PTE ACADEMIC EXPERT B1

Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
having a lot of influence and therefore
influential adj ˌɪnfluˈenʃəl changing the way people think and behave Leaders are people who are influential. 7
ˈkɒnsəkwəns, something that happens as a result of a Many believe that poverty is a direct
consequence n ˈkɒnsɪkwəns particular action or set of conditions consequence of overpopulation. 8
the physical or mental energy that is Lou lifted the box easily, without using
effort n ˈefət needed to do something much effort. 8
to give someone the courage or confidence I want to thank everyone who has
encourage v ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ to do something encouraged and supported me. 8
eagerness and willingness to do something
ˌməʊtəˈveɪʃən, without needing to be told or forced to do There have been efforts to improve
motivation n ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃən it employees’ motivation. 8
something that is done in order to punish Punishments are given to students who
punishment n ˈpʌnɪʃmənt someone, or the act of punishing them misbehave. 8
to give something to someone because
they have done something good or helpful Mothers often reward their children with
reward v rɪˈwɔːd or have worked for it sweets. 8
something that you get because you have
done something good or helpful or have Several of the parents were giving their
reward n rɪˈwɔːd worked hard children rewards for passing exams. 8
to say that you will cause someone harm Postal workers are threatening a strike if
threaten v ˈθretn or trouble if they do not do what you want they don’t receive a pay increase. 8
ˈtʃæləndʒɪŋ, Teaching young children is a challenging
challenging adj ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ difficult in an interesting or enjoyable way and rewarding job. 9
cognitive a series of actions connected with the way
processes pl n ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˈprəʊs esɪz you think or understand something Motivation affects cognitive processes. 9
Some students are more concerned with
concerned with adj phr kənˈsɜːnd wɪð involved with something the social side of school. 9
have an effect produce a change in something or Motivation has an effect on the way people
on n phr hæv ən ɪˈfekt ɒn someone learn. 9
a subject or problem that is often
discussed or argued about, especially a
social or political matter that affects the
issue n ˈɪʃuː, ˈɪsjuː interests of a lot of people Smoking in public is a controversial issue. 9
Mobile phones are likely to change in the
likely to adj phr ˈlaɪkli tə probably next ten years. 9
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Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
when someone performs a play or a piece Their performance of Mozart’s Concerto in
performance n pəˈfɔːməns of music E flat was finely controlled and dramatic. 9
saɪˈkɒlədʒəst, Research by a psychologist suggests
psychologist n saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst someone who is trained in psychology motivation affects our actions. 9
something you hope to achieve by doing The aim of the research is to find new food
aim n eɪm something sources. 10
do something that needs to be organized Scientists are carrying out research on the
carry out phr v ˈkæri aʊt and planned topic of influence. 10
Staying up late can have a negative effect
negative adj ˈneɡətɪv harmful, unpleasant, or not wanted on learning. 10
to make someone suffer because they have Smacking is not an acceptable way of
punish v ˈpʌnɪʃ done something wrong or broken the law punishing a child. 10
an ability to do something well, especially
skill n skɪl because you have learned and practised it Reading and writing are two different skills. 10
to spend time with other people in a People don’t socialize with their neighbours
socialise adj ˈsəʊʃəl-aɪz friendly way as much as they used to. 10
to say that you agree with an idea, group,
or person, and usually to help them The bill was supported by a large majority
support v səˈpɔːt because you want them to succeed in the Senate. 10
approval, encouragement, and perhaps Local people have given us a lot of support
support n səˈpɔːt help for a person, idea, plan, etc. in our campaign. 11
ɪnˈtelədʒəns, the ability to learn, understand, and think To be good at the game, you need a
intelligence n ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns about things reasonable level of intelligence. 11
a drug that has a beneficial effect on the
beneficial adj ˌbenəˈfɪʃəl, ˌbenɪˈfɪʃəl having a good effect immune system 13
the process of gradually becoming bigger,
development n dɪˈveləpmənt better, stronger, or more advanced child development 13
to teach a child at a school, college, or The Ormerod School educates disabled
educate v ˈedjʊkeɪt university children. 13
to give special attention to one particular
focus v ˈfəʊkəs person or thing, or to make people do this He needs to focus more on his career. 13
websites that people use to socialise and Young people regularly use social media to
social media n ˈsəʊʃəl ˈmiːdiə share information, photos, videos etc. communicate. 15

