Introduction To Thermal EOR Modelling Tutorial (CMG Stars)

Introduction to Thermal EOR
Modelling
Builder & STARS,

V.2014.10
Tutorial
Table of Contents
Exercise 1 – Creation of Cyclic Steam Base Model ...............................3

Basic Setup using the Quick Pattern Wizard ............................................................................................. 3
Generating a STARS Black Oil PVT using Correlations .............................................................................. 8
Generating Relative Permeability Curves and Interpolation Sets .......................................................... 15
Definition of Initial Conditions and Numerical Controls ......................................................................... 22
Defining Well Perforations and Constraints ........................................................................................... 23
Defining Data to be Output..................................................................................................................... 27
Validation of the Dataset ........................................................................................................................ 29
Running (time-stepping) of the Dataset ................................................................................................. 29
Viewing the Results in Results Graph ..................................................................................................... 31
Exercise 2 – Nine-Point Formulation ................................................. 33

Defining a Nine-Point Formulation in the Dataset (via Builder/Textpad) .............................................. 33
Comparison of Results with and without Nine-Point ............................................................................. 34
Exercise 3 – Implementation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) ......... 37

Defining New Wells via Copying ............................................................................................................. 37
Defining Groups and Cycling Controls .................................................................................................... 40
Comparison of Results ............................................................................................................................ 44
Optional Exercise .................................................................................................................................... 45
Exercise 4A – Dilation/Recompaction ............................................... 46

Implementing the Dilation Recompaction model................................................................................... 46
Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Exercise 4B – Dilation/Recompaction with Permeability Dependence

........................................................................................................ 50
Adding Permeability Dependence through Builder ................................................................................ 50
Exercise 5 – Water Flood .................................................................. 52

Changing a Steam Flood into a Water Flood .......................................................................................... 52
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Introduction to CMG’s Modelling Workflows - Tutorial
Exercise 6 – Primary Production ....................................................... 54
Changing Cyclic Steam into Primary Production..................................................................................... 54
Extra Exercise................................................................................... 56
Increasing Oil Viscosity............................................................................................................................ 56
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Exercise 1 – Creation of Cyclic Steam Base Model
The purpose of this exercise is to utilize Builder to create a Base Model which simulates Cyclic
Steam Stimulation (CSS). The model will be created with Builder’s Quick Pattern wizard, which
allows the user to create a part of a patterned field.
The use of the quick pattern wizard allows the engineer to quickly create a grid which already
accounts for grid sizing, well creation, and element of symmetry definitions. The fluid model
will also be constructed via Black-Oil correlations. The exercise also details how to add
temperature and compositionally-dependent relative permeability data.
Basic Setup using the Quick Pattern Wizard

1. Double click on Launcher to activate the CMG interface GUI.
2. Open BUILDER by double clicking on the appropriate icon in the Launcher.
3. Choose:
 STARS Simulator
 SI Unit
 Single Porosity system
 Start date 2011-01-01
 Click OK, verify the settings and Click OK again
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4. Under the Reservoir Menu expand the Create Grid Section and choose Quick Pattern
Grid to enter the wizard
5. Input the following information:

 Pattern Type: Normal 5-Spot
 Pattern Area: 10 Acres
 Thickness of Reservoir: 30 (m)
 Top of Reservoir: 500 (m)
 Approx. Block Thickness: 4 (m)
 Approx. Block Size in X, Y: 6 (m)
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6. Press the Calculate button. In doing so Builder will take the values which were input
and determine the number of blocks and their required sizes to cover the defined area.
Note on Grid Sizes:
When using the Quick Pattern wizard a uniform Cartesian grid will be created. There is a
possibility (as observed in this example) where if the defined block sizes were used it is
not possible to get create a grid of the exact aerial or vertical size specified. When this
occurs the wizard will scale the block sizes accordingly in a uniform manner so that the
size of the blocks and number of blocks cover exactly the defined volume (Pattern Area
X Thickness).
7. Press OK to close the window. The grid should now be created. This will include an
Injector well at each corner, a Producer well in the center, block sizes as defined in the
wizard, and an implicitly defined Element of Symmetry.
8. To specify other grid properties open the Specify Property window by clicking the
button on the top menu bar.
9. Input the following values (all of them will be input for the Whole Grid):
 Porosity: 0.3
 Permeability I: 400 (md)
 Permeability J: 400 (md), it is also valid to specify EQUALSI
 Permeability K: 40 (md), it is also valid to specify EQUALSI * 0.1
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10. Click Ok and OK again on the Property Calculation Window.
11. Under the Reservoir section in the Tree View Double-Click on Thermal Rocktypes to
open the associated window. At the top click the triangle icon and select New Thermal
Rock Type.
12. Under the Rock Compressibility Tab enter a Porosity Reference Pressure of 8576 kPa
and a Formation Compressibility of 1.8e-5 1/kPa. Press Apply.
13. Go to the Thermal Properties tab and enter the following values:
 Volumetric Heat Capacity (Rock): 2.35e6 J/(m3*C)
 T-Dependent Coefficient (Rock): 0 J/(m3*C*C)
 Thermal Conductivity Phase Mixing: Complex
 Thermal Conductivity (Reservoir Rock): 6.6e5 J/(m*day*C)
 Thermal Conductivity (Water Phase): 5.35e4 J/(m*day*C)
 Thermal Conductivity (Oil Phase): 8035 J/(m*day*C)
 Thermal Conductivity (Gas Phase): 2000 J/(m*day*C)
Press Apply.
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14. Go to the Overburden Heat Loss tab and enter the following information:
 Overburden Volumetric Heat Capacity: 2.35E+06 J/(m3*C)
 Underburden Volumetric Hear Capacity: 2.35E+06 J/(m3*C)
 Overburden Thermal Conductivity: 1.5E+05 J/(m*day*C)
 Overburden Thermal Conductivity: 1.5E+05 J/(m*day*C)
Press Apply. Press OK to close the window. Become familiar with the grid and wells via
the different views available in Builder.
Save the dataset as “EXERCISE_1_BaseCase.dat”.
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Generating a STARS Black Oil PVT using Correlations
If the necessary data for a fluid analysis is not available Builder offers the ability of creating a
STARS K-Value based fluid model via Black-Oil Correlations.
These correlations are similar to those used in creating Black-Oil fluid models for the IMEX
simulator but include a thermal aspect in STARS as well as being broken into components,
rather than just phases.
1. To create the fluid model start by navigating to the Components menu in Builder and
select Import Blackoil PVT…
2. In the window that appears under Black Oil PVT Properties select the Units to be SI.
3. Click on the button to Launch the Black Oil PVT Graphical User Interface (GUI).
4. In the PVT definition window which appears it should be noted that there is no
information yet. To create a fluid model values need to be input for the correlations.
Click on the Tools button and select Generate PVT Table using Correlations…
5. In the window which appears input the following values:

