PIPE SIZING AS PER ASME B 31.

1
PIPE INTERNAL DIA.

MASS FLOW RATE (M*) = DENSITY x CROSS SECTIONAL AREA x ALLOWED VELOCITY

Velocity will be decided as per the contract spec. Velocity will be limited to a certain value to avoid pressure
drop and noise.

SH steam 60 m/s,
Sat. steam 30 m/s,
HPFW 4-5 m/s,
CCCW 1.5 - 2 m/s.

PIPE THICKNESS CALCULATION

ID BASED PIPE

T = ( pd + 2SEA + 2ypA )  2 ( SE + yp – p )

OD BASED PIPE

T = { pD / 2 ( SE + yp ) } + A

P = Design pressure, D = outer diameter, d = inner diameter, s = Allowable stress, E = Weld Efficiency, A =
Corrosion Allowance ( 0.75 ), y = factor ( 0.4 to 0.7 varies according to
Temperature, T = pipe thickness.

INPUTS REQUIRED FOR PREPARING PIPING LAYOUT

a. Piping & Instrumentation Diagram,
b. Pipe Specification,
c. Plot Plan,
d. Equipment Layout,
e. Equipment General Arrangement,
f. Civil, Structural & Architectural Details,
g. Instrumentation Details.

POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE DEVELOPING PIPING LAYOUT

Functional requirement as per the P&ID,
Flexibility of the piping system,
Support feasibility ( as per ASME )
Accessibility during Installation, Operation and Maintenance
a. Piping should not disturb access for internal equipment handling ( Crane movement )
b. Piping should not disturb access for external equipment handling ( Movement of Fork Lift Truck )
c. Space requirement for maintenance near equipment’s
d. Free movement around the equipment for operations
e. Dismantling provision in piping during maintenance
f. Access for instruments and valve operations ( platform requirement if any for instrument and valve
operation should be indicated )
Head room clearance ( 2 – 2.4 m )
Main road clearance ( 7 – 7.5 m )
Secondary road clearance ( 5 – 6 m )
Passage way and Escape route ( min 0.9 m )
Slope, Vent and Drain requirement
Distance to be maintained between pipes. ( Small bore min. 50mm, Large bore min. 75mm )

CODE: Group of general rules or systematic procedures for design, fabrication, installation and inspection
methods prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into law.
STANDARD : Documents prepared by professional group or committee which are believed to be good and
proper engineering practices which contain mandatory requirements.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES : Documents prepared by professional group or committee indicating

good engineering practices but which are optional.

CODES USED FOR DIFFERENT PIPING SERVICES

ASME B 31.1 - POWER PIPING
ASME B 31.2 - FUEL GAS PIPING
ASME B 31.3 - PROCESS PIPING ( CHEMICAL PLANTS & PETROLEUM REFINERIES)
ASME B 31.4 - TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS AND OTHER HC
ASME B 31.5 - REFRIGERATION PIPING
ASME B 31.8 - GAS DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION PIPING
ASME B 31.9 - BUILDING SERVICE PIPING
ASME B 31.11 - SLURRY TRANSPORT PIPING

PIPING STANDARDS
ANSI B 36.10 – WELDED AND SEAMLESS WROUGHT STEEL PIPE
ANSI B 36.19 – WELDED AND SEAMLESS AUSTINITIC STAINLESS STEEL PIPE
ANSI B 16.1 – CAST IRON PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.3 – MALLEABLE IRON THREADED FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.4 – CAST IRON THREADED FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.5 - STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.9 - WROUGHT STEEL BUTT WELDED FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.10 – FACE TO FACE & END TO END DIMENSIONS OF VALVES
ANSI B 16.11 – FORGED STEEL SOCKET WELDED AND THREADED FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.20 – METALIC GASKETS FOR PIPE FLANGES, RING JOINT, SPIRAL WOUND
ANSI B 16.21 – NON-METALIC GASKETS FOR PIPE FLANGES
ANSI B 16.25 – BUTT WELDING ENDS
ANSI B 16.28 – WROUGHT STEEL BUTT WELDING SHORT RADIUS ELBOWS & RETURNS
ANSI B 16.34 – STEEL VALVES FLANGED AND BUTT WELDING ENDS
ANSI B 16.36 – ORIFICE FLANGES
ANSI B 16.42 – DUCTILE IRON PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS ( # 150 - # 300 )
ANSI B 16.47 – LARGE DIAMETER STEEL FLANGES ( 26” – 60” )
ANSI B 16.48 – STEEL LINE BLANKS
ANSI B 18.2 - SQUARE AND HEXAGONAL HEAD BOLTS AND NUTS
ASME SEC VIII – BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE
AWS D1.1 - STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE
API 5L - SPECIFICATION FOR LINE SPEC.
API 6A - SPECIFICATION FOR WELLHEAD AND CHRISTMAS TREE EQUIPMENT
API 6F – RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR FIRE TEST FOR VALVES
API 593 – DUCTILE IRON PLUG VALVES FLANGED ENDS
API 598 – VALVE INSPECTION AND TEST
API 600 – STEEL GATE VALVES
API 601 – METALIC GASKETS FOR REFINERY PIPING
API 602 – COMPACT DESIGN CARBON STEEL GATE VALVES
API 604 – DUCTILE IRON GATE VALVES FLANGED ENDS
API 605 – LARGE DIAMETER CARBON STEEL FLANGES
API 607 – FIRE TEST FOR SOFT SEATED BALL VALVES
API 609 – BUTTERFLY VALVES
API 1104 – STANDARD FOR WELDING PIPE LINE AND FACILITIES
All material standards are covered by ASTM ( THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERAILS )
All dimensional standards are covered by ANSI ( THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INSTITUTE )
ASME ( THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS )
AISI ( THE AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE )
API ( THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE )
AWS ( THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY )
AWWA ( THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION )
MSS ( THE MANUFACTURERS STANDARDISATION SOCIETY )
CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION
CONCRETE TO STEEL – 0.45
STEEL TO STEEL – 0.30
STEEL TO TEFLON – 0.10

