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Ah&act-Experiments have been conducted in an effort to elucidate the details of the interfacial gas
transfer mechanism under liquid-side control. Near-surface liquid turbulence and oxygen concentration
fluctuations have been measured in a laboratory grid-stirred tank for a range of turbulent Reynolds number
RL from 80 to 660. Our observations show that the thickness of the gas boundary layer closely agrees in
trend and magnitude with the Lewis-WI&man’s film thickness as determined from the bulk concentration
change. Furthermore, the functional dependence on turbulent Reynolds number is consistent with a large
eddy domination. Additional simultan~us measurements of turbulent velocity and oxygen concentration
fluctuations, including direct flux measurements, give further indication that the large scale eddy motions
are more ef%ctive in the interfacial mass transfer process.
where J is the gas flux per unit interfacial area, and 6 = D/K,_ (2)
C, and C, are the saturated and bulk con~ntration
of dissolved gas, respectively. where D is the molecular diffusivity of the gas. Alter-
Although numerous theoretical models and empiri- natively, Brumley and Jirka [3] used hydrodynamic
cal formulations have been proposed over the years, arguments to estimate the thickness of an outer
there is still no general agreement on the calculation diihtsive layer L, below the surface
of the gas transfer rate. This is because the relation
Lo DCLR-L ‘I2 SC- ‘I= (3)
between liquid turbulence and interfacial mass trans-
fer still remains unresolved. Despite an abundance where L is the integral length scale of liquid turbu-
of conceptual models and paradigms which picture lence, R, = uL/v is the turbulent Reynolds number,
the gas transfer process with distinct flow structural with a the velocity scale of turbulence, v the kinematic
and/or statistical properties (for a summary of those viscosity of water, and SC the Schmidt number of
models see Coantic [I 1, Theofanous [2], Brumley and the gas. From either equation (2) or (3), the thickness
Jirka [3]), there is a paucity of direct measurements of the interfacial region is of the order of 100 pm
that provide inspection into the actual mechanism. for typical environmental turbulence conditions. This
Clearly, the difficulty for direct measurements lies means that the dimension of a measuring sensor has
in the small dimensions of the gas boundary layer, to be smaller than 10 pm in order to provide sufficient
especially under high turbulence conditions, and its resolution inside the interfacial region.
time-varying location (waviness). Grid-stirred tanks have been used by many
1957
1958 c. R. CHIT and G. H. .flRKA
NOMENCLATURE
researchers for interfacial transfer study because of irrotational source theory of Hunt and Graham [ 121.
their reproducible and well controlled turbulent This theory assumes that the effect of a shear-free
environment. In a grid-stirred tank, turbulent eddies surface on a homogeneous turbulence field is the
are generated at some distance below the surface and instantaneous superposition of an irrotational vel-
decay as they diffuse toward the surface. Although ocity field which cancels out the vertical velocity ffuc-
the way of generating turbulence is different from that tuations. Brumley and Jirka [I I] used the velocity at
of an open channel flow, the interaction between the the surface (y = Z,), computed from equation (4), as
turbulence and surface has many common features. a velocity scale to characterize the different turbulence
Hopfinger and Toly [lo] have shown that a ver- conditions, and called this velocity the Hopfinger-
tically oscillating grid can be used to produce hori- Toly velocity U,,
zontally near-homogeneous turbulence, and the r.m.s.
tJ,, = 0.25fS’-5Mo-5Zs- ’ . (6)
horizontal velocity u’ in a grid-stirred tank can be
related to easily measured parameters such as grid The present paper describes measurements of tur-
stroke S, oscillation frequency f, and mesh size M bulent velocity and fluctuating gas (oxygen) con-
u’ = 0.25fs'.s~Q.y' centration by means of a split hot-film and an oxygen
(4) microprobe, respectively, near the air-water interface
where y is the distance from a virtual origin approxi- in a grid-stirred tank. The objective is to elucidate the
mately at the center of the grid stroke. details of the surface transfer mechanisms, including
In finite tank depth conditions with a free surface, the structure of up- and down-welling motions and
Brumley and Jirka [ 1l] found the spatially averaged the existence and extent of various hydrodynamic and
velocity fluctuations in the bulk region of a grid- diffusive boundary layers.
