0 1 0
 
[ε(x,y)] = [B][U]
0 1 0 0 0 0
[B] = 0 0 0 0 0 1[A ]
−1
0 0 1 0 1 0
 y2 − y3 0 y 3 − y1 0 y1 − y 2 0 
1 
= 0 x3 − x2 0 x1 − x 3 0 x 2 − x1 
2∆ 
 x 3 − x 2 y2 − y3 x1 − x 3 y 3 − y1 x 2 − x1 y1 − y 2 
strain is independent of x and y – hence this finite element is often referred to as

the constant strain triangle
geometry function
displacements

displacements
Step 5 - Write the stress - strain relationships
σx is the stress in the x direction

σy is the stress in the y direction
τxy is the shear stress
PLANE STRESS EQUATIONS:
σ x νσ y
εx = −
E E
 εx   1 −ν 0 σ x 
  1  
νσ x σ y [ε(x, y )] =  ε y  = − ν 1 0   σ y 
εy = − + E
E E γ xy 
   0 0 2(1 + ν )  τ xy 
τ xy 2(1 + ν )
γ xy = = τ xy
G E
  
invert, σ x   1 ν 0  εx 
[σ (x, y )] =  σ y  = E 2 ν 1 0  ε y 
1− ν  1 − ν  
 τ xy   0 0  γ xy 
   2 
Step 5 - Write the stress - strain relationships (cont.)
[σ(x,y)] = [D][ε(x,y)]
where [D] is the elasticity matrix,
 
1 ν 0
E  
[D] = ν 1 0 
1− ν 
2
1− ν
 0 0 
 2 
Substituting [ε(x,y)] = [B][U]
[σ(x,y)] = [D][B][U]
geometry function
displacements

displacements
Step 6 - Relate node loads to node displacements
vol
[K ] = ∫ [B]T [D][B]dV
 y2 − y3 0 x3 − x2 
 0 x3 − x2 y 2 − y 3 

 y2 − y3 0 y 3 − y1 0 y1 − y 2 0  1  y 3 − y1 0 x1 − x 3 
1 
[B] =  0 x3 − x 2 x1 − x 3 x 2 − x1  [B]T =  
2∆
0 0 2∆  0 x1 − x 3 y3 − y1 
 x3 − x 2 y2 − y3 x1 − x 3 y 3 − y1 x 2 − x1 y1 − y 2   y1 − y 2 0 x 2 − x1 
 
 0 x 2 − x1 y1 − y 2 
1 x1 y1  
1 ν 0
2∆ = det 1 x 2 y2  
[D] = E 2 ν 1 0 
1 x3 y3 1− ν  1− ν
= (x 2 y 3 − x3 y 2 ) − (x1 y 3 − x3 y1 ) + (x1 y 2 − x 2 y1 )  0 0 
 2 
= 2 × (area of triangular element )
vol vol vol
All terms are constants, so [K ] = ∫ [B] [D][B]dV = [B] [D][B] ∫ dV and,

T T
∫ dV = ∆ × t
geometry function
displacements

displacements
Step 6 - Relate node loads to node displacements
[σ(x,y)] = [H][U]
[σ(x,y)] = [D][B][U]
[H] = [D][B]
geometry function
displacements

displacements

2D Element

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2D Element

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CIV 4234

Advanced Structural Analysis

Step Task Key Equation

2 Select a displacement function (B) [u(x,y)] = [f(x,y)][α]

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

How do we divide up a surface?

Triangle with out-of-plane bending

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

εx is the strain in the x direction

and from before, [α]=[A]-1[U], so

strain is independent of x and y – hence this finite element is often referred to as

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

σx is the stress in the x direction

Substituting [ε(x,y)] = [B][U]

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

vol vol vol

All terms are constants, so [K ] = ∫ [B] [D][B]dV = [B] [D][B] ∫ dV and,

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

Step 6 – Relate node loads to node

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