Question 1:

Do you think globalization means homogenization or heterogenization or both? Using your own

experience in Bangladesh, explain your view in line with Arjun Appadurai’s 5 scapes of cultural

globalization.

Answer:

The world is getting more close and connected day by day, the human will also be multi-culture
in the near time being and globalization had the greatest impact on these. What is
Globalization?? itself an argument and in globalization, Homogenizing forces are as strong as the
Heterogenization. It is hard to say that any individual or both (homogenization &
heterogenization) can be the cause of Globalization. For example, the Internet empowers the
homogenizing power of English as the world's normal language. Simultaneously, it empowers
the speakers of different little languages to get associated and construct basic substances [like a
different source of Wikipedia] more than ever. Fifty years prior, were there reference books in all
the provincial dialects? No. Most were in English. Presently, you have an assorted arrangement
of language in Wikipedia that permits information creation in small languages. In short, in the
global associated world, we probably won't be as homogenized as we expect to be.

So, I assume that Globalization happens for homogenization & heterogenization. And each of
them creates significant values and norms for being Global.

There are various definitions of globalization depending on the perspective with which the topic
is approached. Many think of globalization as processes that cause changes that make people
more interconnected and interdependent. Others think of it as “a reorganization of time and space
in which many movements of peoples, things, and ideas throughout much of the world have
become increasingly faster and effortless[CITATION Mor10 \l 1033 ].

In 1990 Arjun Appadurai came up with a concept that concludes that globalization driven in
between homogenization and heterogenization but the landscape of globalization can not be the
cause of one single spectrum, rather it consists five scapes which are known as Appadurai’s five
scapes:

1. Ethnoscapes
 2. Financescapes
3. Technoscapes
4. Ideoscapes
5. Mediascapes

Ethnoscapes: It refers to the shifting a group of people across culture and borders such as
tourists, immigrants, refugees, exiles, guest workers[ CITATION AAp96 \l 1033 ]. An example of
ethnoscapes is Australia – a multi-ethnic country with one of the most linguistically and
culturally diverse populations in the world.

In the perspective of Bangladesh, Rohingya is a minority of Myanmar who lives in the Rakhine
state of Myanmar. They are the most prosecuted minorities in the world who assaulted by
Myanmar national army. In every decade they exodus by the army of Myanmar and they’re for
their generation living they started to migrate in Bangladesh. As they started integrating into our
society it simultaneously affects our culture with their ones.

Financescapes: It refers to the global movement of money transaction, including currency, trade
and commodity. Countries nowadays are allowed to freely exchange goods by the online
transaction.
[ CITATION MPa11 \l 1033 ] stated that “Corporations that previously have been enjoying the
benefits of globalization, now face unstable and unpredictable demand and business
opportunities and their products quickly become commodities, leaving them little or no pricing
power and under constant pressure by new competitors that undermine profitability”.

In the perspective of Bangladesh, Much Multinational company i: e Uniliver, British American

Tobacco, Online IT farm etc. transact money by selling their goods. In the other hand our local
company Bkash, Ukash, Paypal, Nagad started online transaction for advance payment method.

Technoscapes:

Technoscapes are the transmission of cultures through the flow of technology. New types of
cultural interactions and exchanges are brought about by technology, particularly the Internet.
The globally integrated information network has become a powerful tool in shaping how culture
and communication are transmitted across the globe [ CITATION Ash10 \l 1033 ].
In the perspective of Bangladesh, nowadays its easier to buy product/shopping from online
instead of going physical store and this happens for the advantages of technology. Also, the
social media platform makes our life easier, simultaneously it affects our cultural activities.

Ideoscapes: Ideoscapes is one of the more difficult concepts to describe and understand
concerning global cultural flow. In very short order, we can define Ideoscapes as combinations
of audio, text, images, and the resultant ideas expressed therein. Moreover, this term is most
often used concerning the politically-based ideologies, and key terms thereof, used by
governments or counter-government groups and movements seeking to claim power[ CITATION
Wil96 \l 1033 ].

In the perspective of Bangladesh, 10-minute school is a non-profit organization which gives

online tuition at free of cost. This idea came up for the improvement and increasing the literacy
rate of our country.

Mediascapes: Mediascapes refers to the electronic capabilities of production and dissemination

of information through media. Ideoscapes are the global flow of ideologies. Mediascapes and
Ideoscapes have a close relationship as they usually work upon the reliance of the other scape.
Ideas can be disseminated via media platforms [ CITATION App96 \l 1033 ].

In Bangladesh, digital media create a huge impact on our culture. It changes peoples mind which
affects our culture by watching trending activities. There are many streamers, bloggers who
share their activities and thoughts which lead people into their lifestyle and beliefs.

In a globalized world, we tend to see McDonald's and Starbucks everywhere in the world. But
the same globalization allows for cuisines of various nations to be explored by people across the
world. Think of all the quality Thai, Chinese, Indian or Mexican restaurants sprouting across the
world over the past twenty years.

We are not getting uni-cultural. We are getting multi-cultural and slowly grasping the diversity
of human culture.
Question 2:

Using Rostow’s Economic Growth Model or Modernization theory and Dependency theory

critically analyze whether Bangladesh can be a developed country by 2041.

Answer:
References
Appadurai, A. (1996, May 9). Globalization. Retrieved from
https://ray2401.wordpress.com/2017/08/09/the-5-scapes-of-global-cultural-flow/

Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization. Retrieved from

https://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2011/09/10/the-good-the-bad-and-the-
ugly-side-of-globalization/#3f27a333483f

Ashley, M. (2010, August 9). Appadurai’s 5 -scapes. Retrieved from

https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/courses/1011F/MUSI/MUSI-04-
1011F/blog/node/229354

Christopher, M. (2010). Globalization. Retrieved from Anthropology journal:

http://community.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol16/iss1/odriscoll.pdf.

Panos, M. (2011). Appadurai 5 scapes. Retrieved from The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly Side Of
Globalization,: https://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2011/09/10/the-good-the-
bad-and-the-ugly-side-of-globalization/#3f27a333483f.

Williams, L. (1996, May). Retrieved from he effects of immigration on Australia: the research consensus:
https://ray2401.wordpress.com/2017/08/09/the-5-scapes-of-global-cultural-flow/