Introduction To Flowcharting: Jumail Bin Taliba

Introduction To
Flowcharting
by
Jumail Bin Taliba
Faculty of Computer Science & Information System
Introduction To Flowcharting | SCP1103 Programming Technique C | Jumail, FSKSM, UTM, 2005 | Last Updated: July 2005 Slide 1
Today’s Topics
• Flowchart Symbols
• Control Structures
• Some examples
Flowchart:
Represents an algorithm in graphical symbols
Example: Algorithm for multiplying two

numbers
Start
Get A
Get B
Calculate Resut
C=A*B
Display the
Result C
Stop
Flowchart Symbols
Terminal: Used to indicates the start and end of a
flowchart. Single flow line. Only one “Start” and “Stop”
terminal for each program. The end terminal for
function/subroutine must use “Return” instead of “Stop”.
Process: Used whenever data is being manipulated. One
flow line enters and one flow line exits.
Input/Output: Used whenever data is entered (input) or
displayed (output). One flow line enters and one flow line
exits.
Decision: Used to represent operations in which there are
two possible selections. One flow line enters and two flow
lines (labeled as “Yes” and “No”) exit.
Function / Subroutine: Used to identify an operation in a
separate flowchart segment (module). One flow line enters
and one flow line exits.
On-page Connector: Used to connect remote flowchart
portion on the same page. One flow line enters and one
flow line exits.
Off-page Connector: Used to connect remote flowchart
portion on different pages. One flow line enters and one
flow line exits.
Comment: Used to add descriptions or clarification.
Flow line: Used to indicate the direction of flow of

control.
Example:
Start Terminal.
Start Program starts
here
Read A Input.
Read B Enter values for
A and B
Calculate Resut
C=A*B Process
Display the
Result C Output
Stop Terminal
Stop Program ends
here
Comments or description
Start
Read N, N = The number of students

M M = The number of subjects
Yes
No
Stop
Connectors on the same page
Start
1 2
1- connection on the same flowchart portion
2- connection on the different flowchart portion
Stop
Connectors on a different page
Page 1 Page 2
Start
2
1
Stop
Yes 1
No
The detail of how the function works
is put in another flowchart.
Function
This is known as Function-Definition
Page 1 Start terminal for a Page 2

Function is different.
Start Do not use “Start”
AVRG ( result,n1, n2,n3)
Read
n1, n2 , n3
sum = n1+ n2+n3
Body of a function is
AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3) the same with
normal flowchart
At this point, result = sum/3

we only focus on what
to do. How to do it,
it comes later. Print
result
This part is known as
Function-Call Return
Stop
End terminal
must be a “Return”
This flowchart calculates the average of three numbers
Parameters used in a function-definition
Related terms and concepts are called formal parameters
R, a, b, c are formal parameters

Page 1 Page 2
AVRG is the function name Start
Objects enclosed by ( ) – result, AVRG ( R, a, b,c)

n1, n2, n3 - are called parameters
Read
n1, n2 , n3
sum = a+ b+c
AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3)
Each formal parameter represents

an actual parameter according
to its order: R = sum/3
R represents result,
Print a represents n1,
Parameters used in a function-call
result b represents n2,
are called actual parameters c represents n3
Return
result, n1, n2, n3 are actual parameters The name of an actual parameter may be
different from its formal parameter
Stop
Related terms and concepts (cont.) In a function-definition, you should only
use formal parameters – R, a, b, c
Page 1 You shouldn’t usePage

actual
2 parameters
Start
AVRG ( R, a, b,c)
Read
n1, n2 , n3
sum = n1 + n2 + n3

This is wrong!
n1, n2, n3 are actual parameters.
Should use a, b, c instead.
R = sum/3
Print
R
Return
This is wrong!
R is an formal parameters.
Should use Stop
result instead.
Related terms and concepts (cont.)
Page 1 Page 2
Start
AVRG ( R, a, b,c)
Read
n1, n2 , n3
A function may be Read

called more than once n4, n5 , n6 sum = a+ b+c
AVRG (average1, n1, n2,n3)

At this time:
R represents average1,
AVRG (average2, n4, n5, n6)
a represents n1,
b represents n2, R = sum/3
c represents n3
result = (average1 +average2) / 2
When comes to this:
R represents average2,
Return
Print
a represents n4,
result b represents n5,
c represents n6
Stop
A function parameter may act as:
• Input
Data of the function
• Output
The result of the function
• Both
Function definition:
R is the output parameter
a, b, c are input parameters
Page 1 Page 2
Start
AVRG ( R, a, b,c)
Read
n1, n2 , n3
sum = a+ b+c
R = sum/3
Function call:
Print
result
result is the output
parameter.
n1, n2, n3 are the input Return
parameters.
Stop
Function definition:
x and y act as both input and output
parameters
Page 1 Page 2
Start EXCHG( x, y)
Read hold = x
p, q
x=y
EXCHG (p, q)
y = hold
Print Return
p, q
Function call:
Stop p and q act as both input and output

parameters.
This flowchart exchanges or swaps the value

of x and y each other
If there is only one output parameter, the flowchart may “RETURN” the result
Example: let take a look again at the function that calculates the average of three numbers.
Original function flowchart: Since it has only one output, the output is “RETURN”
Page 2 Page 2
AVRG ( R, a, b,c) AVRG ( a, b,c)
The output parameter (R)

is removed from the formal
parameter list
sum = a+ b+c sum = a+ b+c
R = sum/3 R = sum/3
and the result

is return
Return Return R
Since the function flowchart has been modified, the way of the function to be called will also be changed
Original main flowchart: Modified main flowchart:

Page 1 Page 1
Start Start
Read Read
n1, n2 , n3 n1, n2 , n3
AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3) result =AVRG (n1, n2, n3)
Now, result is not

anymore a parameter
of the function-call
Print Print
result result
Stop Stop
Control Structure
• Describe the flow of execution.