Expert PTE Academic B1 2

 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
the way in which someone is involved in an His manager asked him to take an active
active role n phr ˈæktɪv rəʊl activity or situation role in the project. 16
to do something that produces an effect or
change in something or in someone’s Many areas have been affected by the
affect v əˈfekt situation hurricane. 16
a job or profession that you have been
trained for, and which you do for a long
career n kəˈrɪə period of your life a career in journalism 17
She needed to complete several tasks
complete a task v phr kəmˈpliːt eɪ tɑːsk finish a piece of work before she could leave the office. 17
to start a company, organization, system,
etc that is intended to exist or continue for The city of Boerne was established by
establish v ɪˈstæblɪʃ a long time German settlers in the 1840s. 17
ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti, a chance to do something or an occasion They were given a rare opportunity to see
opportunity n ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪti when it is easy for you to do something inside this historic building. 17
likely to develop into a particular type of The company is looking at new ways to
potential adj pəˈtenʃəl person or thing in the future attract potential customers 17
Teachers should provide support to weaker
provide support v phr prəˈvaɪd səˈpɔːt give help, approval or encouragement students. 17
raise v reɪz to increase an amount, number or level The company is raising all salaries by 1%. 17
Sales rose by 20% over the Christmas
rise v raɪz to increase in number, amount, or value period. 17
say what you or someone else will or must Employers should set a challenging goal for
set a goal v phr set ə ɡəʊl try to achieve all staff. 17
a useful technique for generating new
generate v ˈdʒenəreɪt to produce or cause something ideas 24
Education levels are strongly related to
related to adj phr rɪˈleɪtəd tə connected in some way income. 24
to be in or get into a steady position,
without falling to one side or the other, or She was balancing a plate of food on her
balance v ˈbæləns to put something into this position knees. 24
relating to substances, the study of
substances, or processes involving changes
chemical adj ˈkemɪkəl in substances the chemical composition of bleach 25
a feeling of being physically relaxed and
satisfied, so that nothing is hurting you, All our sports shoes are designed for
comfort n ˈkʌmfət making you feel too hot or cold etc comfort and performance. 25
Expert PTE Academic B1 3
 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
to tell or show what you are feeling or
express v ɪkˈspres thinking by using words, looks, or actions Bill’s not afraid to express his opinions. 25
your peers are the people who are the
same age as you, or who have the same American children did less well in math
peer n pɪə type of job, social class etc than their peers in Japan. 25
prompt v prɒmpt to make someone decide to do something What prompted you to buy that suit? 25
feeling annoyed or impatient about She was irritated by the traffic noise as she
irritated by adj phr ˈɪrəteɪtəd baɪ something was trying to study. 26
He was anxious about the safety of the
anxious about adj phr ˈæŋkʃəs əˈbaʊt worried about something machinery 26
feeling pleased about something you have
proud of adj phr praʊd əv done or something that are involved in Her parents are very proud of her 26
feeling annoyed, upset and impatient, He gets frustrated when people don't
frustrated by adj phr frʌˈstreɪtəd baɪ because you cannot control something understand what he is trying to say 26
unhappy because something you hoped for
disappointed did not happen or was not as good as you People living nearby were disappointed
with adj phr ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntəd wɪð expected with the decision. 26
to disagree with something such as a plan Many people in Europe are opposed to the
opposed to adj phr əˈpəʊzd tə or a system death penalty 26
The research involves collecting data from
data n ˈdeɪtə, ˈdɑːtə information or facts two random samples. 26
aɪˈdentəfaɪ, to recognize and correctly name someone He was too far away to be able to identify
identify v aɪˈdentɪfaɪ or something faces. 26

form of fɔːm əv Email is a common form of communication

communication n phr kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən way of exchanging thoughts and ideas these days. 26
some that is done as a reaction to The law was passed in response to public
response to n phr rɪˈspɒns tə something that has happened or been said pressure. 26
the amount of worry about your work or
stress levels n phr stres ˈlev əlz personal life that someone experiences Yoga has a positive effect on stress levels. 26
when a chemical, gas etc is allowed to flow The release of toxic waste into rivers is
release v rɪˈliːs out of its usual container banned. 26
bring up phr v brɪŋ ʌp to look after and influence a child He was brought up by his grandparents. 33