 Reservoir Temperature: 37.7778 C (100 F)
 Generate data up to…: 12000 kPa
 Bubble Point Pressure Calculation: Value Provided 8576 kPa
 Oil Density at STC (14.7 psia, 60F): Stock Tank Oil Gravity (API) 21
 Gas Density at STC (14.7 psia, 60F): Gas Gravity (Air=1) 0.65
Note on Dropdown Options:
For Choices Highlighted Above in Blue (i.e. intermediate dropdown choices in Builder)
make sure to select these intermediate choices BEFORE inputting associated values. If
these are selected after inputting data then the data will be converted and results will
be incorrect.
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6. Check the box at the bottom to Set/Update Values of Reservoir Temperature, Fluid
Density in Dataset and click Apply. Upon clicking Apply a message will appear regarding
the calculation of oil compressibility. Select No (this will be added in a future step).
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7. Click OK to close the window (note that the default correlations were being used but
others are available if required). The PVT Regions window should now be populated
with generated data.
Examine the calculated values:
In particular, note the Solution Gas/Oil Ratio (Rs) value at the bubble-point pressure
(8576 kPa). In this example it was known that this value at bubble-point pressure in the
field was 30 m3/m3. In this example it can be observed that this value is 30.9962
m3/m3, an acceptably close value.
8. Upon quality checking of the data it can be observed that the viscosity at bubble-point is
10.3 cp from the correlations. However, in the field the viscosity was measured to be
120 cp at the reservoir temperature and bubble-point pressure. Viscosity information is
commonly separate from other fluid properties as the correlations used for calculation
of Rs, Bo, Eg, etc. are independent of viscosity.
For this exercise the viscosity needs to be shifted to match field values at the associated
37.7778 Degress C. To do this click on the Oil Viscosity (Viso) at the bubble-point
pressure (8576 kPa). Go directly to the Tools button and select Shift Column Values to
Match. Enter a value of 120 cp at this point. Press OK and it should be observed that
the oil viscosity column has been pivoted around this point based on the correlations.
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9. Click Apply. Water properties also need to be correlated to the proper initial conditions
of the field. Go to the General tab and click the Tools button. Choose the option to
Generate Water Properties using Correlations. In the window that appears input the
following values:
 Reservoir Temperature (TRES): 37.7778 C (100 F)
 Reference Pressure (REFPW): 8576 kPa
 Water Bubble point pressure: LEAVE BLANK
 Water Salinity (ppm): 10000 (ppm)
Check the box to Set/update values of TRES and REFPW in PVT Region Dialog. Click
Apply and OK to close the window.
10. In the General tab enter the oil compressibility, Undersatruated Co (CO), of 1.0e-5
1/kPa. Press Apply and OK to exit the Black Oil PVT window. Press OK to the message
which appears (this refers to the need to specify the bubble-point pressure which will be
done in the next step). The STARS PVT window should now be open.
11. From the list of available pressures the bubble-point pressure must be chosen. To do
this click the button to Select from Table then click next to the bubble-point pressure
(8576 kPa). The Next button should now be available to be clicked.
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12. The previously input viscosities were related to a constant temperature of 37.7778
Degrees C. Due to the possible thermal nature of STARS datasets it may be required to
add temperature dependency to oil viscosity.
In the Step 2: Input STARS Component Data window leave the default values and click
Next:
13. Under the Gas K Value Temperature Dependence section the defaults will be chosen.
This value controls the behavior of the bubble point and GOR when temperatures are
changed. Click Next.
14. Enter the following information under the Temperature-Viscosity relationship:
Note that the Component System section is set to create a Live Oil system with 3 components
(Water, Dead Oil, and Solution Gas). If a Dead Oil system is chosen then only 2 components will
be added (Water and Dead Oil). The amount of gas in solution will be defined by the initial Mole
Fraction of the Solution Gas component in the Oleic Phase.
Click Next. A message will appear regarding the defining of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient
(Ct) for oil which is being calculated. Click OK to use this value.
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Note on Possible Message Regarding Oil Viscosities:
Another message may appear about the oil viscosities. The oil viscosity at atmospheric
pressure in the PVT table is actually the same as the input dead oil viscosity at the
temperature of the PVT table. The wizard assumes that the viscosity value in the PVT
table is the most correct, since usually this table comes from measured laboratory data
such as differential liberation.
The wizard will still use the input dead oil viscosity vs. temperature data to establish the
relative viscosity/temperature relationship, and then it applies this to the base viscosity
in the PVT table to obtain a table of oil viscosity vs. temperature. This viscosity vs.
temperature relationship is also applied to the solution gas component present in the
same table of viscosity vs. temperature. Click OK which takes you to Step 5 (Check
Matches of PVT Properties).
15. Step 5 is used to show and alter the matches between the Black-Oil correlations and the
STARS K-Value Correlations. Move this panel to the side to enable viewing of the match
plots.
Note the Match error values shown in the Step 5 panel. Check the match quality by
expanding and clicking on the various available plots.
These matches are acceptable, given the limited PVT data available. Note that the Gas
Viscosity vs. pressure plot appears not to match the black oil PVT data. This is because
STARS has a correlation for gas viscosity vs. temperature and composition, but not gas
viscosity vs. pressure (see keywords AVG and BVG). It is felt that the gas viscosity change
with pressure is not as important as the change with temperature and composition.
Click Next to move on to Step 6: Done! This window shows the breakdown of
composition in the oil phase relative to pressure. These compositions are important as
the model needs to be initialized with the proper mole fractions at the associated
pressure and reference depth.
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By default Builder assumes the reservoir to be at Bubble-Point pressure initially and will
automatically add the mole fractions related to that pressure (8576 kPa). This can of
course be overridden when defining the Initial Conditions Section.
16. Click Finish to close the window. The Components section in the tree view should now
contain a Green Checkmark.
17. Save the dataset.
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Generating Relative Permeability Curves and Interpolation Sets
This section details how to use Corey Equations to generate relative permeability curves based
on defined endpoints and curvature exponents. After the curves have been defined
Temperature-Dependency will be added to the endpoints followed by interpolation sets
allowing for the interpolation between different sets of curves based on composition
differences.
The reason for using a compositional dependency relates back to the notion that gas relative
permeability to liquid is different depending on the composition of the gas (i.e. more solution
gas or more steam). As the composition of gas in a block shifts from solution gas to steam or
vice-versa then the relative permeability curves will shift with it accordingly. This can be
included in addition to the Temperature-Dependencies.
1. Under the Rock-Fluid Menu select the option to Create/Edit Rocktypes.
2. On the top of the Rock Types window click the arrow and select the option to add
a New Rock Type from the list. Go to the Tools button and select the option to
Generate Tables using Correlations. Input the following values to generate the relative
permeability curves:
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3. Click Apply to create the curves and OK to close the window. Press Apply on the Rock
Types window and Green Checkmark should appear in the tree view for the Rock-Fluid
section.
4. To implement temperature dependency, navigate to the Relative Permeability End