stirred tank agreed well with equation (4). However,
the turbulent structure is affected by the presence of
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
the surface with a ‘surface-influenced layer’, whose
thickness is The experiments were carried out in a 40 cm-deep,
50 cm-square tank with a vertically oscillating grid.
L, = O.l& (5) Turbulence measurements were conducted by means
where L, is the longitudinal integral length scale far of a rotating split-film anemometer (1.3 mm sensing-
from the surface, Z, is the distance from the surface length quartz coated platinum films at the top and
to the virtual origin. This can be explained by the bottom of a 0.153 mm diameter cylindrical fiber)
Turbulent gas flux measurements below the air-water interface of a grid-stirred tank 1959
Two types of experiments were carried out in this and Pankow’s [5] rayon/vacuum cleaned surface, the
study. The first type, called the ‘interfacial con- surface was not as clean.
centration measurement’, used the oxygen micro- The tips of the probes were then adjusted to the
probe to measure the oxygen concentration in the water surface to set the reference position with zero
interfacial region. The second type, called the ‘simul- submergence. In order to let the turbulence in the tank
taneous measurements’, used the split-film probe reach a steady state condition, the grid motor was
and the microprobe to measure velocity and con- turned on at least 10 min before the first measure-
centration fluctuations at the same time. Each type ments were taken. The probes were then adjusted to
of measurement was carried out for four different the desired submergence with the help of a linear slide
turbulence conditions listed in Table 1. (Velmex) on the rotating arm. The linear slide can
The turbulent Reynolds number is defined as allow precise vertical positioning to 10 pm spatial
RL = 2U,,L,/v, with u = UHT, L = 2L,. The factor resolution.
2 arises because the longitudinal integral length scale The probes were rotated in a horizontal circle of
L, is theoretically half as large as the length scale for 0.76 m circumference with a constant speed of 60 mm
isotropic turbulence (Tennekes and Lumley [15]). The s- ’ during the measurements. At each submergence,
transfer velocities of each turbulence condition are 10400-point (4-turn) data from the anemometer
measured by using an oxygen meter to monitor the and/or the picoammeter were read into the computer.
bulk concentration and temperature changes over The sampling frequency was 200 Hz for each channel
10 h. so that scales beyond the Kolmogorov scale could be
Table 2 gives the corresponding thickness of various resolved. The data were then analyzed on a MicroVax
hydrodynamic and diffusive layers, which can be esti- II computer.
mated by the scaling arguments of Brumley and In the interfacial concentration measurement, both
Jirka [3], for the turbulence conditions studied in this moving probe and stationary probe methods were
paper. The Schmidt number is taken as SC = 488, at employed. For the moving probe experiment, the micro-
2O”C, 1 atm. probe was travelling along a horizontal circle, which
In the actual experiment the tank was filled with is the same path as in the simultaneous measurement.
distilled water to the desired depth. The water was In the stationary probe experiment, the oxygen micro-
then deoxygenated by bubbling nitrogen into the probe was fixed at one position, namely, 12.3 cm
water for about 15 min. The initial concentration of from center, 25.0 cm from both sides of the wall. This
dissolved oxygen was found to be around 3.5 mg l- ’ corresponds to one point in the circular path of the
on average. The water surface was skimmed by a moving probe measurement. The vertical profile of
specially designed skimmer to reduce surface con- mean values and r.m.s. concentration from fixed and
tamination. The water surface was reasonably clean moving probe measurements, respectively, for grid
after the skimming. However, compared with Asher condition # 3, are given in Figs. 3 and 4, and show, by
Surface
Grid influenced Viscous Kolmogorov Diffusive Batchelor
condition layer L, sublayer Lv sublayer q sublayer L,, sublayer LB
set (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
t The viscous sublayer L, = L, R; ‘I2is the scale for viscous effects near the free surface. The Kolmogorov
sublayer q = 2L,R; 314 is the length scale of the smallest eddies. The outer diffusive sublayer
L, = 2L,R; “* SC- “’ can be thought of as the diffusive length scale arising from the largest eddies. The
Batchelor sublayer LB = qSc_ “* represents the diffusive scale caused by the smallest eddies.