Expert PTE Academic B1 4

 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
the way in which two or more things are The relationship between poor housing and
relationship n rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp connected health problems is clear. 33
kəˈmjuːnəti, the people who live in the same area, town The new arts centre will serve the whole
community n kəˈmjuːnɪti etc community. 33
people in general, considered in relation to
the laws, organizations etc that make it technology and its effects on modern
society n səˈsaɪəti, səˈsaɪɪti possible for them to live together society 33
to allow someone to become part of a The children gradually began to accept
accept v əkˈsept group their new teacher. 33
used to introduce the only person, thing,
action, fact, or situation about which a The office is open every day except
except prep ɪkˈsept statement is not true Sundays. 33
a group of things that were developed the first generation of hand-held
first generation n phr fɜːst ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən before something else computers 33
generally accepted standards of social terrorists who violate the norms of civilized
norms n nɔːmz behaviour society 33
a process by which two or more things Price is determined through the interaction
interaction n ˌɪntərˈækʃən affect each other of demand and supply. 33
a group of animals or plants whose
members are similar and can breed
together to produce young animals or Seven species of birds of prey have been
species n ˈspiːʃiːz plants observed. 33
someone’s family, education, previous Students with a background in chemistry
background n ˈbækɡraʊnd work etc will probably find the course easier. 33
Only cheeses made in this area may be
area n ˈeəriə a particular part of a country, town etc labelled ‘Roquefort.’ 33
to build something such as a house, There are plans to construct a new road
construct v kənˈstrʌkt bridge, road etc bridge across the river. 33
used to say that something happens or is
true even though something else might Despite all our efforts to save the school,
despite prep dɪˈspaɪt have prevented it the authorities decided to close it. 33
a wound or damage to part of your body She was taken to hospital with serious
injury n ˈɪndʒəri caused by an accident or attack head injuries. 33
a carefully planned piece of work to get
information about something, to build The project aims to provide an analysis of
project n ˈprɒdʒekt something, to improve something etc children’s emotions. 33
Expert PTE Academic B1 5
 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
too small or unimportant to consider or You realize that your problems are
insignificant adj ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt worry about insignificant in comparison. 34
to make something smaller or less in size, The governor announced a new plan to
reduce v rɪˈdjuːs amount, or price reduce crime. 34
what people in the business world believe
will happen in the economy in the future.
Expectations are important because they The current level of economic activity will
affect the level of investment in an certainly influence business expectations
expectations pl n ˌekspekˈteɪʃənz economy and confidence. 34
ɪnˈherətəns, money, property etc that you receive from Lucinda has to fight for her life and her
inheritance n ɪnˈherɪtəns someone who has died inheritance in this gripping novel. 36
an advantage, improvement, or help that
benefit n ˈbenəfɪt, ˈbenɪfɪt you get from something the benefits of contact lenses 39
concerning or affecting the air, land, or the environmental damage caused by the
environmental adj ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl water on Earth chemical industry 40
remove from v phr rɪˈmuːv frəm to take something away Garbage was removed from the sea. 40
to make a drawing or plan of something
design v dɪˈzaɪn that will be made or built The tower was designed by Gilbert Scott. 41
a unit for measuring weight, equal to 2,240
pounds or 1,016 kilograms in Britain, and
ton n tʌn 2,000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms in the US Tons of rubbish are collected each day. 41
The research proves that global warming
indeed adv ɪnˈdiːd used to emphasize a statement or answer does indeed exist. 41
Many animals live close to the surface of
surface n ˈsɜːfəs, ˈsɜːfɪs the top layer of an area of water or land the ocean. 41
to put things away and keep them until
store v stɔː you need them Squirrels are storing up nuts for the winter. 41
considered right or suitable by a lot of This view is now widely accepted among
widely accepted adj phr ˈwaɪdli əkˈseptəd people experts. 42

change rapidly v phr tʃeɪndʒ ˈræpədli
natural disaster n ˈnætʃərəl dɪˈzɑːstə
natural world n ˈnætʃərəl wɜːld
change very quickly The weather is expected to change rapidly. 42
a sudden event caused by nature such as a
flood, storm, or accident which causes Natural disasters such as earthquakes are
great damage or suffering common in Asia. 42
We should take more care of our natural
trees, rivers, animals, plants etc. world. 42

Expert PTE Academic B1 6

 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
change change people's opinions and feelings they Scientists are attempting to change the
attitudes v phr tʃeɪndʒ ˈætɪtjuːdz have about something attitudes of ordinary people. 42
Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
after a long time, or after a lot of things Eventually, we will need more energy from
eventually adv ɪˈventʃuəli, -tʃəli have happened the sun, wind etc. 42
a person, considered separately from the
ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl, rest of the group or society that they live
individual n ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl in the rights of the individual 42
involving the use of imagination to produce This job is so boring. I wish I could do
creative adj kriˈeɪtɪv new ideas or things something more creative. 42
a system or method for carrying
passengers or goods from one place to The city needs to improve its public
transportation n ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən another transportation (=buses, trains etc). 42
if something or someone is predictable,
you know what will happen or what they
will do – sometimes used to show The snow had a predictable effect on
predictable adj prɪˈdɪktəbəl disapproval traffic. 42
physical harm that is done to something or
to a part of someone’s body, so that it is
damage n ˈdæmɪdʒ broken or injured damage to property 42
CO2 could be turned into liquid according
turn into phr v tɜːn ˈɪntə become to one man. 42
The number of students attending class
drop to v phr drɒp tə fall to a lower level or amount has dropped to 75%. 42
a special room or building in which a
laboratory n ləˈbɒrətri scientist does tests or prepares substances a research laboratory 42
kəˈmjuːnəti, the people who live in the same area, town The new arts centre will serve the whole
community n kəˈmjuːnɪti etc community. 43
something that happens, especially
something important, interesting or one of the most important events in the
event n ɪˈvent unusual history of mankind 43
The Hubble Telescope allowed astronomers
a fact or thing that someone finds out to make significant discoveries about our
discovery n dɪsˈkʌvəri about, when it was not known about before galaxy. 43
global adj ˈɡləʊbəl affecting or including the whole world global climate change 43