Points tab in the Rock Types window.
Note on Initial End-Point Values:
It should be noted that for the current curves the Connate Water to Oil is 30% (0.30) and
the Residual Oil to Water is 40% (0.40 oil saturation or 0.60 water saturation).
In the Liquid-Gas table the Residual Oil to Gas saturation can be calculated by taking the
Residual Liquid to Gas, 75% (0.75), and subtracting the Connate Water Saturation, 30%.
The result is a value of 45% (0.45) Residual Oil Saturation to Gas.
All of these values are acceptable for a typical displacement at reservoir conditions but
may be pessimistic when adding energy into the system via a hot water or steam flood.
5. Set the Temperature Intervals to be 2 (should be the default) with a Minimum range of
37.7778 and a Maximum of 325. The endpoints will interpolated linearly between the
data given by these points.
6. In the Overwrite Critical Saturation and Endpoints From Tables Section click on the
blue triangle for the property Irreducible Water Saturation (SWR or SWCON) and
choose the option Temperature Dependence.
The property should show in the Temperature Dependence Section. Repeat this same
process for Residual Oil Saturation for Water Injection (SORW) and Residual Oil
Saturation for Gas Injection (SORG).
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7. In the Temperature Dependence Section enter the following values for each of the
endpoints:
8. Click Apply and OK to close the window.
9. To view the effect on the relative permeability curves as a function of temperature, Click
on Rock-Fluid, then the right arrow and select Diagnostic Plots. Toggle the Oil Water
and Gas Oil buttons.
This allows you to see the effect of the endpoint changes. In the case of multiple rock
types, if you click on Reservoir to display any property and have the Rock Fluid
Diagnostics panel open, clicking on any block will change the diagnostic plot to show
that corresponding to the UBA.
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10. In the Diagnostic Plot window select Ternary Kro.
Note that only one temperature at a time can be selected. Check that the Kro (intermediate
phase relative permeability) does not touch the zero oil saturation line at either temperature. If
it does, the Stone 2 formulation has failed and another 3-phase relative permeability option
should be chosen.
Check That Kro is 0 inside

the Plot Boundary
11. To add Compositional Dependency different curve Interpolation Sets will need to be
created. Open the Rock Types window again Check the box at the top to Use
Interpolation Sets.
12. Go to the Rocktype Properties Tab and Check the box to enable Interpolation
Components (INTCOMP). In doing so the options will become available to select the
component and phase that will be tracked for switching.
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In this case choose for the Rock-Fluid Interpolation Will Depend on Component: to be
Water and the Phase from which component`s composition will be taken: to be gas
mole fraction.
13. Click Apply then go to the Interpolation Set Parameters Tab. Input a value of 0.2 for
the DTRAPW and DTRAPN. This relates to the water mole fraction in the gas phase
(steam) associated with this relative permeability set. Click Apply.
14. At the top of the window is a dropdown for Interpolation Sets. Next to this is a
triangular button. Click on this and choose the option to Copy Current Interpolation
Set. A second Interpolation set will be created that is identical to the first. Values now
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need to be altered to differentiate the relative permeability in this set from the first
based on the presence of steam.
15. In the Interpolation Set Parameters tab for the Interpolation Set 2 input values of 0.6 in
place of 0.2 for both the DTRAPW and DTRAPN values.
16. In the Relative Permeability End Points tab find the Relative permeability to gas at
connate liquid (KRGCW) and choose to Overwrite Table Value with the value of 0.8 (the
original value was 0.3 for solution gas). Press Apply.
17. In the Relative Permeability Tables tab change the Smoothing method for table end-
points from Linear Interpolation to Cubic Smoothing for both the Oil-Water and the
Liquid-Gas Tables. Apply this to both Interpolation sets.
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18. Apply and press OK to exit the window. Once again, examine the diagnostic plots to
observe how the compositional dependency and temperature dependency are taken
into account at the same time. Save the Dataset.
Note on How Interpolation is Applied:
In this model, the composition of the Gas Phase will be determined in every gridblock on
each timestep. If the composition of gas is less than 20% steam (based on mole
fractions) then the first interpolation set will be used. If the composition of gas is
greater than 60% steam then the second interpolation set will be used. For any
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compositions between these values a linear interpolation of the different sets of curves
will be done.
A similar technique will also be applied to the temperature dependency where linear
interpolation will be done between the points at the two defined temperatures.
Definition of Initial Conditions and Numerical Controls

1. Open the Initialization Settings under the Initial Conditions menu.
2. Select Depth-Average Capillary-Gravity Method (VERTICAL DEPTH_AVE) as the

Vertical Equilibrium Calculation Method (should be the default).
3. Enter the following information in the Initialization Region section:

 Reference Pressure: 8576 kPa
 Reference Depth: 504 m (subsea-units, SS)
 Water-Oil Contact Depth (DWOC): 526 m (SS)
 Gas-Oil Contact Depth (DGOC): 504 m (SS)
Press Apply and OK to close the window. Note that the pressure at the gas-oil contact
must be bubble-point pressure for equilibrium.
4. Under the Numerical menu select Timestep Control to open the Numerical Settings
window. Set a First Time Step Size after Well Change (DTWELL) of 1e-3 and change the
Upstream Calculation Option (UPSTREAM) to KLEVEL.
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Both the Initial Conditions and the Numerical sections should now have Green
Checkmarks on the tree view.
Save the dataset.
Defining Well Perforations and Constraints