Turbulent gas flux measurements below the air-water interface of a grid-stirred tank 1961
Gas concentrationjuctuations
Time series data of gas concentrations for grid con-
dition # 3 at 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 and 5.0 mm submergence
are shown in Fig. 6. Note that these measurements
are juxtaposed for illustration purposes only, and do
not represent simultaneous conditions. The concen-
0Fhr.d Rob trations have been normalized as (C- C,)/(C,-C,).
.Mwinq Pmba
The saturation concentration C, was determined
-5.0 =
by the method discussed in Ho [16], and shown in
FIG. 3. Mean concentration profile of grid condition # 3. Table 1. As can be seen, the concentration at
different depths fluctuates at different levels of satur-
and large, good qualitative and quantitative agree- ation. The mean concentration at 0.1 mm is reason-
ment. This indicates that the fluctuating concentration ably close to the saturation value, and the fluctua-
field is horizontally homogeneous within the inter- tions are limited by the saturation value. At 5.0 mm
facial region. depth, besides occasional small spikes, the concentra-
For the simultaneous measurements, the split-film tions are almost equal to the bulk concentration.
probe and the oxygen microprobe were both pos- Figure 7 shows the normalized gas concentration
itioned on the rotating arm together, in close vicinity profile from the exploratory work of Jirka and Ho [6]
to each other. The tip of the oxygen microprobe was compared with the present measurements for the
kept at the same level as the nominal plane of the split same turbulence condition (grid condition # 2). The
of the split-film probe. The distance between these measurements are in good agreement.
two probes was about 1.0 mm with the oxygen probe The mean concentration profiles of four different
first in the direction of travel (see Fig. 5). grid conditions are shown in Fig. 8. The profiles for
The bulk transfer measurements were done by a high turbulence conditions have a steeper gradient
commercial oxygen probe (Beckman Monitor II). It than those for low turbulence conditions. This indi-
was found that the output of this D.O. meter was flow cates that higher turbulence conditions clearly limit
sensitive. In order to meet the 10 cm s- ’ minimum the thickness of the mean gas boundary layer. In order
flow rate requirement close to the probe, the measure- to provide simple estimates of the spatial extent of the
ments were taken in a pump-through flow cell which mean gas boundary layer, exponential curves (solid
was attached externally to the tank. lines in Fig. 8) of the type
Surface ripples were observed during the exper-
c-c, Z
iments. It was found that the frequency of surface
waves was approximately equal to the grid frequency,
and the wave heights (peak to trough) were in a
c,-c,= expz, 0
were best-fitted to each grid condition, where z is the
range from 0.08 to 0.5 mm, depending on the grid
vertical coordinate upward from water surface. The
conditions. The vertical irrotational velocity caused
regression constant z0 (with length dimension) can
by these surface waves can be a substantial frac-
be interpreted as a measured gas boundary layer
tion of the turbulent intensity in the near-surface
thickness.
The normalized concentration measurements in
c’ ( mg/l 1 which the submergence z has been scaled by z0 are
__;:v summarized in Fig. 9(a) for the mean, and Fig. 9(b)
for the r.m.s. fluctuation, c’/(Cs-Cb). All these pro-
files fall together indicating that z,, is an appropriate
length scale for the concentration boundary layer.
