Lecture Notes 5th Week

08th Oct to 13 Oct

Subject: Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines Class: Mech 3rd year (A&B)
Sub Code: Mech 312 Teacher: M Asif Zaman

Main Topic: Hydro kinematics

Key Points to be discussed:

 Bernoulli’s Equation
 Limitations of Bernoulli’s Equation
 Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
 Types of flow
 Use of Pitot-tube gauge for measurement of velocity and discharge of flowing fluids
 Solution of simple problems of discharge, Velocity head, pressure head, Datum head intensity of
pressure in flowing liquid when all parameter are given

Lecture Notes:
1. Define hydro kinematics?
Ans. The branch of hydraulics in which we study molecules of liquid by their velocity and acceleration.

2. Define discharge?
Ans. Rate of flowing water at section of pipe or river in one second is called discharge.
Q=av
3 3
Unit of discharge=𝑚 ⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 or 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐.

3. Define flow?
Ans. The ability of any liquid to move in any direction at any velocity is called flow.

4. Explain equation of continuity of a liquid?

Ans. If an un-compressible liquid flows through a pipe or a channel continuously then amount of liquid at
any selection should be same at unit time this is called equation of continuity.
Q1=Q2=Q3

5. Name types of flow?

Ans. Types of flow:
i. Uniform flow
ii. Non uniform flow
iii. Steady flow
iv. Un-steady flow
V. Laminar or stream line flow
VI. Turbulent flow
Vii. Compressible flow
Viii. Un-compressible flow
IX. Rotational flow
X. Irrotational flow
 XI. One dimensional flow XII. Two dimensional flow
XIII. Three dimensional flow

6. Define uniform flow?

Ans. Such flow in which velocity of molecules of liquid in a pipe in any section remains same.

7. Define non-uniform flow?

Ans. Such flow in which velocity of molecules of liquid in a pipe in any section not remain same.

8. Define steady flow?

Ans. Such flow in which discharge of liquid remains constant at all section of pipe.

9. Define unsteady flow?

Ans. Such flow in which discharge of liquid does not remain same at all section of pipe.

10. Define stream line flow?

Ans. Such flow in which molecules of liquid moves in certain path and do not intersect each other path.
11. Define non viscos flow?
Ans. Such flow in which molecules of liquid move randomly and does not move in certain path.

12. Define compressible flow?

Ans. Such flow in which density and volume of liquid changes.

13. Define un-compressible flow?

Ans. Such flow in which density and volume of liquid does not change.

14. Define rotational and Ir-rotational flow?

Ans. Rotational flow:
Such flow in which molecules of liquid rotate at their own axis.
Ir-rotational flow:
Such flow in which molecules of liquid does not rotate about their axis.

15. Define one dimensional two dimensional and three dimensional flow?
Ans. One dimensional flow:
Such flow in which molecules of liquid moves in one direction or axis and its given one
value.
Two dimensional flow:
Such flow in which molecules of liquid moves in two direction or axis and its given
two value.
Three dimensional flow:
Such flow in which molecules of liquid flow in three direction or axis and its given
three value.

16. Explain Bernoulli’s equation

Ans. When an uncompressible liquid flows from a certain channel then total energy of liquid remains
same.
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
Z1+ 2𝑔
+ 𝜔
=Z2+ 2𝑔 + 𝜔
.

17. Define kinetic energy of moving molecules of liquid?

Ans. Such energy which is found in molecules due to their movement is called kinetic energy of liquid.

18. Define potential energy of molecules of liquid?

Ans. Energy found in molecules of liquid due to their height is called potential energy of molecules of
liquid.

19. Define Pitot tube?

Ans. Such device which is used to measure the velocity of liquid flowing in pipe.

20. Define orifice?

Ans. A hole at the start of the container or vessel through which flow of liquid is possible.

21. Define jet of liquid?

Ans. The sharp layer of liquid coming from orifice is called jet of liquid.

22. Define vena contracta?

Ans. When molecules of liquid are in container or vessel they moves towards the orifice it is noted that
when particles/molecules of liquid came out from orifice then the area of molecules of liquid decreases
this position is called vena contracta.

23. Define venture meter?

Ans. Such device which is used to measure or know the discharge of flowing liquid in a pipe.
𝐶.𝑎1.𝑎2
Q= 2 2
×√2𝑔ℎ
√𝑎1 −𝑎2

24. Define orifice meter?

Ans. Such device which is used to know or measure the discharge of flowing liquid in channel.
𝐶.𝑎1.𝑎2
Q= ×√2𝑔ℎ
√𝑎12 −𝑎22
C= co-efficient of orifice meter