Although wells were automatically created when using the Quick Pattern Grid wizard there are
completions defined (by default in all layers) which need to be altered as well as a lack of
operating constraints, which need to be defined. This section details the implementation of
these.
1. To alter the well completions navigate to the Wells and Recurrent menu and open the
Well Completions (PERF) window.
The perforations for the injectors are going to be limited so that they do not inject at the
top of the formation. This is done since the injected steam will over-ride the fluids,
making it generally better to inject steam lower in the formation.
In order to make this change go to the Perforations Tab for Injector 1 and select the
first 3 layers. This can be done by clicking on the #1 perforation and dragging down to
#3. Once selected click the button on the left side to Delete the selected nodes .
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2. Click Apply. Repeat this deleting of the first three layers for each of the Injector wells.
3. The producer needs to be limited to ensure it is not producing from either the gas cap or
the water zone. Under the Producer 1 completions Delete the top 3 nodes (layers 1-3)
and the bottom 2 (layers 7-8).
4. Click Apply and OK to close the window. Save the dataset.
5. In the tree view under the Wells and Recurrent section expand the Wells group and
double-click on one of the wells to open the Well Events window.
6. Navigate to Injector 1 and go to its Constraints tab. Under Constraint select a new
OPERATE constraint. Set the Parameter to be BHP bottom hole pressure with a MAX
value of 12,000 kPa. Lastly change the Action to CONT REPEAT.
7. Add a second OPERATE constraint for a STW surface water rate MAX of 250 m3/day
and again select CONT REPEAT.
Note on use of CONT REPEAT:
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When CONT REPEAT chosen, if the operating constraint is violated in a timestep then
the timestep will be repeated to ensure a non-violated constraint. If CONT is selected
then it will continue to the next timestep where the violation will be fixed. The use of
this is recommended to improve the accuracy of well constraint changes but may
increase run time due to the repeating of timesteps. Caution should therefore always
be applied when using this option if run time is an area of concern.
8. Click Apply then go to the Injected Fluid Tab and enter the following information:
 Injected Fluid: Water
 Mole Fraction: Component -> Water 1.0
 Temperature 325 C
 Steam Quality 0.8 (if a value of 0 is entered then the enthalpy of hot
water is injected)
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9. The information added to Injector 1 will now be copied to the other injectors. To do
this, in the menu under Injector 1 hold down the CTRL key and click on Constraints,
Injected Fluid, Stream quality, and Stream Temperature. With these highlighted Right-
Click and choose Copy events using filter.
10. In the window that appears on the Wells tab select the 4 Injectors. Next go to the
Dates tab and select the first date (2011-01-01). Finally click the button on the bottom
right to Search & Add.
The Search Results window pane should now contain the 4 wells. If it does not then a
step was missed. Press OK to close the window. It should be observed that the selected
well definitions will have been added to the 4 injection wells.
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11. Operating constraints need to be defined for the Producer well also. In the Well Events
window find Producer 1 and in a manner similar to the Injection wells add the following
operating constraints:
 BHP bottom hole pressure MIN 200 kPa CONT REPEAT
 STL stock tank liquid MAX 100 m3/day CONT REPEAT
12. Click Apply and OK to close the window.
13. Under the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view double-click on Dates to open the
Dates window. Click the button to Add a range of dates . Choose:
 From: 2011-01-01
 To: 2016-01-01
 By: Month
Click OK. Set a STOP on the last date. Click Close to exit the Dates window.
All section of the dataset should now be validated with a Green Checkmark in the tree view.
Save the dataset.
Defining Data to be Output

1. Click on I/O Control in the tree view. Double-click on Simulation Results Output to open
the window.
2. Under the lower What to write (OUTSRF) section change the Well Information to Values
for all layers (LAYER ALL). Click the Green Plus sign under this section and add
another well output. Choose Values for all components (COMPONENT ALL). Do this one
more time creating a final Well output for Well Values at reservoir and surface
conditions (DOWNHOLE).
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3. Under the Grid output press the Select button to open the associated window. In here
all values chosen can be viewed on a per-gridblock basis in Results 3D. Click the button
to Deselect All then select the following outputs (note that in Builder v2011.10 and later
this list can be sorted alphabetically):
CCHLOSS Net Heater Rate

CCHLOSSCUM Net cumulative energy lost(-) or gained(+) by a…
FLUXRC Flux vectors of oil, water, and gas at reservoir conditions
FPOROS Fluid Porosity
KRG Gas relative permeability
KRO Oil relative permeability
KRW Water relative permeability
MASDENO Oil density
PRES Pressure
SG Gas saturation
SO Oil saturation
SW Water saturation
TEMP Temperature
VISO Oil viscosity
X Component composition in oil phase
Y Component composition in gas phase
Select any other outputs that may be of interest as well. When finished press OK to close the
window. Press OK again to close the Simulation Results File Writing window.
Save the dataset.
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Validation of the Dataset
Validation of values occurs at multiple levels in Builder. On individual windows a validation will be done
on necessary values and units. Each section of the dataset is also validated for values and completeness
(Demonstrated by the Warning, Error, and Checkmark symbols in the tree view). Prior to running a
model it is generally recommended to run the model through validation in the simulator as well (since
the simulator may catch an inconsistency that Builder did not).
1. To validate the model with the simulator through Builder start by clicking on the
Validate with STARS button on the menu bar:
2. As the dataset should have just been saved, on the window that appears asking to save
No can be selected. If it is unknown when the dataset was last saved select Yes and
save the dataset before proceeding.
3. In the validation screen which appears start by selecting Validate (Run to validate
dataset only) and press Run. This will send the dataset to the STARS simulator which
will read it in and validate the parts. A summary will be output which will describe any
warnings or errors which have been found.
4. If no warnings or errors occur then change the option to Run to view Initialization (run
one time step) and click Run. This will take the validation step further by initializing the
model. In doing so, the results files will be created which can be loaded in Results 3D to
view the initialization.
5. Once successfully validated Close the window and Exit Builder.
Running (time-stepping) of the Dataset