Surprisingly, the maximum values of r.m.s. con-
centration occur fairly deep, namely, around (l-3)2,
below the water surface. This suggests that down-
welling motions cause significant fluctuations at dis-
tances well below the mean boundary layer thickness.
This view is consistent with the flow visualization
q Fixed Pmba work of Asher and Pankow [5] and the interpretations
a Yovinq Probe
of Hunt [17].
-5.0 J 0. A display of the directly measured boundary layer
FIG. 4. R.m.s. concentration profile of grid condition # 3. thickness zO, the computed Lewis-Whitman film
1962 C. R. CHU and G. H. JIRKA
Probe Holder
FIG. 5. A sketch of the relative position of split-film probe and oxygen microprobe.
se0
1
0.2 -
a1mm
0.6
a4m
0.4
0.8mm
0.2
0.0 5.0mm
-0.2 ! I I I I I
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
finre (set 1
FIG. 6. Time series data of instan~neous concentration for grid condition # 3 at 0. I. 0.4.0.8 and 5.0 mm
submergence. (Note these measurements are not simultaneous.)
Turbulent gas flux measurements below the air-water interface of a grid-stirred tank 1963
(C-Cb)/(Cs-Cb) (C-Cb)/(Cs-Cb)
-20.0
-56.0
-40.0
~Preaant WON Condition 2)
0 Jirko ond Ho 1990) 1
40.0 1
FIG. 7. Mean concentration profiles of grid condition # 2. FIG. 9(a). Mean concentration profiles with normalized
depth.
(C-Cb)/(Cs-Cb) c’/(Cs-Cb)
__tF
E 11 / ,
-20.0 - x
$
-36.0 -
_ +
-40.0 -
-60.0 -)
FIG. 8. Mean concentration profiles of four grid FIG. 9(b). R.m.s. concentration profiles with normalized
conditions, -: exponential approximations. depth.
thickness 6, and the predicted diffusive sublayer thick- dominated by large eddies, at least within the present
ness Lo is given in Fig. 10(a). Except for grid condition Reynolds number range.
# 1, the values of z,, and 6 are remarkably close in Finally, Fig. 11 shows the normalized transfer
trend and magnitude. Our data appear to be the first coefficient KL vs the turbulent Reynolds number R,
consistent observations that support the conceptual on a log-log scale. The transfer coefficient KL is nor-
framework of interfacial gas transfer which is con- malized by the Hopfinger-Toly velocity U,,. It also
trolled by molecular diffusion in a layer whose thick- shows the best-fit curve of the data (KL/UHT) ccR; 'A
ness is determined, however, by turbulent activity. (the solid line), together with the trend of Fortescue
This consistency is emphasized again in Fig. 10(b) and Pearson’s [ 181 large eddy model (K&I) cc R; o.5
which shows the Lewis-Whitman film thickness 6, (dashed line). The large eddy model prediction can be
and the diffusive sublayer thickness Lo plotted against written in the form
zO. It shows both 6 and L, have a nominally linear
K&J = flR,0.5
SC-'.~ (9)
relation with zO. Since L, is an order of magnitude
estimate, this suggests a quantitative relationship in which u is the turbulent integral velocity (see equa-
tion (3)), and b is a coefficient. Fortescue and Pearson
z. = R, “2 SC- I”
CCL,
[ 181suggested a value of /I = 1.46, while Theofanous
where o! x 0.12 is just a scaling constant. This means et al. [19] proposed /I = 0.73 on the basis of Brown’s
that the thickness of gas boundary layer z,, can be open-channel flow data [20]. The present data are
directly predicted from the turbulence properties and approximated by a lower value /I = 0.25 (dashed line
the given molecular diffusivity. Since LD is controlled in Fig. 11) if the present definitions of turbulent vel-
by large eddies (Brumley and Jirka [3]), this evidence ocity (U,,) and length scales (L,)are used. It appears
points to the fact that the interfacial transfer process is that the discrepancy in the coefficient value could be
1964 C. R. CHU and G. H. JIRKA
-\
0 o\
\
\
\
-0.6 \
RL Turbulent Reynolds No.
