KSE Strength PDF

Fifth Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Professional
David F. Mazurek
Engineer Short
Lecture Notes: Course
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of the mechanics

of materials is to provide the future engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.
• Both the analysis and design of a given structure

involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the
concept of stress.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 2

Edition
Review of Statics
• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

Edition
Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN
• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

Edition
Component Free-Body Diagram

• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN
• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

Edition
Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

Edition
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m2
• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate

Edition
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10  6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4
d
4A


4 500 10  6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
Edition
Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

Edition
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
Edition
Shearing Stress Examples

Single Shear Double Shear
P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

Edition
Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut

Edition
Stress Under General Loadings

• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A0 A
V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A
• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.

Edition
State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  My  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy
• It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress
Edition
Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:

must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
FS  Factor of safety
• number of loading cycles
• types of failure
u ultimate stress
FS   • maintenance requirements and
 all allowable stress
deterioration effects
• importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

Edition
Contents
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading Generalized Hooke’s Law

Normal Strain Shearing Strain
Stress-Strain Test Example 2.10
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials Relation Among E, n, and G
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials Sample Problem 2.5
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Deformations Under Axial Loading
Example 2.01
Sample Problem 2.1
Thermal Stresses
Poisson’s Ratio

Edition
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in

the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.
• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member

forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate .
• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

consideration of deformations in the member.
• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under

axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending
loads.

Edition
Normal Strain
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4
P
  stress 
2P P
 
P
A 2A A A
  2 
  normal strain   
L L 2L L
Edition
Stress-Strain Test
Fig 2.7 This machine is used to test tensile test specimens, Fig 2.8 Test specimen with tensile load.
such as those shown in this chapter.

Edition
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
•Stress Strain diagram is characteristic of the properties

of the material and does not depend upon the dimensions
of the particular specimen used.

Edition
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
Fig 2.1 Stress-strain diagram for a typical brittle material.

Edition
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity
• Below the yield stress

  E
E  Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
• Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.
Fig 2.16 Stress-strain diagrams for iron and

different grades of steel.

Edition
Deformations Under Axial Loading
• From Hooke’s Law:

 P
  E  
E AE
• From the definition of strain:


L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,

PL
 
AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or

material properties,
PL
  i i
Fig. 2.22 i Ai Ei

Edition
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 • Work out the geometry to find the

GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 deflection at E given the deflections
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 at B and D.
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

Edition
Sample Problem 2.1

SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Free body: Bar BDE B 
AE
 60  103 N 0.3 m 

500 10-6 m2 70 109 Pa 
 514  10  6 m
 B  0.514 mm 
MB  0
Displacement of D:
0  30 kN  0.6 m   FCD  0.2 m
PL
D 
FCD  90 kN tension AE
 MD  0 90  103 N 0.4 m 
0  30 kN  0.4 m   FAB  0.2 m

600 10-6 m2 200 109 Pa 
FAB  60 kN compression  300  10  6 m
 D  0.300 mm 

Edition
Sample Problem 2.1
Displacement of D:
BB BH

DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm   x

0.300 mm x
x  73.7 mm
EE  HE

DD HD
E

400  73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
 E  1.928 mm
 E  1.928 mm 

Edition
Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:


x  x  y  z  0
E
• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y  z  0
• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain y 
n   z
axial strain x x

Edition
Generalized Hooke’s Law
• For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,

the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
• With these restrictions:

 x n y n z
x    
E E E
n x  y n z
y    
E E E
n x n y z
z    
E E E

Edition
Shearing Strain
• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will

deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
 xy  f  xy 
• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar to the

Fig. 2-46
previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,
 xy  G  xy  yz  G  yz  zx  G  zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.
Fig. 2-47

Edition
Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is • Use the definition of shearing stress to
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. find the force P.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 0.04 in. under the action
of the force, determine a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and b)
the force P exerted on the plate.