After validation has been completed the model can be ran. This is generally done through CMG’s
Launcher as numerous options are available for scheduling jobs and submitting to a variety of different
computer/operating system types. For more information on these options please refer to the Launcher
Manual.
1. Drag and drop the dataset EXERCISE_1_BaseCase.dat from the main view of the Course
Solutions folder onto the STARS simulator icon in the Program Tab.
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2. In the window that appears set the Number of Processors to Use at 1 (there is no
reason to run with additional processors as this model is not of sufficient size or runtime
to justify parallelizing).
Also choose to Submit to Scheduler and choose the scheduler Local (this refers to the
machine which is being utilized). All other options may be kept as defaults. Press OK to
start the simulation run.
3. After the simulation has been launched it should appear in the Job Status window at the
bottom of Launcher (if it does not then Right-Click in this area and click Refresh). Right-
Click on the job and choose View Log File.
This allows for the viewing of the Log (Diary) file either while the dataset is being ran or
after it is complete. This file contains run-time information such as the time-step sizes,
number of iterations, material balance error, any warnings or errors, etc.
To view other information in text format from the simulator refer to the Out (Echo) file
which contains the information being input to the simulator, any assumptions made,
initialization parameters, and other data coming from the simulator as defined by the
user (chosen under the Text Output section of the I/O Control in Builder).
4. If everything looks acceptable in these two files (i.e. no errors, warnings, etc.) then the
results can be viewed in Results Graph and Results 3D.
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Viewing the Results in Results Graph
After running the model and validating the time-steps/warnings/errors the results may be
viewed.
1. To open the results in Results Graph drag and drop the IRF (indexed Results File),
EXERCISE_1_BaseCase.irf, onto the Results Graph Icon in Launcher. Once open add the
following plots and save Results Graph as Results.ses.
To fit multiple plots on one page Right click on the Plot and open the Properties. Under
the Page Layout tab change the Plots Per Page Rows to 3.
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After the dataset has been run check the bottom of the Log file. If a message appears regarding
the “Fraction of Newton iterations with matrix solver failure (_%) is too large” then bring the
dataset into Builder and under the Numerical Section increase the ITERMAX and NORTH values
to 150 each. Save the model as EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth.dat. Run the model and
ensure the message is gone.
After creating this dataset, also change the Maximum Average Scaled Residual for All
Equations (TOTRES) under the Numset tab to Tight. Save the model as
EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth_tight.dat and run it.
After running these datasets, compare the numerical statistics shown at the bottom of the .log
file. These statistics include the material balance error, run time, and number of time steps
taken.
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Exercise 2 – Nine-Point Formulation
The purpose of this exercise is to change the formulation of thermal transfer from the default Five-Point
system to a Nine-Point system. When solving the transfer of fluids and energy in a given iteration, the
simulator assumes that only the blocks bounding a given block on the primary sides are taken into
account for the flux in/out of the block.
A Nine-Point formulation adds the blocks located on the corners of the block of interest for these
calculations. The result will be a more accurate representation of front movement at the cost of longer
runtimes due to additional calculations.
In the case of this and other thermal models the keyword NINEPTH may be implemented to use a Nine-
Point formulation for the thermal transfer due to conduction. This is formulation will be primarily used
in processes that are dominated by thermal conductivity, such as laboratory experiments and near-well
thermal studies. Field-scale modeling tends to neglect this as convection is the primary heat transport
mechanism and run-time is often of larger concern.
Defining a Nine-Point Formulation in the Dataset (via Builder/Textpad)

1. As of version 2010.10 Builder offers the option of changing this formulation. For versions earlier
than this the implementation of Nine-Point needs to be done in a text-editor program (such as
Text Pad).
2. To change this option in Builder Open the dataset EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth.dat in

Builder. Navigate to the Reservoir Section and in the Tree View Expand the Grid Section and
Double-Click on Connection Type: Five-Point to open the window.
3. Change the option to Nine-point for I-J plane, five-point J-K and I-K planes and make sure the
box is checked to Apply nine point discretization for thermal calcualtions.
4. Save the dataset as EXERCISE_2_NinePoint.dat. Run the model.
5. To define Nine-Point in Textpad, open the dataset EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth.dat in a

text editor. Navigate to the end of the Reservoir Section by searching for the keyword END-
GRID. Just above this keyword implement the Nine-Point Formulation by typing the following:
 NINEPOINT IJ **Denotes the use of Nine-Point formulation in the IJ directions.
 NINEPTH **Denotes the use of Nine-Point formulation on heat transfer
33
6. Save the dataset as EXERCISE_2_NinePoint.dat. Run the model.
After has been ran check the bottom of the Log file. If a message appears regarding the
“Fraction of Newton iterations with matrix solver failure (_%) is too large” then bring
the dataset into Builder and under the Numerical Section increase the ITERMAX and
NORTH values to 150 each. Save/Run the model again and ensure the message is gone.
Comparison of Results with and without Nine-Point
1. To open the results in Results 3D drag and drop the IRF (indexed Results File),
EXERCISE_2_NinePoint.irf, onto the Results 3D Icon in Launcher.
2. Open the results of Exercise 1, then go to the Window menu and choose Tile Vertically.
This will place both datasets (Exercise 1 and 2) side-by-side in the viewing window.
Right-Click in the viewing area for one of the files and select the option to Synchronize
Views. In the window that appears select all of the properties to synchronize.
3. Change the Block Fill to Contour Fill and change the Property being shown to
Temperature. Play the time-stepping and compare the results between these.
It should be observed that the Nine-Point formulation offers a more uniform heat
distribution (as should be expected in a homogenous case) while the Five-Point from
Exercise 1 gives a slightly ‘flatter’ front.
34
4. Examine the steam-flood behavior in 3D. Change the View to 3D and use the Cutting
Plane Tool to cut the reservoir diagonally through 2 of the opposite injectors (e.g
Injectors 1 and 2). You can Remove the Grid then choose the option to Show Outlines
to see the outlines of the blocks that can still be seen.
35
5. Change the Property to be Ternary. Probe the blocks and examine the saturations.
Add extra properties onto the Probe display by right-clicking and selecting Properties,
navigate to the Probe Display tab, and check the box Other spatial properties at the
same time. By holding the CTRL key Add:
 Gas Mole Fraction (SolnGas)
 Gas Relative Perm
 Oil Mole Fraction (SolnGas)
 Oil Relative Perm
 Temperature
 Ternary
 Water Relative Perm
Also check the button to Use Auto Probe.
Verify that the gas relative perms are the expected values based on the gas
composition. Verify that the oil and water relative perms are the expected values based
on temperature (due to the Temperature-Dependent End-Point shifting that was
enabled).
36
Exercise 3 – Implementation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS)
The purpose of this exercise is to utilize Builder in defining a Cyclic Steam Stimulation. This is to be done
through the use of Group Cycling Controls where the Injection, Soak, and Production cycles are
determined by rates and times.
Due to the inability for wells to switch between Injection and Production during the run the current
wells will be copied and new wells defined. These wells will allow for the definition of injection or
production in the same grid blocks as the current wells and can be turned on/off by the cycling controls.
Defining New Wells via Copying