\
1
FIG. IO(a). Comparison of various scales of concentration -0.8 - Hunt and Gmham 01 x
boundary layer. z fp&~~ag& Jh I
I
I
0 data
x 0
The simultaneous measurements of turbulent vel- FIG. 15. Profiles of categorized flux events of grid condition
ocity and oxygen concentration are restricted within #2.
the concentration boundary layer due to the size of
the velocity probe used in this study. Nevertheless, the
vertical profiles of turbulent flux measured by the This difficulty is further illustrated by Fig. 15 which
eddy correlation method are shown in Fig. 14. These shows the vertical profiles of different flux events of
measured fluxes - (WC) have been normalized by the grid condition #2. These fluxes were calculated by
absolute value of the mean flux J as measured in classifying the instantaneous products WCinto four
bulk transfer measurements. The dashed line is the different quadrants (w > 0, c > 0; w > 0, c < 0 ;
predicted turbulent flux profile subtracting the mol- w < 0, c > 0 ; and w < 0, c < 0), summing them sep-
ecular flux due to the exponential mean concentra- arately, and then dividing by the total sample number.
tion distribution, i.e. equation (7) in the near-surface These fluxes have also been normalized by the absol-
region. ute value of the mean flux J. This figure shows the
In the near-surface region, the measured downward contribution from the two different negative fluxes
fluxes appear to be larger than the expected values. It (w > 0, c > 0, and w < 0, c < 0) is about the same. A
is believed that this is due to the inaccuracies of ver- similar situation holds for the positive fluxes (w > 0,
tical velocity measurements by a relatively large split- c > 0, and w < 0, c > 0). Thus, the up- and downward
film probe (proximity effect) and the surface waviness gas transport activity seems to be very energetic while
giving rise to an error in the measured scalar fluxes. the net transfer is small. Despite these difficulties and
In the lower region, the measured downward fluxes shortcomings, the direct flux measurements are within
tend to be below the mean flux. As to the reason one order of magnitude of the mean flux. The value of
for this discrepancy, it is speculated that the eddy these measurements lies more in providing qualitative
correlation method is not precise enough to measure insight rather than quantitative occurrences. This is
the turbulent fluxes involving large velocities but with further explored in the following.
small concentration fluctuations.
Spectra
Selected vertical velocity and concentration spectral
density functions are shown in Figs. 16 and 17, respec-
<WC >/1JI tively. These spectra represent the data of grid con-
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0
dition #2 at submergence 0.8, 2.0 and 10 mm (or
z/z0 = -3.33, -8.33 and -41.7). The one-dimen-
sional wave number K, has been normalized by the
constant L; ’ = 40 m- ‘. The vertical velocity spectra
E, are normalized by the constant 2U&Lm =
2.64 m*mm2ss2. The concentration spectra EC
are normalized by the constant 2(C,-C,)‘L, =
1.01 m*mg2 112. The normalized wave number cor-
responds to the integral length scale, indicated by ‘I’,
is equal to sc,Lm = 1.8 (Tennekes and Lumley [15]).
The normalized Kolmogorov wave number, as indi-
cated by ‘K’, is equal to 0.55(27r/q)/L& ’ = 144.
j XIX These spectra show that the turbulent energy
100
increases with submergence, whereas the con-
FIG. 14. Profiles of measured turbulent fluxes. centration fluctuation activity decreases with sub-
1966 C. R. CHU and G. H. JIKKA
= C,,.(h.,)-iQ,,&,) (10)
where the real part, C,,,,.,is cailed the coincident spec-
tral (or co-spectral) density function, the imaginary
part, Q*,,.,the quadrature spectral (or quad-spectral)
density function (Bendat and Piersol [21]). The cross-
spectral density function is defined as one-sided, i.e.