Edition
• Determine the average angular deformation

or shearing strain of the block.
0.04 in.
 xy  tan  xy   xy  0.020 rad
2 in.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.
 
 xy  G xy  90 103 psi 0.020 rad   1800 psi
• Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.
P   xy A  1800 psi 8 in. 2.5 in.   36 103 lb
P  36.0 kips

Edition
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 3.4

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts Design of Transmission Shafts
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
Axial Shear Components
Shaft Deformations
Shearing Strain
Stresses in Elastic Range
Normal Stresses
Torsional Failure Modes
Sample Problem 3.1
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

Edition
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
• Interested in stresses and strains of

circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
• Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
• Shaft transmits the torque to the

generator
• Generator creates an equal and

opposite torque T’

Edition
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T    dF     dA 
• Although the net torque due to the shearing

stresses is known, the distribution of the stresses
is not.
• Distribution of shearing stresses is statically

indeterminate – must consider shaft
deformations.
• Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the

distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads can not be assumed uniform.

Edition
Axial Shear Components
• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing

stresses on the faces perpendicular to the
axis.
• Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces of the
two planes containing the axis of the shaft.
• The existence of the axial shear components is

demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.
• The slats slide with respect to each other

when equal and opposite torques are applied
to the ends of the shaft.

Edition
Shearing Strain
• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a

torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
• Since the ends of the element remain planar,

the shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
• It follows that

L   or  
L
• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

c 
 max  and    max
L c

Edition
Stresses in Elastic Range

• Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,

G  G max
c
From Hooke’s Law,   G , so

  max
c
J  12  c 4
The shearing stress varies linearly with the
radial position in the section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from
the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
 
T    dA  max   2 dA  max J
c c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion
formulas,

J  12  c24  c14   max 
Tc
and  
T
J J
Edition
Torsional Failure Modes
• Ductile materials generally fail in

shear. Brittle materials are weaker in
tension than shear.
• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
• When subjected to torsion, a brittle

specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.

Edition
Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB
and BC and perform static
equilibrium analyses to find
torque loadings.
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to
find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC.
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, • Given allowable shearing stress
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid and applied torque, invert the
of diameter d. For the loading shown, elastic torsion formula to find the
determine (a) the minimum and maximum required diameter.
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD
if the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.
Edition
Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium analysis
to find torque loadings.
 M x  0  6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0  6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

TAB  6 kN  m  TCD TBC  20 kN  m

Edition
Sample Problem 3.1

• Apply elastic torsion formulas to • Given allowable shearing stress and
find minimum and maximum applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
stress on shaft BC. formula to find the required diameter.
c24  c14   0.060 4  0.045 4 

  Tc Tc 6 kN  m
J  max   65 MPa 
2 2 J  c4  c3
2 2
6 4
 13.92  10 m
c  38.9  10 3 m
TBC c2 20 kN  m 0.060 m 
 max   2   d  2c  77.8 mm
J 13.92 10  6 m 4
 86.2 MPa
 min c1  min 45 mm
 
 max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm  max  86.2 MPa
 min  64.7 MPa  min  64.7 MPa
Edition
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
c
 max 
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear
are related by Hooke’s Law,
 max Tc
 max  
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
TL

JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 
i J i Gi

Edition
Contents
Pure Bending Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Other Loading Types Example 4.07
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.8
Bending Deformations General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Sample Problem 4.2
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4

Edition
Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite
couples acting in
the same
longitudinal plane

Edition
Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Edition
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M

Edition
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Edition
Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L     y 
  L  L     y      y
 y y
x    (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ
 m
y
 x   m
c

Edition
Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x  E x   E m
c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c
• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx  0    x dA     m dA
 y 
c M    y x dA    y    m  dA
  c 
0   m  y dA   I
c M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral m  
I S
surface must pass through the y
section centroid. Substituti ng  x    m
c
My
x  
I

Edition
Properties of American Standard Shapes

Edition
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y 
 yA
A

I x   I  A d 2 
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M

fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
Edition
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90  103
2 40  30  1200 20 24  103
3
 A  3000  yA  114  10
3
 yA 114 10
Y    38 mm
A 3000
  121 bh3  A d 2 
I x   I  A d 2  
 12
1 90  203  1800  122    1 30  403  1200  182 
12
I  868  103 mm 4  868  10-9 m 4