Expert PTE Academic B1 7

 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
to begin to deal with a situation or problem The teacher asked his students how to
approach v əˈprəʊtʃ in a particular way approach the exam question. 43
to examine or think about something
analyse v ˈænəl-aɪz carefully, in order to understand it She still needs to analyse the data. 43
pɑːˈtɪsəpeɪt,
participate v pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt to take part in an activity or event Some members refused to participate. 43
Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
the person who directs or controls a group,
leader n ˈliːdə organization, country etc the leader of the local black community 47
feed v fiːd to give food to a person or animal Have you fed the cat? 47
animals which live in a natural state, not The tiger is a wild animal and should not
wild animal n waɪld ˈænəməl controlled by humans be kept as a pet. 49
Technology plays a large part in modern
modern society n ˈmɒdn səˈsaɪəti society which belongs to the present time society. 49
Some societies have a clear social
social structure n ˈsəʊʃəl ˈstrʌktʃə the way human society is organised structure. 49
inexpensive adj ˌɪnɪkˈspensɪv cheap a good selection of inexpensive clothes 49
a physical or mental condition that makes
ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti, it difficult for someone to use a part of Public places are becoming more accessible
disability n ˌdɪsəˈbɪlɪti their body properly, or to learn normally to people with disabilities. 49
Donna might be able to come tomorrow,
unlikely adj ʌnˈlaɪkli not likely to happen but it’s very unlikely. 49
something that causes problems, or that
makes someone or something less likely to The disadvantage of the material is that it
disadvantage adj ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒ be successful or effective fades in strong sunlight. 49
disappear v ˌdɪsəˈpɪə to become impossible to see any longer The sun had disappeared behind a cloud. 49
common Service animals have become a common
feature n ˈkɒmən ˈfiːtʃə a part of something which exists a lot feature of modern life. 49
to make, design, or think of a new type of Alexander Graham Bell invented the
invent v ɪnˈvent thing telephone in 1876. 57
to use a word or phrase to describe
someone or something, but often unfairly Men these days have to avoid attracting
label n ˈleɪbəl or incorrectly the 'sexist' label. 57
in the beginning, before other things
originally adv əˈrɪdʒɪnəli, -dʒənəli happened or before things changed The family originally came from France. 57
Expert PTE Academic B1 8
 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
Alcohol contributes to 100,000 deaths each
contribute v kənˈtrɪbjuːt to help to make something happen year. 58
ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən, when goods are supplied to shops and
distribution n ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən companies for them to sell a distribution centre 58
innovation n ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən a new idea, method, or invention recent innovations in English teaching 58
to buy shares, property, or goods because
you hope that the value will increase and I’ve got a few thousand dollars I’m looking
invest v ɪnˈvest you can make a profit to invest. 58
required adj ri ˈkwaɪ‿əd needed Light is required for plant growth. 58
Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
route n ruːt a way from one place to another What’s the best route to Cambridge? 58
set off phr v set ɒf to start to go somewhere I’ll set off early to avoid the traffic. 58
a journey in a plane or space vehicle, or
the plane or vehicle that is making the He immediately booked a flight to
flight n flaɪt journey Toulouse. 58
ˌdestəˈneɪʃən, the place that someone or something is Allow plenty of time to get to your
destination n ˌdestɪˈneɪʃən going to destination. 58
the way that the police are used to keep
control over a particular area and to The community is demanding a less
policing n pəˈliːsɪŋ protect people and property aggressive style of policing. 62
the system by which a country’s money
and goods are produced and used, or a
economy n ɪˈkɒnəmi country considered in this way a successful economy 62
one of the 100-year periods measured
from before or after the year of Christ’s
century n ˈsentʃəri birth The church was built in the 13th century. 63
to be in danger of being hurt, damaged, or The lizards are classed as an endangered
endangered adj ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd destroyed species. 63
an old well-known story, often about brave
legend n ˈledʒənd people, adventures, or magical events a book of ancient Greek legends 63
something that is kept hidden or that is
secret n ˈsiːkrət, ˈsiːkrɪt known about by only a few people I can’t tell you. It’s a secret. 64
individual ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl the things that separate one person from There are individual differences in every
differences n phr ˈdɪfərənsiz another person's genes. 65

Expert PTE Academic B1 9

 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
historical The conflict of the Cold War was a key
period n phr hɪˈstɒrɪkəl ˈpɪəriəd a particular time in history historical period. 65
national a strong feeling of belonging to a particular Our strong sense of national identity has
identity n phr ˈnæʃənəl aɪˈdentəti national group been shaped by our history. 65
a political organization with particular
beliefs and aims, which you can vote for in
political party n phr pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈpɑːti an election the three main political parties in Britain 65
The company saw it as part of its social
social ˈsəʊʃəl something you ought to do because it is responsibility to provide education for its
responsibility n phr rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti morally or socially right workers. 65
Diaries were more common in earlier
earlier times n phr ˈɜːlɪə taɪmz a period of time before another event times. 65
when the same chances and opportunities We must establish a balanced workforce
equal for employment are given to everyone that will help guarantee equal opportunities
opportunities n phr ˈiːkwəl ˌɒpəˈtjuːnətiz whatever their age, sex, race, religion etc for all. 65
international ˌɪntəˈnæʃənəl a group that has formed for a particular
organisations n phr ˈɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃənz purpose international organizations such as the UN 65
subjects as diverse as pop music and
diverse adj daɪˈvɜːs very different from each other archaeology 65
ˌɪməˈɡreɪʃən, the process of entering another country in He called for a common European policy on
immigration n ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən order to live there permanently immigration. 65
The majority of workers find it quite hard
majority n məˈdʒɒrəti, məˈdʒɒrɪti most of the people or things in a group to live on the amount of money they earn. 65
a number of people or things that are all
different, but are all of the same general
range n reɪndʒ type a range of services 65
directly relating to the subject or problem Relevant documents were presented in
relevant adj ˈreləvənt, ˈrelɪvənt being discussed or considered court. 65
the way in which someone or something is
involved in an activity or situation, and
role n rəʊl how much influence they have on it women’s role in society 65
Women make up only a small proportion of
make up phr v meɪk ʌp to combine together to form something the prison population. 66

