Chapter 14 Introduction to Microwave Systems

14.1 System aspects of antennas

radiation pattern, directivity, efficiency, gain, temperature
14.2 Microwave communication systems
Friis formula, transmitter and receiver, receiver noise
characteristics
14.3 Radar systems
radar equation
14.4 Radiometry
radiometer
14.5 Microwave propagation
atmospheric effects
14.6 Other applications and topics
microwave oven, energy transfer

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 14.1 System aspects of antennas
• antenna characteristics
radiation pattern F (, )  r E (, )  H (, )  r S (, )
2 * 2

directivity 4Fmax 4Fmax 4Ae

D   Pl
Prad  F (, ) sin d d   2
Ae 
efficiency   rad P S
gain Pin G  D
equivalent noise temperature

 T (, ) D(, ) sin d d 
B
TA  Tb  (1  )Tp Tb
 T (, ) sin d d 
B

Discussion D(dB)

1. Ex.14.3 Calculate TA with η=1 and an antenna directivity 30

2

 10 K ,   30 10
background noise temperatureTB  
100 K , 30    90
 -90 -30 0 30 90
1 30 90

 TA =Tb 

0
10 1000 sin d   
1
10 10 sin d   
30
100 10 sin d 
 86.4 K 
sidelobe
1 90
0
1000 sin d   
1
10 sin d  region

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 14.2 Microwave communication systems
• Friis power transmission formula
Gt Gr
PG A PG G  2
Pr  t t 2e  t t r 2
4R (4R)
Pt R Pr
Discussion
1. Ex.14.4 a DBS satellite @12.45GHz, Pt =120W, Gt =34dB  2m dia.
 =1.7º, slant range 39000km, ground receiving terminal Gr =33.5dB 
18in dia.  =6º, TA=50K, NF=0.7dB, BW=20MHz
(1)transmitter EIRP  Pt G t  120  2512  54.8dBm
(2)receiver T e  T A  T LNB  T A  ( F  1)T o  50  (1.179  1)  290  100.8K
G 2239
receiver   13.5dB / K
T 100.8
Pt G t G r  2
(3) Pr   117.9dBW  87.9dBm
(4 R) 2

Pr G LNB
(4)CNR   17.7dB >system link m arg in
kT e BG LNB
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• noise analysis of a microwave receiver

GA, , Tp LT, Tp GRF, TRF LM, TM GIF, TIF

Tb Ni, Si N o , So
TREC

equivalent noise temperature

(1) antenna
TA  Tb  (1  )Tp , Ni  kTA B
(2) cable
TTL  ( LT  1)Tp

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(3) receiver
TM T L
TREC  TRF   IF M  TTL REC  TTL  LT TREC
GRF GRF

SG G
o/p signal power So  i RF IF  Si Gsys
LT LM
o/p noise power
N o  ( N i  kBTTL  REC )Gsys
 kB(TA  TTL  REC )Gsys
 kB[Tb  (1  )Tp  ( LT  1)Tp  LT TREC ]Gsys
 kBTsys Gsys
So Si
SNRo  
N o kBTsys
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Discussion
1. Ex14.5 a 4 GHz receiver with BW=1MHz, Si = -80dBm
  0.9, Tb  200k , Tp  300k  TA  210k
 Ni  kTA B  115dBm  SNRi  35dB
LT  1.5dB  1.41  TTL  ( LT  1)To  123k ,
LM  6dB  4, FM  7dB  TM  ( FM  1)To  1163k ,
FRF  3dB  TRF  ( FRF  1)To  289k
FIF  1.1dB  TIF  ( FIF  1)To  84k
GRF  20dB  100, GIF  30dB  1000
TM TIF LM
 TREC  TRF    304k
GRF GRF
 Tsys  TA  TTL  LT TREC  762k  kBTsys =  110dBm
Si
 SNRo   80  110  30dB
kBTsys
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 • noise analysis of a digital communication receiver
Eb bit energy
Pb : BER(  )
no noise power desity
Eb STb S S SB 1
    , S : signal power, Tb  : bit period, Rb :bit rate
no no no Rb N R NRb Rb
b
B
Ex14.6 a LEO communication satellite f=16GHz,,Pt=80W, Gt=20dB,
R=940km, a QPSK receiving handset Gr=1dB, Tsys=750K, Latm=2dB
BER=0.01, find Rb,min for 10dB link margin
Pt G t G r  2
Pr   49  20  1  176  2  108dBm
(4 R) 2
S min  108  10  118dBm  1.58  10 15W
Eb S min B
QPSK BER  0.01   5dB  3.16 
no NR b ,max
n o S min B n o S min B n o S min 1 1.58 10 15
 R b ,max      48kbps
Eb N E b kT sys B E b kT sys 3.16 1.38 10 23  750
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14.3 Radar systems
• radar (radio detection and ranging) equation