Edition
Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A   
I 868  10 m 9 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m   131.3 MPa

B    
B
I 868  10 m 9 4
• Calculate the curvature

1 M

 EI
3 kN  m 1
 20.95  10 3 m -1
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4 


  47.7 m

Edition
Reinforced Concrete Beams

• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x  n As d  x   0
2
1 b x2  n As x  n As d  0
2
• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x  
I
c   x  s  n x
Edition
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.
• Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.

Edition
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29  10 6 psi
n   8.06
Ec 3.6  10 6 psi

 
nAs  8.06  2 4 85 in   4.95 in 2
2

• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
 x
12 x   4.954  x   0 x  1.450 in
 2
 
I  13 12 in 1.45 in 3  4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2  44.4 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in 1.45 in
c    c  1.306 ksi
I 44.4 in 4
Mc2 40 kip  in  2.55 in  s  18.52 ksi
s  n  8.06
I 44.4 in 4

Edition
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
 x   x centric   x bending
P My
 
A I
• Eccentric loading
• Validity requires stresses below proportional
FP limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M  Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

Edition
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

• Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.
• The eccentric force is equivalent to the system

of a centric force and two couples.
P  centric force
M y  Pa M z  Pb
• By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
P M z y M yz
x   
A Iz Iy
• If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
Mz My P
y z
Iz Iy A

Edition
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
 m  m 
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI
• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
ny ny
 y  n x   z  n x 
 
• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 n
  anticlastic curvature
 

Edition
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

• The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m  
I S
• A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be

less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.
 m   all
M max
S min 
 all
• Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.
Edition
Sample Problem 5.8
SOLUTION:
• Considering the entire beam as a free-
body, determine the reactions at A and
D.
• Develop the shear diagram for the

A simply supported steel beam is to beam and load distribution. From the
carry the distributed and concentrated diagram, determine the maximum
loads shown. Knowing that the bending moment.
allowable normal stress for the grade
of steel to be used is 160 MPa, select • Determine the minimum acceptable
the wide-flange shape that should be beam section modulus. Choose the
used. best standard section which meets this
criteria.

Edition
Sample Problem 5.8

• Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
 M A  0  D5 m   60 kN1.5 m   50 kN4 m 
D  58.0 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  58.0 kN  60 kN  50 kN
Ay  52.0 kN
• Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
V A  Ay  52.0 kN
VB  V A  area under load curve  60 kN
VB  8 kN
• Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max  area under shear curve, A to E 
 67.6 kN

Edition
Sample Problem 5.8

• Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN  m
S min  
 all 160 MPa
 422.5 10  6 m3  422.5 103 mm3
• Choose the best standard section which meets

Shape S  103 mm 3
this criteria.
W410  38.8 637
W360  32.9 474 W 360 32.9
W310  38.7 549
W250  44.8 535
W200  46.1 448

Edition
Contents
Introduction
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Example 6.01
Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
Shearing Stresses xy in Common Types of Beams
Sample Problem 6.2
Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element of Arbitrary Shape
Example 6.04
Example 6.04
Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

Edition
Introduction
• Transverse loading applied to a beam
results in normal and shearing stresses in
transverse sections.
• Distribution of normal and shearing

stresses satisfies
Fx    x dA  0 M x    y  xz  z  xy dA  0
Fy    xy dA  V M y   z  x dA  0
Fz    xz dA  0 M z    y  x   M
• When shearing stresses are exerted on the

vertical faces of an element, equal stresses
must be exerted on the horizontal faces
• Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist

in any member subjected to transverse
loading.
Edition

• Consider prismatic beam
• For equilibrium of beam element
 Fx  0  H    D   C dA
A
M D  MC
H   y dA
I A
• Note,
Q   y dA
A
dM
M D  MC  x  V x
dx
• Substituting,
VQ
H  x
I
H VQ
q   shear flow
x I

Edition

• Shear flow,
H VQ
q   shear flow
x I
• where
Q   y dA
A
 first moment of area above y1
2
I  y dA
A A'
 second moment of full cross section
• Same result found for lower area

H  VQ
q     q
x I
Q  Q  0
 first moment wit h respect
to neutral axis
H    H

Edition
Example 6.01
SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
• Calculate the corresponding shear

force in each nail.
A beam is made of three planks,
nailed together. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 25 mm and
that the vertical shear in the beam is
V = 500 N, determine the shear force
in each nail.