Expert PTE Academic B1 10

 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
if a person or a thing is reflected in a
mirror, glass, or water, you can see an
image of the person or thing on the surface She could see her face reflected in the
reflect v rɪˈflekt of the mirror, glass, or water car’s windshield. 66
new machines, equipment, and ways of
doing things that are based on modern Modern technology makes moving money
technology n tekˈnɒlədʒi knowledge about science and computers around much easier than it used to be. 66
a job or activity in which you make things
with your hands, and that you usually need
craft n krɑːft skill to do traditional rural crafts 68
if two things are linked, they are related in
link v lɪŋk some way Police think the murders are linked. 69
used to say that something will only be He can come with us, provided that he
provided that linking prəˈvaɪdəd ðæt possible if something else happens or is pays for his own meals. 69
something, especially a statement, that
tells you that something bad, dangerous,
or annoying might happen so that you can
warning n ˈwɔːnɪŋ be ready or avoid it a warning of floods 69
address a We are trying to address the problem of
problem v phr əˈdres ə ˈprɒbləm start trying to solve a problem having no electricity. 69
Water is composed of hydrogen and
compose v kəmˈpəʊz to write a piece of music oxygen. 72
something that you write down to remind
note n nəʊt you of something The students listened and took notes. 73

defining dɪˈfaɪɪŋ quality of something that describes it Having no ear or rhythm are not defining
characteristics n ˌkær əkt ə ˈrɪst ɪk s correctly and thoroughly characteristics of musical talent. 73
along similar The student conducted research along
lines adv phr əˈlɒŋ ˈsɪmələ laɪnz similar to something else similar lines to her professor. 73
deliberate adj dɪˈlɪbərət, dɪˈlɪbərɪt intended or planned a deliberate attempt to humiliate her 73
Most students were offered a place at the
not notice something or see how important conference but one or two were
overlook v ˌəʊvə ˈlʊkt it is overlooked. 73
facts or signs that show clearly that At present we have no evidence of life on
evidence n ˈevədəns, ˈevɪdəns something exists or is true other planets. 73
Expert PTE Academic B1 11
 Part of
Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
the number of people who can read and
literacy rate n ˈlɪtərəsi reɪt write The literacy rate in the US is high. 74
things such as films, television,
performances etc that are intended to The town provides a wide choice of
entertainment n ˌentəˈteɪnmənt amuse or interest people entertainment. 74
ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvəti, the ability to use your imagination to
creativity n ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvɪti produce new ideas, make things etc artistic creativity 74
a move to a more important job or position I want a job with good prospects for
promotion n prəˈməʊʃən in a company or organization promotion. 74
a specific thing, person, or group is one
specific adj spəˈsɪfɪk, spɪˈsɪfɪk particular thing, person, or group games suitable for specific age groups 74
a powerful person, organization, group etc
is able to control and influence events and He was one of the most powerful men in
powerful adj ˈpaʊəfəl other people’s actions Bohemia. 74
factual Please include factual information in your
information n ˈfæktʃuəl ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən information which known to be true essay to support your argument. 74
The interview was broadcast live across
broadcast v ˈbrɔːdkɑːst to send out radio or television programmes Europe. 74
a group of people or things that are all of
category n ˈkætəɡəri, ˈkætɪɡəri the same type There are five categories of workers. 74
to obtain something by buying it or being Manning hoped to acquire valuable works
acquire v əˈkwaɪə given it of art as cheaply as possible. 74
the act of improving something, or the There’s been a big improvement in the
improvement n ɪmˈpruːvmənt state of being improved children’s behaviour. 75
a nervous worried feeling that makes it The tension was becoming unbearable, and
tension n ˈtenʃən impossible for you to relax I wanted to scream. 76
part of a play during which there is no
scene n siːn change in time or place Hamlet, Act 5, Scene 2 76
tell something something bad or dangerous Doctors are warning people to eat more
warn v ˈwɔːn may happen heathily. 76
move information from a computer
download network to a small computer when it is not Fewer people are downloading illegally in
illegally v phr ˌdaʊnˈləʊd ɪˈliːɡ əli allowed by the law Germany. 76
an idea or set of ideas that is intended to
explain something about life or the world,
especially an idea that has not yet been different theories about how the brain
theory n ˈθɪəri proved to be true works 79