1. Open the dataset EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth.dat in Builder. In the Wells and Recurrent
menu choose Copy Well and follow the wizard:
 Choose Producer 1 and click Next.
 Choose the option to Copy all Perforations and click Next.
 Click the box to Copy Geometry and Click Next.
 On the Trajectory step just click Next, as there are no trajectories in the model.
 Choose the option “I will manually enter the new well name in the next step”. Use the
original well’s definition date and click Next.
 In the last step verify all of the information and in the Red box under New Well type the
name Injector 5. Click Finish and a new well should be created in the same place as
Producer 1.
2. The same task needs to be completed for the injectors but first go into the Well Events
screen and change Producer 1’s name to Producer 5.
3. Complete the steps detailed above to Copy the Injection Wells. Name the new wells
Producer 1, 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to the Injector name associated with it (i.e.
Injector 1 -> Producer 1).
There should now be a total of 10 wells defined (5 injectors and 5 producers).
37
4. As can be derived from the warnings in the tree view, the new wells need to have their
operating constraints defined before proceeding.
Open the Well Events window and find Injector 1. Since the Cycling controls will control
the injection rates the only constraint that should be applied on the Injection wells is
Maximum Bottom-hole Pressure (BHP).
Delete the Operate constraint for STW surface water rate. For Producer 5 also delete
the Operate STL surface liquid rate constraint so that only the BHP constraint is applied.
5. Under Injector 1, highlight WELL to Stream Temperature by holding Shift. Then right-
click and choose the option to Copy Events Using Filter.
6. In the window which appears select all of the Injector wells including well Injector 5.
Under the Dates tab select the first date (2011-01-01) then click Search and Add in the
bottom right of the window. The 5 injection wells should appear in the Search Results
box. Click OK and the constraints from Injector 1 should have been added to the other
injectors.
7. Repeat the same process for Producer 5 in copying to the other producer wells.
38
Remember to Clear List and De-Select the injection wells before pressing Search and
Add for the Production wells.
8. Make sure that the Fraction for Wells 1-4 (i.e. Producer 1, Injector 1, etc.) are set to
0.25 since they are on the corners of the model while Producer 5 and Injector 5 are set
to 1 since they are located in the center and element-of-symmetry does not apply.
9. Press OK to close the Well Events window. It should now be observed that there are no
more warnings in the tree view.
10. Lastly, the perforations need to be defined the same for all 10 of the wells. Currently
the center wells are not perforated in the bottom 2 layers (layers 7 and 8). From the
Wells and Recurrent menu open the Well Completions (PERF) window. For Producer 5
go to the Perforations tab and add perforations to layer 7 by clicking the Insert After
Selected Node button and typing in the associated block addresses:
 18 18 7
11. Repeat this for Injector 5. Verify that all of the wells are perforated in layers 4-7 (Layer
8 may need to be deleted from the wells). This is done so that there is no
Injection/Production in the water leg.
39
Defining Groups and Cycling Controls
1. Under the Wells and Recurrent Section Right-Click on Groups and select New. Name the
first group Field.
This group is the top-level group and will not have any constraints applied to it. All
other groups will be child groups under this.
Press the button to Add new Group. Name it Group 1. Repeat this to add a total of 5
groups (Group 1, Group 2, etc.). A total of 5 child groups and the parent Field group
should have been created.
2. After Group 5 has been named click OK to close the window. In the Wells and Recurrent
menu open the Group and Well Connections window. In here Drag and Drop wells from
the Default-Group onto their respective groups (i.e. Injector 1 and Producer 1 should be
dragged into Group 1).
This method for moving wells into groups allows for visualization with time on where wells are
defined. It is possible to associate wells and groups together in the Well Events and Group
Events screens but tends to be less efficient and can be difficult if well-group associations
change with time.
40
3. Open the Group Events by Double-Clicking on one of the groups in the tree view. For
Group 1 navigate to the Cycling Group tab and set the following values (refer to the
figure on the following page for this setup):
 Participating Steams (CYCLESTREAMS): Production, Water Injection
 Cycle Part Number (NPARTS): 3 (Injection, Soak, Production)
 Stream Target Types: Production- STL for all 3 values
Injection- Keep Default STW
 Stream Maximum Rates: Production- 0, 0, 25 m3/day
Injection- 62.5, 0, 0 m3/day
 Min Inj Rate for Cycle Switching: 17.5, 0, 0 m3/day
 Max Cycle Part Duration: 60 days, 5 days, 730 days
 Starting Time Step Size: 0.01 days, 0.01 days, 0.01 days
 Min Oil Rate for Cycle Switching: 0, 0, 0.5 m3/day
 Tot Number of Cycles have to Complete: 20
Note on Rates for Corner Wells:

For any rates being defined, due to the Element of Symmetry applied to the model the rates must be
scaled by the fraction for the wells in the model. This means that if the original rate of a whole well
was 100 m3/day then the applied rate should be ¼, or 25 m3/day, for a well on the corner of the
element.
4. Once this information has been input Press Apply. Change the Event to Turn On/Off
Cycling Group Control, make sure it is set to Yes then click Apply. Change the Event to
Set Starting Cycle Part, make sure it is set to 1 and click Yes. Lastly change the Event to
Set Ending Cycle Part, set it to 3 and click Apply.
5. Highlight everything under Group 1 in the Group Events tree view, right-click and select
Copy events using filter. Select all of the Children Groups (Group 1-5), Select the first
day (2011-01-01) and click Search and Add and OK. These cycling controls should now
have been applied to all of the groups.
6. Group 5 needs to be altered due to being in the center and requiring the full well rates
(rather than partial rates from the element of symmetry). Input the following values in
place of what was there for the Group 5 Cycling Controls (under GCONCYCLE_START):
 Stream Maximum Rates: Production- 0, 0, 100 m3/day
Injection- 250, 0, 0 m3/day
 Min Inj. Rate for Cycle Switching: 70, 0, 0 m3/day
 Min Oil Rate for Cycle Switching: 0, 0, 2 m3/day
Click Apply and OK to close the window.
Due to the extended run time from the additional complexity of cycle switching, limit the run by placing
a STOP keyword at the date 2013-01-01. Save the model as EXERCISE_3_CyclicSteam.dat.
41
Groups 1-4 Cyclic Control Setup
42
Group Events
Tree View
Group 5 Cyclic Control Setup
43
Comparison of Results
1. To open the results in Results Graph open the session file results.ses if it has been
closed. Under File choose Open CMG Simulation Results and select
EXERCISE_3_CyclicSteam.irf.
2. Add curves to the previous plots for the new CSS results by plotting for the Field Group.
Also create a new plot of Group 1 Injection Rate and Production Rate.
It should be observed how the dataset starts with injection for a period of time, soaks,
then produces either for the given 730 days or until the rate drops below the minimum
oil rate for switching which was set (for Groups 1-4 this is 0.5 m3/day).
3. If time permits try running the CSS dataset to the end of the Base Case dataset (i.e.
2016-01-01) by removing the STOP keyword. Compare the Recoveries of the two
datasets. It should be observed that the CSS case has considerably more production due
to producing from multiple regions of the dataset at the same time, rather than just one
point.
44
Optional Exercise
Try adding a perforation in Layer 8 for all of the wells (in the water zone) and compare
the results to those of perforating above it.
It can be observed that, in this case, better recovery is achieved from the dataset not
perforated in the water zone. This is due to the steam (and energy) preferentially
moving in this zone rather than the oil zone in the case which is perforated there.
45
Exercise 4A – Dilation/Recompaction
The purpose of this exercise is to illustrate the use of the Dilation-Recompaction feature in STARS. This
option is used to capture the inelastic deformation of the reservoir rock caused by pressure changes.
Dilation and compaction in the simulator are based solely on changes in pressure and user‐defined
compressibilities. This is based on the work of Beattie, Boberg, and McNab in "Reservoir Simulation of
Cyclic Steam Stimulation in the Cold Lake Oil Sands", SPE Reservoir Engineering, May, 1991.
Implementing the Dilation Recompaction model
1. Open the dataset EXERCISE_3_CyclicSteam.dat in Builder.
2. Under the Reservoir section in the Tree View double-click on Thermal Rocktypes to
open the associated window.
3. Go to the Dilation - Recompaction tab and check the box to Enable Dilation
Recompaction. Enter the following values:
 Reference Pressure: 8576 kPa

