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Passive Participles
Syntax
Grammar » Verbals » Participles
Possession
[-] Particles
Emphatic Particles April 20, 2012

Negative Particles
तो Participles, like verbs, can exist in the passive voice in Hindi.
भी
यूँ There are two kinds of passive participles in Hindi:

ही
type-1: [perfect participle of main verb] [perfect participle of जाना], e.g. िदए गए
[-] Miscellaneous
[-] Affixes
type-2: [perfect participle] [masculine singular oblique form of जाना (जाने) + form of वाला], e.g. बोली जानेवाली
वाला
Echo Words
There is a significant difference between these two kinds of passive participles.
Pair Words
Interjections Type-1 passive participles indicate a finite action that is complete. Such participles can often be substituted for perfect participles:
Adverbs
Conditional Sentences िदए हुए – िनचे िदए हुए वाक्य – “The sentences given below”
[-] Postpositions
को िदए गए – िनचे िदए गए वाक्य – “The sentences given below”
Conjunctions
[-] Verbals The difference is that a type-1 passive participle may imply agency (this is similar to the difference between intransitive verbs and
[-] Participles passive verbs such as पकना / पकाया जाना).
Verb Stem + रहा
Habitual Participles Both the participle of the main verb and the participle of जाना inflect according to their usage. For instance, in the previous
Future Participles example, िदए गए was inflected as masculine plural since it is functioning as an attributive adjective modifying वाक्य.
Passive Participles
Perfect Participles Consider an example of type-1 passive participles:
Imperfective Participles
Conjunctive Participles क्या तुमने मेरे द्वारा दी गयी िकताब पढ़ी – “Did you read the book that I gave you?” (literally, “Did you read the book given by me?”.
Infinitives
[-] Verbs However, type-2 passive participles indicate a general or habitual action:

Participle + जाना
Compulsion Idioms िहं दी भारत की सबसे अिधक बोली जानेवाली भाषा है – “Hindi is India’s most widely spoken language”
Infinitive + होना
Note the difference between the following two sentences:
Modality
[-] Mood
ट्रेन में िदया हुआ खाना अच्छा था – “The food given on the train was good”
Imperative Mood
Presumptive Mood ट्रेन में िदया जानेवाला खाना अच्छा है – “The food given on the train is good”
Subjunctive Mood
The first sentence refers to a particular past event – “the food given on the train (at some time) was good”. However, the second
Aspect
sentence makes a general statement: “the food given on the train (generally) is good”. It would not be appropriate to substitute
Tense
either kind of participle for the other.
Negation
[-] Idiomatic Verbs
In type-2 participles, the suffix वाला may be adjoined or separated from the masculine singular oblique form of जाना (जाने):
जाना
चुकना
िलखी जाने वाली भाषा
िमलना
चाहना
The type-2 perfect participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the modified word, as does the suffix वाला.
चािहये
सकना
In the previous example, the type-2 passive participle बोली जानेवाली was used as an attributive adjective modifying भाषा
देना
(“language”), which is a feminine noun.
पाना
लगना
Type-2 passive participles differ from perfect participles in that type-2 passive participles express a general or habitual action
होना
performed upon the word they modify, whereas perfect participles express a state.
[-] Voice
Passive Voice िलखी हुई – “(in the state of being) written”
Causative Verbs
Iterative Constructions िलखी जानेवाली – “(something which is) written”
Continuity
Multiple Subjects For instance:
Ergativity
Transitivity िहं दी दरवाजे पे िलखी हुई है – “Hindi is written on the door”
Indirect Verb Constructions
Compound Verbs िहं दी उत्तर प्रदेश में बोली जानेवाली भाषा है – “Hindi is the language spoken in Uttar Pradesh”
Conjunct Verbs
[-] Basic Verb Forms
Future Perfect
Future Continuous « Future Participles Grammar Perfect Participles »
Future Perfect Continuous Back to Top
Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
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Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Continuous Join the discussion…
Present Continuous
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Past Habitual
Present Habitual Name
[-] Adjectives
ऐसा
Reflexive Adjective Kamlini s • 10 months ago
Indefinite Adjectives hi david
Interrogative Adjectives
in the following sentence i read in a children's story
Superlative Adjectives
Comparative Adjectives एक िदन जंगल में सभी जानवरों ने शेर से िनवेदन िकया िक उसे रोज एक पशु भोजन के िलए िमल जाया करेगा इसिलए वह अनेक पशुओ ं का िशकार न
[-] Pronouns करा करे ..
Reflexive Pronouns please explain the following constructions िमल जाया करेगा and करा करे .
Indefinite Pronouns
Relative Pronouns i have never seen this type of verb arrangement before so please help me in understanding how it works
Demonstrative Pronouns thanks alot
Interrogative Pronouns
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Personal Pronouns
[-] Nouns hindilanguage.info Mod > Kamlini s • 9 months ago