0 < K, < cm.Therefore, the average product of w and
c can be related to the co-spectrum C,., in the following
way
(WC} = R,,.(O)
CONCLUSIONS
concentration fluctuations, together with bulk trans- and conceptual models, PhysicoChem. Hydrodyn. IO(3),
295-319 (1988).
fer measurements under well-controlled turbulence
4. S. Luk and Y. Lee, Mass transfer in eddies close to air-
conditions, which are representative environmental water interface, A.Z.Ch.E. 32(9), 1546-1554 (1986).
situations. In the Reynolds number range of the 5. W. E. Asher and J. F. Pankow, The interaction of mech-
experiments (R, = W-660), the results show strong anically generated turbulence and interfacial films with
and consistent evidence for the large eddy control of a liquid phase controlled gas/liquid transport process.
Tellus 3SB. 305-3 18 ( 1986).
the interfacial transfer process. This is demonstrated 6. G. H. Jirka and A. W.-K. ‘Ho, Gas transfer at the water
by several interrelated facts. surface: measu~ments of gas con~n~ation fluc-
tuations, J. Hydra&. Engng, AXE 116(6), 835-846
(1) The thickness of observed gas boundary layer (1990).
z0 scales with the diffusive sublayer Ln, which is con- 7. B. Jlhne, From the measurement of mean fluxes to a
trolled by large eddies. detailed experimental investigation of the gas transfer
(2) The best-fit curve for the bulk transfer velocity process at a free wavy water surface, Proc. 2nd Znt. Symp.
on Gas Transfer at Wafer Surfaces ( 199I).
shows a Reynolds number dependence consistent with
8. L. M. Wolff, Z. C. Liu and ‘I. J. Hanratty, Use of
a large eddy model prediction. fluorescence techniques to study the time-va~ing con-
(3) The integral length scale for concentration fluc- centration close to an interface, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on
tuations is of about the same order of magnitude as Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces (1991).
the integral length scale for turbulent vertical velocity 9. W. K. Lewis and W. G.. Whitman, Principles of gas
absorntion, Znd. Emma Chem. 16. 1215-1220 (1924).
fluctuations. 10. E. J. hopfinger ani f A. Toly, Spatially decaying’tur-
(4) The co-spectra of velocity and concentration bulence and its relation to mixing across density inter-
fluctuations indicate that most of the con~bution to faces, J. FZuidMech. 78, 1555175 (1976).
the total flux occurs in the small wave number region, 11. H. B. Brumley and G. H. Jirka, Near-surface turbulence
in a grid-stirred tank, J. Fluid Mech. 183,235263 (1987).
i.e. large eddy motions. 12. J. C. R. Hunt and J. M. R. Graham, Free-stream tur-
As a next step in covering a wider class of hydro- bulence near plane boundaries, J. Fluid Mech. 84, 209-
235 (1978).
dynamic conditions, it seems obvious and imperative 13. Y. Lee, G. T. Taso and P. C. Wankat, Ultramicroprobe
to attempt similar direct measurements at much method for investigating mass transfer through- gas-
higher Reynolds number conditions. This will allow liquid interfaces, Ind. Enana
1 ” Chem. Funds. 17(I).
/ I( 59-
validation of the conjecture of Theofanous et al. [19] 66 (1978).
14. C. R. Chu, Near-surface turbulent velocity and oxygen
for a dual regime behavior with small eddy domi-
concentration measurements in a grid-stirred tank, M.S.
nation at higher RI,. Clearly, such measurements will Thesis, Cornell University (1990).
present substantial technical difficulties due to the 15. H. Tennekes and J. L. Lumley,‘A Firsf Course in Tur-
yet smaller boundary layer thickness in that range. bulence. MIT Press. Cambridge. MA (1972).
Nevertheless, they should be attempted perhaps using 16. A. W.-K. Ho, A study of oxyg&‘trans&r at the air-water
Interface of a grid-agitate tank. MS, Thesis. C‘ornell
different facilities and/or measurement techniques. University (1987).