• In flowcharts, flow of execution is represented by
the arrow line.
• Types of control structure:

•Sequential
•Selection
•Repetition
Sequential Structure
Multiple statements considered as one statement
A statement means
a command or an instruction
statement
 statement
statement
Selection Structure
If
“do it or don’t” (one-choice)
TRUE
condition
condition
FALSE
statement
 statement
If set condition is true, execute the statement, else do

nothing
Selection Structure (cont..)
If-else
“do this one or (two-choices)
the other one”
TRUE FALSE
condition
condition
Statement 1 Statement 2  statement
°
If set condition is true, execute the first statement, else
execute second statement
Nested if
(if within if)
FALSE
test1 FALSE
test1
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
test2
°  °
statement
Considered as
one statement ° °
it is an “one-choice” if
Complex if-else & if Statements
FALSE
condition
TRUE
statement
statement TRUE
condition
FALSE
statement
°
° Considered as one statement
Repetition Structure
while Loop
It is a pre-test loop
°
FALSE
condition
conditio
n

TRUE
statement
body of loop
While a set condition is true, repeat statement (body of loop)
Repetition Structure (cont…)
do-while Loop
It is a post-test loop
°
statement
 statement
condition
TRUE
FALSE
Do the statement (body of loop) while a condition is true
Repetition Control Structure (cont…)
for Loop
It is a pre-test loop
initialization
° FALSE
condition
TRUE
body of loop
increment
Example:
Start
Read
Length,
Input:
Width Length <- 5
Width <- 3
Calculate Area Process:

Area=Length * Width Area = 5 * 3 = 15
Calculate Perimeter Process:

Perimeter= Perimeter =
2 * (Width+Length) 2* (5+3) = 16
Output
Area: 15
Print
Area, Perimeter: 16
Perimeter
Stop
Example:
What is the output of the following flowchart when the input Num= 10
Start
Enter a Number >> 10
Category A
Input:
Read Num
Num <- 10
Num = 10
10 > 0 ? => YES
Num>0? No
Print
"Category B"
Yes
Print
Output:
"Category A"
“Category A”
Stop
Example:
What is the output of the following flowchart when the input is Num= 0
Start
Enter a Number >> 0
Category B
Read Num Input: Category A
Num <- 0
Num = 0 Output:
0 > 0 ? => NO “Category B”
Num>0? No
Print
"Category B"
Yes
Print
Output:
"Category A"
“Category A”
Stop
Example:
What is the output of the following flowchart when the input is Num= 4
Start Variables
Variables
Variables(in
(in
(inmemory):
memory):
memory):
Num
Num
Num [[[ 444 ]]]
Read Num Input: Result
Result
Result [[[ 4
0710]
9 ]]] 0497 +++ 4312
Num <- 4 Count
Count [[[ 3
Count 420
1 ]]] 4312 --- 111
Initialize
Result=0
Count=Num
Enter a Number => 4

Count
Count
Count=
Count ===4
132
0
Print Count Count: 4
4
132>
>>>0
000?? ??=>
=>
=>YES
YES
YES
0 => YES
NO Count: 3
Count: 2
Result=Result + Count
Count>0? Yes Count: 1
Count=Count - 1
Count: 0
No
Result: 10
Print
Result
Stop
Example:
What is the output of the following flowchart when the input is N = 6 10
Page 1 Page 2 5
average
Start
N=6
AVRG ( result,n1, n2,n3)
Read
N Sum = 10 + 5 + 6
sum = n1+ n2+n3
AVRG (average, 10, 5, N) average =

21/3
result = sum/3
Print
average Output:
Average: 7
Return
Stop

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Introduction To

Represents an algorithm in graphical symbols

Example: Algorithm for multiplying two

Flow line: Used to indicate the direction of flow of

Read N, N = The number of students

1- connection on the same flowchart portion

2- connection on the different flowchart portion

Page 1 Start terminal for a Page 2

sum = n1+ n2+n3

At this point, result = sum/3

This flowchart calculates the average of three numbers

R, a, b, c are formal parameters

AVRG is the function name Start

Objects enclosed by ( ) – result, AVRG ( R, a, b,c)

AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3)

Each formal parameter represents

This flowchart calculates the average of three numbers

Page 1 You shouldn’t usePage

AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3)

A function may be Read

AVRG (average1, n1, n2,n3)

This flowchart calculates the average of three numbers

A function parameter may act as:

AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3)

This flowchart calculates the average of three numbers

Stop p and q act as both input and output

This flowchart exchanges or swaps the value

AVRG ( R, a, b,c) AVRG ( a, b,c)

The output parameter (R)

and the result

Original main flowchart: Modified main flowchart:

AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3) result =AVRG (n1, n2, n3)

Now, result is not

• Describe the flow of execution.

• Types of control structure:

Multiple statements considered as one statement

If set condition is true, execute the statement, else do

Statement 1 Statement 2  statement

Complex if-else & if Statements

While a set condition is true, repeat statement (body of loop)

Do the statement (body of loop) while a condition is true

Calculate Area Process:

Calculate Perimeter Process:

Enter a Number => 4

sum = n1+ n2+n3

AVRG (average, 10, 5, N) average =

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