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if people interact with each other, they talk Lucy interacts well with other children in
interact v ˌɪntərˈækt to each other, work together etc the class. 79
to describe something correctly and
thoroughly, and to say what standards,
limits, qualities etc it has that make it
define v dɪˈfaɪn different from other things the ability to define clients’ needs 79
a series of actions that are done in order to
process n ˈprəʊses achieve a particular result The publishing process is complicated. 81
used to emphasize the most important
reason or fact about something, or a
basically adv ˈbeɪsɪkli simple explanation of something Basically, I’m just lazy. 81
a single thing, especially one thing in a list, He opened the cardboard box and took out
item n ˈaɪtəm group, or set of things each item. 81
a moral rule or belief about what is right
and wrong, that influences how you Schools try to teach children a set of
principle n ˈprɪnsəpəl, ˈprɪnsɪpəl behave principles. 81
to understand or think of something or Even as a young woman she had been
perceive v pəˈsiːv someone in a particular way perceived as a future chief executive. 81
to choose something or someone by
thinking carefully about which is the best,
select v səˈlekt, sɪˈlekt most suitable etc a group of students selected at random 81
arrange for a novel to be written, printed
publish a novel v phr ˈpʌblɪʃ eɪ ˈnɒvəl and sold Many people's dream is to publish a novel. 81
give a live entertain, e.g. sing or dance, when you are The drama group are giving a live
performance v phr ɡɪv e lɪv pəˈfɔːməns in front of people performance of Romeo and Juliet. 81
used to mean that a fact can easily be
obviously adv ˈɒbviəsli noticed or understood We’re obviously going to need more help. 81
a group of often 12 ordinary people who
listen to the details of a case in court and
jury n ˈdʒʊəri decide whether someone is guilty or not the members of the jury 86
the official in control of a court, who The trial judge specifies the number of
judge n dʒʌdʒ decides how criminals should be punished years to be spent in prison. 86
if the police arrest someone, the person is
taken to a police station because the police
arrest v əˈrest think they have done something illegal He was arrested and charged with murder. 86

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someone who has been attacked, robbed, The victim received head injuries from
victim n ˈvɪktəm, ˈvɪktɪm or murdered which she died a week later. 86
someone who has seen something such as
a crime happen, and is able to describe it According to eyewitness accounts, the
eyewitness n ˈaɪˌwɪtnəs, ˈaɪˌwɪtnɪs afterwards driver didn't stop at the red light. 86
She was sent to prison for committing a
commit a crime v kəˈmɪt e kraɪm do an illegal activity serious crime. 86
a report into discrimination in the
workplace n ˈwɜːkpleɪs the room, building etc where you work workplace 87
rooms, equipment, or services that are
facilities n fəˈsɪlətiz provided for a particular purpose All rooms have private bathroom facilities. 87
if something appeals to you, they seem
appeal to phr v əˈpiːl tə attractive or interesting The programme appeals to young children. 89
the need or desire that people have for Production is still increasing faster than
demand n dɪˈmɑːnd particular goods or services demand. 89
a number representing an amount,
figure n ˈfɪɡə especially an official number Ohio’s unemployment figures for December 89
Many people living in rural areas have
rural areas n phr ˈrʊərəl ˈeər i‿əz parts of a nation in the countryside lower incomes. 90
a machine with an engine that is used to
take people or things from one place to
vehicle n ˈviːɪkəl another, such as a car, bus, or truck a description of the stolen vehicle 90
privately- a privately-owned industry or company is municipal cable TV systems that compete
owned adj phr ˈpraɪvətli əʊnd not owned by the government against privately-owned concerns 90
fresh adj freʃ adding to or replacing something I’ll just make some fresh coffee. 90
a part of the road that only bicycles are The town has recently provided cycle
cycle lanes n phr ˈsaɪkəl leɪnz allowed to use lanes. 90
an area of land at the top of a building
roof garden n phr ruːf ˈɡɑːdn where there are flowers and other plants The apartment has a beautiful roof garden. 90
an area where people live which is away
suburban areas n phr səˈbɜːbən ˌeər i‿əz from the centre of a town or a city Crime is lower in suburban areas. 90
meet to reach a particular standard or be as The product did not meet all our
expectations v phr miːt ˌekspekˈteɪʃənz good as you hoped expectations. 90
something that influences an activity, Parents play a leading role in their child's
leading role n phr ˈliːdɪŋ rəʊl situation or person in an important way learning. 90