17. J. C. R. Hunt, Turbulence structure and turbulent
Acknowledgements-This study was supported by the United diffusion gas-liquid interface. In Gas Transfer at Air--
States Geological Survey through grant No. 14-08-0001- Water Interfaces (Edited by W. Brutsaert and G. H.
G1480. Additional support in the data analysis phase was Jirka), pp. 67-80 (1984).
provided by NOAA Sea Grant No. 431-S213N. 18. G. E. Fortescue and J. R. Pearson, On gas absorption
into a turbulent liquid, Chem. Engng Sci. 22, 1163-l 176
REFERENCES (1967).
19. T. G. Theofanous, R. N. Houze and L. K. Brumfield,
1. M. Coantic, Mass transfer across the ocean-air inter- Turbulent mass transfer at free, gas-liquid interface,
face : small scale hydrodynamic and aerodynamic mech- with applications to open-channel, bubble and jet flows,
anisms, PhysicoChem. Hydrodyn. 1,249-279 (1980). Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 19,613-624 (1976).
2. T. G. Theofanous, Conceptual models of gas exchange. 20. L. C. Brown, Oxygen transfer in open channel flow,
In Gas Tram&r at Air- Water Znterjaces (Edited by W. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin (1970).
Brutsaert and G. H. Jirka), pp. 271-281 (1984). 71 J. S. Bendat and A. G. Piersol, Random Data : Anatysis
-1.
3. H. B. Brumley and G. H. Jirka, Air-water transfer of and Measurement Procedures. Wiley-lntersc~ence, New
slightly soluble gases : turbulence, interfacial processes York (1986).
R&sum&-On conduit des experiences pour comprendre le mecanisme du transfert interfacial de gaz
gouveme par le cot& liquide. La turbulence du liquide p&s de la surface et les fluctuations de concentration
en oxygene sont mesurees dans un reservoir agite par une grille pour un domaine de nombre de Reynolds
R, entre 80 et 660. On observe que l’epaisseur de la couche limite s’accorde avec celle du film de Whitman
ddterminee a partir du changement de concentration globale. La dependance fonctionnelle au nombre
de Reynolds turbulent est coherente avec une grande domination turbulente. Des mesures simultan&es
ad~tionneues des fluct~tions turbulentes de vitesse et de con~ntration d’oxygene, in&ant des mesures
dire&es de IIux, montrent que les mouvements turbulents & grande &chelle sont plus efficaces dans le
m6canisme de transfert interfacial de masse.
I968 C. R. CHU and G. H. JIRKA
Zusammenfassung-Es werden Experimente durchgefiihrt, mit dem Bestreben, die Einzelheiten der Mecha-
nismen fiir den Gastransport durch die Grenzfllche zur Fliissigkeit aufzukllren. OberflLhennahe Tur-
bulenzen in der Fliissigkeit und Fluktuationen der Sauerstoffkonzentration wurden in einem Labor-
Riihrbehllter fiir einen Bereich der turbulenten Reynolds-Zahl R, van 80-660 gemessen. Unsure Beob-
achtungen zeigen, daB die Dicke der Gasgrenzschicht in Richtung und GriiBe streng mit der Lewis/
~itman-Filmdicke ~be~instimmt, die aus der Kon~ntrations~nde~ng der ~samtmas~ berechnet
wurde. Weiterhin stimmt die funktio~le Abh~ngigkeit von der turbulenten Reynolds-Zahl mit dem
Vorherrschen grol3er Wirbel iiberein. Zu&zlich geben gleichzeitige Messungen der turbulenten
Geschwindigkeit und der Fluktuationen der Sauerstofionzentration (einschliefilich direkter
StrGmungsmessungen) weitere Hinweise darauf, dab grofiriiumige Wirbelbewegungen den Stofftransport
durch die GrenzflLche stIrker beeinflussen.