 Dilation Rock Compressibility: 3E-4 1/kPa
 Residual Dilation Fraction: 0.2
 Start Dilation: 9000 kPa
 Start Recompaction: 8000 kPa
 Max. Allowed Proportional Increase in Porosity: 1.2
46
4. Save the model as EXERCISE_4_CSSDilation.dat. Run the model.
Results
5. To open the results in Results Graph drag and drop the IRF (indexed Results File),
EXERCISE_4_CSSDilation.irf, onto the Results Graph Icon in Launcher.
6. Also open the file EXERCISE_3_CyclicSteam.irf by clicking File then Open CMG
Simulation Results… and selecting the .irf.
7. To observe the difference in the porosity vs. pressure relationship between the original
CSS simulation and the dilation-recompaction simulation, a porosity vs. pressure plot
will be created. Add a Curve and click the Add Block Property Vs. Time button.
8. Select the properties Porosity – Effective Current and Pressure, and enter the User
Block Address 10 10 5. Click OK.
47
9. Change the X AXIS to Pressure: 10, 10, 5 and the Y AXIS to Porosity – Effective Current:
10, 10, 5 and click OK to add the curve.
48
10. To add the curve for the second dataset, select Exercise_4_CSSDilation.irf from the file
dropdown and repeat steps 7 - 9 above.
49
Exercise 4B – Dilation/Recompaction with Permeability
Dependence
The purpose of this exercise is to define permeability dependence due to dilation. As porosity
changes there is generally an associated change in permeability. This can be non‐linear when
entering into a dilation‐type circumstance.
Adding Permeability Dependence through Builder

1. Open the EXERCISE_4_CSSDilation.dat dataset in Builder. Under the Reservoir Section
open the Specify Properties window. Navigate to the property Permeability Multiplier
and set the value for the Whole Grid to 3 for the I, J and K directions.
2. Under the I/O Control section, open the Simulation Results Output window. Click Select
beside the Grid information outputs in the OUTSRF window. Add outputs for PERMI,
PERMJ, PERMK.
3. Save the dataset as EXERCISE_4_CSSDilation_Perm.dat and Run it.
4. Open EXERCISE_4_CSSDilation_Perm.irf in Results 3D and compare the results

(temperature, porosity, etc.) but also look at the Permeability values. It can be observed
that the permeability increases and decreases with the increase and decrease in
porosity around the wellbores and throughout the reservoir.
50
5. You can also easily plot the grid permeability vs. time in Results Graph. While viewing
Permeability I, right click on a grid block in Results 3D and select Quick Plots  Plot
Property
51
Exercise 5 – Water Flood
The purpose of this exercise is to change the injection of Steam into water with the same temperature
as the ambient reservoir temperature. By doing this, there will not be any thermal energy added to the
system and the effects of a water-displacement drive may be modeled.
Changing a Steam Flood into a Water Flood

1. Open the EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth.dat file in Builder. In the Well and Recurrent
Section open the Well Events by Double-Clicking on one of the wells.
2. Navigate to Injector 1’s Injected Fluid tab. Uncheck the box for Steam Quality and set the
Injection Stream Temperature to be 37.7778 C (100 F) which is the initial temperature of the
model. Press Apply.
3. Use the Copy Events Using Filter tool to copy the Injected Fluid and Stream Temperature from
Injector 1 to the other injectors.
Note: the Steam Quality may need to be directly deleted from the other injection wells.
4. Press Apply and OK to close the window. Save the dataset as

EXERCISE_5_WaterFlood.dat, Validate and Run the dataset.
52
5. Compare the results of this model to those of Exercise 1. It should be observed that the
amount of produced oil is less in the Water Flood case due to no additional energy being
added to the system via the enthalpy that the steam was supplying. In the Steam Flood
there is also a reduction in the oil Viscosity due to the temperature difference which
increases oil mobility.
53
Exercise 6 – Primary Production
The purpose of this exercise is to examine the possible recovery associated with operating the field on
primary production only with no enhanced oil recovery mechanisms. This will become the base from
which the feasibility of the other methods can be determined.
Since the Cyclic Steam dataset form Exercise 3 already includes producer wells in the corners and in the
center this dataset can be more easily altered into being just primary production.
Changing Cyclic Steam into Primary Production