Edition
Example 6.01
SOLUTION:
• Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
VQ (500 N )(120  10 6 m3 )
q 
I 16.20  10-6 m 4
Q  Ay
 3704 N
 0.020 m  0.100 m 0.060 m  m
 120  106 m3
• Calculate the corresponding shear
I 1 0.020 m 0.100 m 3
 12 force in each nail for a nail spacing of
 2[121 0.100 m 0.020 m 3 25 mm.
F  (0.025 m)q  (0.025 m)(3704 N m
 0.020 m  0.100 m 0.060 m 2 ]
6 4 F  92.6 N
 16.20  10 m

Edition
Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam

• The average shearing stress on the horizontal
face of the element is obtained by dividing the
shearing force on the element by the area of
the face.
H q x VQ x
 ave   
A A I t x
VQ

It
• On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam,

yx= 0. It follows that xy= 0 on the upper and
lower edges of the transverse sections.
• If the width of the beam is comparable or large

relative to its depth, the shearing stresses at D1
and D2 are significantly higher than at D.

Edition
Shearing Stresses xy in Common Types of Beams

• For a narrow rectangular beam,
VQ 3 V  y 2 
 xy   1

Ib 2 A  c 2 
3V
 max 
2A
• For American Standard (S-beam)

and wide-flange (W-beam) beams
VQ
 ave 
It
V
 max 
Aweb

Edition
Contents
Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Transformation of Plane Strain
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain

Edition
Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )
• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.
• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

Edition
Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.
• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.
• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

Edition
Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA   x A cos  cos   xy A cos sin 
  y A sin  sin    xy A sin   cos
 Fy   0   xy A   x A cos sin    xy A cos  cos
  y A sin   cos   xy A sin  sin 
• The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2

Edition

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.
• For a known state of plane stress  x ,  y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 
• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max, min   ave  R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
Edition

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.
• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.
• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

Edition

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:
P P
x  ,  y   xy  0  x   y   xy 
A 2A
• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:
Tc Tc
 x   y  0  xy  x y   xy  0
J J

Edition
Sample Problem 7.2
For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.  x   y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa

Edition
Sample Problem 7.2
• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise

Edition
Sample Problem 7.2
  180  60  67.4  52.6

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2  60  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111.6 MPa
 xy  41.3 MPa

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Fifth Edition

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

• The main objective of the study of the mechanics

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 2

• The structure is designed to

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 3

Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 4

Component Free-Body Diagram

Reaction forces are directed along boom

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 5

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 6

• At any section through member BC, the

• From the material properties for steel, the

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 7

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 9

Shearing Stress Examples

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 11

Stress in Two Force Members

• Axial forces on a two force

• Transverse forces on bolts and

• Will show that either axial or

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 12

Stress Under General Loadings

• The distribution of internal stress

• For equilibrium, an equal and

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 13

• It follows that only 6 components of stress are

Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1- 15

Stress & Strain: Axial Loading Generalized Hooke’s Law

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 16

Stress & Strain: Axial Loading

• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in

• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member

• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 17

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 19

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

•Stress Strain diagram is characteristic of the properties

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 20

Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

Fig 2.1 Stress-strain diagram for a typical brittle material.

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 21

Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Below the yield stress

• Strength is affected by alloying,

Fig 2.16 Stress-strain diagrams for iron and

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2- 22

Deformations Under Axial Loading

• From Hooke’s Law:

• Equating and solving for the deformation,

• With variations in loading, cross-section or