Case Hi! The <perfect participle="" +="" form="" of="" karna=""> is called an "iterative construction"; see
Gender https://hindilanguage.info/...
1△ ▽ • Reply • Share ›

Divija Sampathi • 5 years ago

GET CONNECTED
1.I am not able to find the subtle difference btwn िदए हुए and िदए गए. Pls explain

Mailing List RSS Feed 2. Would it be correct to say “The food being given on the train is good” (TYPE 1) as ट्रेन में िदया जा रहा खाना अच्छा है
and ट्रेन में िदया जा रहा जानेवाला खाना अच्छा है for TYPE 2 ?? Kindly reply if I did go wrong anywhere
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NEWS hindilanguage.info Mod > Divija Sampathi • 5 years ago

1. Generally, there is no difference. िदए गए is more proper. In colloquial Hindi, many people say िदए हुए, though.
JANUARY 8, 2015
You might hear "mujhse di hui ghadi" ("the watch that I gave you"), etc. 2. Regarding the type-1 example you
Happy New Year 2015!
gave: no, it is not correct, but I have read these type of sentences in the active voice on BBC Hindi many times.
Happy new year! Last year, I added about 30 I've never seen such a sentence in the passive voice. See this article: http://hindilanguage.info/h... The type-2
new... Read sentence is incorrect. You could form the participle "diya jaata hua", but this form is rare. (Colloquial) Hindi
speakers don't use participles or the passive voice very much. Instead, you're more likely to hear something like
JANUARY 1, 2014 "wo log jo khaana de rahe hain wo bahut accha lag raha hai" ("The food they're giving seems really good"), etc.
Happy New Year 2014! △ ▽ • Reply • Share ›
Happy new year! I was very productive in
2013. I... Read Matthew Chang • 6 years ago
Can type 2 passive particles be used as a predicate as well?

LINKS Just as we can use type 1 passive participles to say "िहं दी दरवाजे पे िलखी हुई है"

Can we say:
CrazyLassi's Hindi Lessons
"िहं दी उत्तर प्रदेश में बोली जानेवाली है", omitting the भाषा?
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hindilanguage.info Mod > Matthew Chang • 6 years ago • edited

Hindi Urdu Flagship
Good question. No, habitual participles are generally used attributively. Instead, just use a habitual verb, e.g. िहं दी
उत्तर प्रदेश में बोली जाती है. Future passive participles incidentally have the same form, and they are used in predicate
Hindi Verbs
position, e.g. लेिकन फ़ोन के अगले संस्करण में इस नइ तकनीक का प्रयोग नहीं िकया जाने वाला है. The example that you wrote
would mean "Hindi is going to be spoken in Uttar Pradesh". I need to update this page to include better
iSpeakHindi examples and a clearer explanation. Here's an example from a BBC Hindi article ( http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/...
): कुत्ते में पाया जाने वाला यह कैंसर दुलर्भ प्रकार का है. Contrast this sentence with the following sentence: इन कुत्तों में पाया गया
italki
कैंसर दुलर्भ प्रकार का है. What is the difference? If we translate these phrases with relative clauses, the difference
becomes clear: the former sentence is "this cancer, which IS found in dogs, is a rare kind of cancer", whereas
the latter sentence is "the cancer that WAS found in these dogs is a rare kind of cancer". The former is talking
Jim Becker's Hindi Links
about a kind of cancer - one that is only found in dogs, not in other animals. The latter simply states that the
cancer was found in some particular group of dogs. The former is general/qualitative, the latter is specific, etc.
Justlearn It's a subtle difference, but an important one. Does that make sense?
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