Pt G 1 Pt G 22 Pt G 22
Pr   Ae   Rmax  4
4R 2
4R 2
(4 ) R
3 4
(4 )3 Pmin

Discussion
1. Ex14.7 radar @10GHz, Pt=2kW, G=28dB, =12m2 , Pmin=-90dBm
 Rmax = 8114km
2. pulse radar  detect target range and direction
3. Doppler radar  detect target radial velocity
4. radar cross section (p.696, Table 14.3)
e.g. bird 0.01m2, missile 0.5m2, person 1m2, fighter 3-8m2,
airplane 100m2, truck 200m2

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5. SIR-C (1994) microwave image of Taipei area

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14.4 Radiometry
• radiometer
T: physical temperature
TB: brightness temperature
e: emmisivity
T 0e1
P=kTBB=keTB
Discussion
1. radiometer measures the object noise powerTBobject
physical parameters (p.699)
e.g. soil moisture, ocean surface wind speed, target image,
mapping of galactic objects,…….
2. usually TB<TR receiver temperature, Vo=Gk(TB+TR )B,
TR can be derived from the Y-factor calibration
3. measurement errors due to
noise fluctuation  increase integration time
receiver gain fluctuation  Dicke radiometer
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4. SMA (sub-millimeter array) (1983, 1996~) 200GHz-900GHz

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 5. AMiBA (Array for Microwave Background Anisotrophy)宇宙背
景輻射陣列望遠鏡(2001~) 85GHz-105GHz
Component Chain
Vacuum Window
Corrugated
Feed

Noise Coupler

Transition
OMT
Cryogenic
Environment
Isolator

RF
Pre-Amplifier

Isolator

From Calibrated High-Pass

Noise Source Filter

RF Post-
Amplifier

From LO Sub-Harmonic
Mixer
Source

IF Amplifiers

To Correlators 14-12 微波電路講義

14.5 Microwave propagation
Discussion
1. “line of sight propagation”, 1/R2, for microwaves
 satellite communication
2. atmospheric attenuation effects (p.703, Fig.14.29)
negligible for f<10GHz
water vapor resonance @ 22.2GHz, 183.3GHz
O2 resonance @ 60GHz, 120GHz
“microwave window” @ 35GHz, 94GHz, 135GHz
 earth remote sensing
3. ground reflections
 fading or scintillation problems for wireless communication
in urban area
 clutter problem for radar
4. plasma frequency  8MHz, total reflection from ionsphere
for f<fp  short wave radio

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14.6 Other applications and topics
Discussion
1. microwave oven @ 2.45GHz
 conduction loss for large tan of material
2. energy tansfer  nonpilot airplane, solar power satellite station,
mobile phone, …
3. micrwave exposure  thermal effects, IEEE Standard C95.1-2005
power density: 10W/m2~1mW/cm2
W/m2
100 6 min. exposure

30 min. exposure
10

1
0.1 1 10 100 f (GHz)

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4. Ex 14.8 a 18GHz microwave antenna 36dB gain and 10W radiation
 power density at 20 m away
PinG 10  4000  8W m 2 @main lobe
S     10W m 2

4 R 2 4  20 2 0.8W m 2 @  10dB sidelobe

ADS examples: Ch14_prj

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