HIGH PRESSURE – ABOVE 35 BAR

MEDIUM PRESSURE – 15 TO 35 BAR
LOW PRESSURE – BELOW 15 BAR

CLASS RATING = PRESSURE + TEMP

MAIN STEAM DESIGN PRESSURE = 85% OF DRUM SAFETY VALVE SET PRESSURE OR SUPERHEATER
OUTLET SAFETY VALVE SET PRESSURE WHICH EVER IS GREATER

PUMP DISCHARGE PIPING PRESSURE = PUMP SHUT OFF HEAD

PUMP SHUT OFF HEAD = HEAD DEVELOPED BY THE PUMP AT ZERO FLOW

DETAILS TO BE REFERED IN PIPING CODES

ALLOWABLE STRESS FOR ALL MATERIALS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES.
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR, STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR, STRESS ANALYSIS,
WELDING AND WELDING INSPECTION, REINFORCEMENT PAD CALCULATION
LOCATION OF VENTS, DRAINS, SAFETY VALVES AND SAFETY RELIEF VALVES
SUPPORTING LOCATION FOR ALL SIZE PIPES
PIPE SIZING AND THICKNESS CALCULATION

ASTM STANDARDS

ASTM A105 – FORGING CARBON STEEL FOR PIPING COMPONENTS

ASTM A106 – SEAMLESS CARBON STEEL PIPE
ASTM A515/A516 – PLATE MATERIAL FOR CARBON STEEL
ASTM A234 – PIPE FITTINGS OF WROUGHT CARBON STEEL
ASTM A216 – CASTING MATERIAL FOR CARBON STEEL
ASTM A182 – FORGED ALLOY STEEL
ASTM A335 – SEAMLESS AND WELDED ALLOY STEEL PIPE
ASTM A387 – PLATE MATERIAL FOR ALLOY STEEL
ASTM A217 – CASTING MATERIAL FOR ALLOY STEEL
ASTM A312 – SEAMLESS AND WELDED AUSTINITIC STAINLESS STEEL PIPE
ASTM A403 – STAINLESS STEEL MATERIAL FOR PIPE FITTINGS
ASTM A351 – CASTING MATERIAL FOR STAINLESS STEEL
ASTM A333 – SEAMLESS AND WELDED STEEL PIPE FOR LOW TEMP.
ASTM A193 – ALLOY STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL BOLTING MATERIAL FOR HIGH TEMP
ASTM A194 – CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL NUTS FOR HIGH PRESSURE & HIGH TEMP.
ASTM A320 – ALLOT STEEL BOLTING MATERIAL FOR LOW TEMP.
ASTM A790 – SEAMLESS & WELDED FERRITIC/AUSTINITIC SS TUBE FOR GEN. SERVICE
ASTM A860 – HIGH STRENGTH BW FITTING OF WROUGHT HIGH STRENGTH LOW A.S.

PARAMETERS REQUIRED TO CHECK PIPING ISOMETRICS

NORTH ORIENTATION WITH RESPECT TO PIPING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
PIPE ROUTING WITH RESPECT TO PIPING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
SUPPORT ATTACHMENTS WITH RESPECT TO SUPPORT DRAWINGS
BILL OF MATERIALS
PROVISION OF HIGH POINT VENT AND LOW POINT DRAIN AND SLOPE
DESIGN PRESSURE, TEMP, OPERATING PRESSURE, TEMP, HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE,
INSULATION THICKNESS,
PROVISION OF INSTRUEMENTS WITH RESPECT TO P & ID
FABRICATION DETAILS OF FITTINGS,
BUTT WELDING STANDARDS