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Chapter 5
Todd B. Krause
(c) Because the light bulb emits more than 1020 photons each second,
there is no chance that we will notice these individual photons
acting like particles in our everyday life. Instead, we notice only
their collective wave effects.
1
57. (a) To solve this, we will set up a ratio using the Stefan-Boltzmann
law:
4
σThotter
energy emitted by hotter Sun
=
energy emitted by the Sun σT4
Thotter 4
= .
T
So if Thotter = 2T , we get
4
energy emitted by hotter Sun 2
T
=
energy emitted by the Sun T
= (2)4
= 16.
T
= ,
Thotter
where we have canceled the 2, 900, 000 in the numerator and de-
nominator and we have used some of the rules for fractions to
simplify the expression. Using the fact that Thotter = 2T , we
find
peak wavelength of hotter Sun Thotter
=
peak wavelength of Sun T
1
= .
2
If the Sun were twice as hot, its peak wavelength would be at 1/2
the peak wavelength of the real Sun.
(c) It is doubtful that life could exist on Earth around this star.
There would be so much energy coming from the star that our
planet would probably be much too hot.
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59. We use the Doppler shift formula to find the speeds of the stars:
∆λ
Star A : v= ·c
λ0
120.5 − 1, 216
nm nm
km
= · 300, 000
121.6
nm
s
km
= −2, 714 .
s
The negative value indicates that Star A is moving toward us.
∆λ
Star B : v= ·c
λ0
121.2 − 1, 216
nm nm
km
= · 300, 000
121.6
nm
s
km
= −987 .
s
The negative value indicates that Star B is moving toward us.
61. (a) For a coil with a temperature of 3, 000 K, the wavelength of max-
imun intensity is:
2, 900, 000 nm · K
λmax = = 966 nm.
3, 000 K
Note that this wavelength is considerably longer than the 500-
nanometer wavelength of maximum emission from the Sun and
lies in the infrared portion of the spectrum. Thus, light bulbs
with coils at 3, 000 K emit much of their energy in the infrared,
rather than as visible light.
(b) Because light from standard light bulbs has a spectrum that peaks
in the infrared, it is generally redder in color than sunlight. Thus,
to record ‘true’ colors, film for indoor photography must compen-
sate for the fact that the indoor light bulbs emit more red light
by having enhanced sensitivity to the less abundant blue light.
(c) Standard light bulbs emit thermal radiation, so they must emit
over a wide range of wavelengths. In fact, because their thermal
emission peaks in the infrared, they actually emit most of their
energy as infrared light, rather than visible light.
(d) Because a standard light bulb emits much of its light in the in-
frared, this light is ‘wasted’ as far as electrical lighting is con-
cerned. In contrast, a fluorescent light would have no ‘wasted’
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light. Thus, a fluorescent bulb of the same wattage as a standard
bulb can actually produce much more visible light.
(e) Despite the higher cost of a fluorescent light bulb compared to a
standard light bulb, the former can save money over the long run
for two principal reasons: (1) lower cost for operation because of
its lower energy usage, and (2) longer life, so it needs replacement
less often. The latter can particularly save money for businesses,
since businesses must pay for the labor involved in changing light
bulbs; this labor can be substantial if the light bulb is in a hard-
to-reach area.