1. Open the EXERCISE_3_CyclicSteam.dat file in Builder. Under the Well and Recurrent Section in
the tree view Right-Click on Wells (10) and choose Delete. In the window that appears select all
of the Injector wells and press OK. This will delete the injectors. Also Right-Click on Groups (6)
and Delete all of the groups.
2. Open the Well Events window by Double-Clicking on one of the Producer wells. Navigate to
Producer 1’s Constraints and Add the following:
 OPERATE STL Stock tank liquid rate MAX 100 m3/day CONT REPEAT
 MONITOR STO Surface oil rate MIN 1 m3/day SHUTIN
Producers 1-4 have a Fraction of 0.25 applied to them due to the element of symmetry. The
rates defined will be multiplied by the Fraction in order to determine the rate that is actually
applied to the well (i.e. 25 m3/day instead of 100 m3/day).
Press Apply. Copy these constraints to the other Producers through the use of the Copy Events
Using Filter tool. Press OK to close the window.
3. Open the Well Completions (PERF) window and delete the bottom perforation for all of
the producers by selecting the completion in Layer 7 and pressing the Delete Selected
Node button . Press Apply and OK to close the window.
54
4. Remove the STOP keyword at 2013-01-01 so the simulation runs to the end.
5. Save the dataset as EXERCISE_6_Primary.dat. Validate and Run the dataset.
6. Compare the results to those from the Steam Flood, Cyclic Steam, and Water Flood
models. It can be observed that the Primary Production will have a higher recovery than
the Steam Flood and Water Flood cases. This is explained by the primary production
case producing from multiple regions of the dataset (rather than just the center).
55
Extra Exercise
The Primary Production dataset produced more than the Steam Flood dataset due to
production coming from multiple regions of the reservoir, rather than just the center. This may
not always be the case though, as the mobility will play a very large role in the fluids ability to
be produced under primary conditions.
Generally, it can be observed that the higher the oil viscosity is then the lower the overall
mobility will be (assuming the same reservoir characteristics). If the viscosity of the oil is
sufficiently high then there may be a requirement for additional energy to be added to the
system (in this example thermal energy) to improve the mobility.
This effect can be observed in this model by increasing the oil viscosity to a higher value, where
mobility will be sufficiently low to not allow much production during Primary Production but
when enthalpy is added due to CSS allows for the lowering of the viscosity, increase in the
mobility, and increase in the production.
Increasing Oil Viscosity
1. Open the EXERCISE_6_Primary.dat file in Builder. Navigate to the Components Section

and Double-Click on Dead_Oil to open the Component and Phase Properties window.
2. Go to the Liquid Phase Viscosities tab and select Multiple Tables under the Use Viscotiy
table option and input At Pressure of 8576 for Table 1 and hit Apply. Copy the current
viscosity table by selecting the arrow next to Table 1 > and Copy Current Table. For
Table 2, insert At Pressure of 12,000 kPa and hit Apply.
3. Open the included Excel file from your course Folder: EXTRA_EXERCISE_VISCOSITY.xls.
Then input the Dead_Oil viscosities that correspond to the pressures 8576 kPa and
12000 kPa (pressure tables 1 and 2). These different pressure tables can be selected via
the table number dropdown list.
56
4. Save the file as EXTRA_EXERCISE_HighVisc_Primary.dat and Run it.
5. Repeat the same procedure for the EXERCISE_3_CyclicSteam.dat dataset. Make sure to
also remove the STOP keyword on 2013-01-01 and finish by naming it
EXTRA_EXERCISE_HighVisc_CyclicSteam.dat and Running it.
6. Compare the results of the two runs.
It should be observed that due to the much lower viscosity, the primary production case
is unable to produce as much as the CSS case. This is because the CSS case adds
enthalpy to the system via thermal conduction and convection, which helps to reduce
the viscosity and improve fluid mobility.
57
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Introduction To Thermal EOR Modelling Tutorial (CMG Stars)

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Introduction To Thermal EOR Modelling Tutorial (CMG Stars)

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Introduction to Thermal EOR

Builder & STARS,

Exercise 1 – Creation of Cyclic Steam Base Model ...............................3

Exercise 2 – Nine-Point Formulation ................................................. 33

Exercise 3 – Implementation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) ......... 37

Exercise 4A – Dilation/Recompaction ............................................... 46

Exercise 4B – Dilation/Recompaction with Permeability Dependence

Exercise 5 – Water Flood .................................................................. 52

Basic Setup using the Quick Pattern Wizard

2. Open BUILDER by double clicking on the appropriate icon in the Launcher.

5. Input the following information:

Note on Grid Sizes:

Save the dataset as “EXERCISE_1_BaseCase.dat”.

5. In the window which appears input the following values:

Note on Dropdown Options:

Examine the calculated values:

14. Enter the following information under the Temperature-Viscosity relationship:

17. Save the dataset.

1. Under the Rock-Fluid Menu select the option to Create/Edit Rocktypes.

4. To implement temperature dependency, navigate to the Relative Permeability End

Note on Initial End-Point Values:

8. Click Apply and OK to close the window.

Check That Kro is 0 inside

Note on How Interpolation is Applied:

Definition of Initial Conditions and Numerical Controls

2. Select Depth-Average Capillary-Gravity Method (VERTICAL DEPTH_AVE) as the

3. Enter the following information in the Initialization Region section:

Save the dataset.

Defining Well Perforations and Constraints

4. Click Apply and OK to close the window. Save the dataset.

Note on use of CONT REPEAT:

12. Click Apply and OK to close the window.

Defining Data to be Output

CCHLOSS Net Heater Rate

5. Once successfully validated Close the window and Exit Builder.

Running (time-stepping) of the Dataset

Defining a Nine-Point Formulation in the Dataset (via Builder/Textpad)

2. To change this option in Builder Open the dataset EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth.dat in

4. Save the dataset as EXERCISE_2_NinePoint.dat. Run the model.

5. To define Nine-Point in Textpad, open the dataset EXERCISE_1_BaseCase_iternorth.dat in a

Comparison of Results with and without Nine-Point

Defining New Wells via Copying

There should now be a total of 10 wells defined (5 injectors and 5 producers).

Note on Rates for Corner Wells:

Click Apply and OK to close the window.

Group 5 Cyclic Control Setup

Implementing the Dilation Recompaction model

1. Open the dataset EXERCISE_3_CyclicSteam.dat in Builder.

 Reference Pressure: 8576 kPa

Adding Permeability Dependence through Builder

3. Save the dataset as EXERCISE_4_CSSDilation_Perm.dat and Run it.

4. Open EXERCISE_4_CSSDilation_Perm.irf in Results 3D and compare the results

Changing a Steam Flood into a Water Flood

4. Press Apply and OK to close the window. Save the dataset as

Changing Cyclic Steam into Primary Production

5. Save the dataset as EXERCISE_6_Primary.dat. Validate and Run the dataset.

Increasing Oil Viscosity

1. Open the EXERCISE_6_Primary.dat file in Builder. Navigate to the Components Section

6. Compare the results of the two runs.

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