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to make a judgment about a person or a report to assess the impact of advertising
assess v əˈses situation after thinking carefully about it on children 90
to carefully watch and check a situation in
order to see how it changes over a period Patients who are given the new drug will
monitor v ˈmɒnɪtə of time be asked to monitor their progress. 90
someone who has a special skill or special
knowledge of a subject, gained as a result
expert n ˈekspɜːt of training or experience He’s a world expert on marine mammals. 90
to describe something in a general way, The new president outlined plans to deal
outline v ˈaʊtlaɪn giving the main points but not the details with crime, drugs, and education. 91
one of several things that influence or The rise in crime is mainly due to social
factor n ˈfæktə cause a situation and economic factors. 92
an important time or state that something
key stage n phr kiː steɪdʒ reaches as it grows or develops Early childhood is a key stage in education. 92
The engine is a main component part of a
component part n phr kəmˌpəʊnənt ˈpɑːt the parts that something consists of car. 92
Because of the social unrest, her family left
social unrest n phr ˌsəʊʃəl ʌnˈrest a show of defiance towards authority the country. 97
educational ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃənəl The new community centre offered
opportunities n phr ˈɒpəˈtjuːnətiz the chance to learn something educational opportunities to everyone. 97
legal rights n phr ˌliːɡəl ˈraɪts something you are legally allowed to do She didn't have any legal rights to 97
Corporate skills have an important role in
wider society n phr ˈwaɪd ə səˈsaɪəti social relationships among humans the wider society. 97
having the ability or skill needed to do
technical skills n phr ˈteknɪkəl ˌskɪlz something difficult a dancer with excellent technical skills 97
a change that is reversible can be changed
reversible adj rɪˈvɜːsəbəl, rɪˈvɜːsɪbəl back to how it was before A lot of chemical reactions are reversible. 97
central adj ˈsentrəl in the middle of an area or an object He lives in central London. 97
the use of illegal drugs in a way that is not Drug abuse is a common problem in big
drug abuse n phr drʌɡ əˈbjuːs good for you cities. 97
the illegal activity involving powerful well- The police are working hard to reduce the
organised crime n phr ˈɔːɡənaɪzd ˌkraɪm organised groups of criminals risk of organised crime. 97
traffic There is often heavy traffic congestion on
congestion n phr ˌtræfɪk kənˈdʒestʃən an area very full of traffic this road at rush hour. 97
when you stop working, usually because of He became a keen golfer after his
retirement n rɪˈtaɪəmənt your age retirement from politics. 97
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 Part of
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theories about the ways in which mass
media and media culture affect how their American media influence has had a direct
media influence n phr ˈmiːdiə ˌɪnfluəns audiences think and behave impact on language. 97
a sudden event such as a flood, storm, or
accident which causes great damage or One hundred and twenty people died in
disaster n dɪˈzɑːstə suffering China’s worst air disaster. 98
atmosphere n ˈætməsfɪə the feeling that an event or place gives you The hotel had a lovely relaxed atmosphere. 98
to completely change the appearance,
form, or character of something or
someone, especially in a way that Increased population has transformed the
transform v trænsˈfɔːm improves it landscape. 98
to say that you agree with an idea, group,
or person, and usually to help them The bill was supported by a large majority
support v səˈpɔːt because you want them to succeed in the Senate. 98
to damage something so badly that it no The school was completely destroyed by
destroy v dɪˈstrɔɪ longer exists or cannot be used or repaired fire. 98
The soaring house prices led to a decrease
lead to phr v liːd tə to cause something in first time buyers. 99
ˌʌndərˈestəmeɪt, to think or guess that something is We underestimated how long it would take
underestimate v ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt smaller, cheaper, easier etc than it really is to get there. 101
ˈvɪtəmən, ˈvɪtəmɪn, a chemical substance in food that is Try to eat foods that are rich in vitamins
vitamin n ˈvaɪ- necessary for good health and minerals. 103
a substance that is formed naturally in the
earth, such as coal, salt, stone, or gold.
Minerals can be dug out of the ground and
mineral n ˈmɪnərəl used The area is very rich in minerals. 103
a plant such as wheat, rice, or fruit that is
crop n krɒp grown by farmers and used as food The main crops were oats and barley. 104
I’m absolutely certain that I left the keys in
certain adj ˈsɜːtn confident and sure, without any doubts the kitchen. 104
food which is grown without the use of
organic food n ɔːˈɡænɪk fuːd chemicals Organic food is increasing in popularity. 104
fail v feɪl to not succeed in achieving something It looks likely that the peace talks will fail. 105

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the smallest part of a living thing that can
cell n sel exist independently red blood cells 105
unable to understand or think clearly about
what someone is saying or what is I’m totally confused. Could you explain
confused adj kənˈfjuːzd happening that again? 105
to try to do something, especially In this chapter I will attempt to explain
attempt v əˈtempt something difficult what led up to the revolution. 105
a long thin string of cotton, silk etc used to
thread n θred sew or weave cloth I’m looking for a needle and thread. 105
an illness which affects a person, animal, She suffers from a rare disease of the
disease n dɪˈziːz or plant brain. 106
processed food has substances added to it
before it is sold, in order to preserve it, the artificial colourings and flavourings in
processed adj ˈprəʊsest improve its colour etc processed foods 106
minimum ˈmɪnəməm something you must have in order to do Grade C in Maths is a minimum
requirement n rɪˈkwaɪəmənt something requirement for university. 106
frozen food has been stored at a very low
frozen adj ˈfrəʊzən temperature in order to preserve it You can use fresh or frozen fish. 106
greater a larger amount of knowledge or There is a greater awareness about the
awareness n ˈɡreɪt ə əˈweənəs understanding of a particular subject dangers of overfishing. 106
a large number of people or things that are
broad range n brɔːd reɪndʒ very different but are all of the same type The shop sells a broad range of vegetables. 106
something that you feel or do because of What was Jeff’s reaction when you told him
reaction n riˈækʃən something that has happened or been said about the job? 106
to provide people with something that they
need or want, especially regularly over a Paint for the project was supplied by the
supply v səˈplaɪ long period of time city. 106
to behave in a particular way or show a
particular emotion because of something
react v riˈækt that has happened or been said How did Wilson react to your idea? 106
There has been a dramatic increase in the
amount of electricity we consume in the
consume v kənˈsjuːm to use time, energy, goods etc winter. 106
the amount of energy, oil, electricity etc
consumption n kənˈsʌmpʃən that is used dramatic rises in fuel consumption 106

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very important thing that makes something
major cause n ˈmeɪdʒə kɔːz happen Cars are a major cause of pollution. 106
a lot of things of the same type that are The girls come from a variety of different
variety n vəˈraɪəti different from each other in some way backgrounds. 107
export v ɪkˈspɔːt to sell goods to another country The company exports tuna to the US. 107
quality n ˈkwɒləti, ˈkwɒlɪti how good or bad something is Much of the land was of poor quality. 107
informative adj ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv providing many useful facts or ideas an informative and entertaining book 107
about or related to science, or using its We believe in investing in scientific
scientific adj ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk methods research. 107
a product that is brought from one country
into another so that it can be sold there, or
import n ˈɪmpɔːt the business of doing this a ban on beef imports 108
agricultural ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl◂ the large-scale production of farming The agricultural industry has suffered from
industry n ˈɪndəstri products heavy rain. 108
an area of land in the country, especially
one where crops are grown or animals feed
field n fiːld on grass a view of green fields and rolling hills 108
needing something or someone to exist,
dependent on adj phr dɪˈpendənt ɒn succeed etc. Our country is dependent on food imports. 108

run a business v rʌn e ˈbɪznəs to organize or be in charge of a business He runs the family business. 113
independent a shop business which is not owned or Independent retailers find it hard to keep
retailer n ˌɪndəˈpendənt ˈriːteɪlə controlled by another organisation prices low. 113
to get money from doing something after Small companies often fail to make a profit
make a profit v phr meɪk e ˈprɒfət costs have been paid in their first year. 113
used when considering the size, quality or
amount of something in relation to Organic food is expensive compared to
compared to adj phr kəmˈpeəd tə something else other types. 113
to use machines to make goods or
ˌmænjəˈfæktʃə, materials, usually in large numbers or
manufacture v ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃə amounts the company that manufactured the drug 113
the system by which a country’s money
and goods are produced and used, or a
economy n ɪˈkɒnəmi country considered in this way a successful economy 113
economic something which is positive for the There are economic benefits for
benefit n ˌekəˈnɒmɪk ˈbenəfɪt economy supermarkets when they become large. 113

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Banks have been moving into other areas
the business activity of giving advice about of the financial services industry such as
financial investments and selling investments to stockbroking, securities underwriting, and
services n fəˈnænʃəl ˌsɜːvɪsɪz people and organizations insurance. 113
one of the foods that you use to make a
ingredient n ɪnˈɡriːdiənt particular food or dish Combine all the ingredients in a large bowl. 116
to move or lift something to a higher
raise v reɪz position, place, or level Can you raise the lamp so I can see? 120
physically unable to hear anything or communication between deaf and hearing
deaf adj def unable to hear well people 120
unable to move part or all of your body or The accident left him permanently
paralysed adj ˈpærəlaɪzd feel it paralysed. 120
ˌfleksəbɪləti, the ability to change or be changed easily Employees expect flexibility in the
flexibility n ˌfleksɪbɪləti to suit a different situation workplace. 120
to make an illness or medical condition go
cure v kjʊə away Many types of cancer can now be cured. 120
device n dɪˈvaɪs a machine or tool that does a special job modern labour-saving devices 121
to put something inside or into something His hand shook slightly as he inserted the
insert v ɪnˈsɜːt else key into the lock. 121
unusual or surprising and therefore
remarkable adj rɪˈmɑːkəbəl deserving attention or praise She has made remarkable progress. 121
to make something return to its former The government promises to restore the
restore v rɪˈstɔː state or condition economy to full strength. 121
before something happens or is expected I should warn you in advance that I’m not
advance n ədˈvɑːns to happen a very good dancer. 121
to carry out a particular activity or process,
especially in order to get information or We are conducting a survey of consumer
conduct v kənˈdʌkt prove facts attitudes towards organic food. 122
to think carefully about how you are going
to do something and plan a good way of UN negotiators have worked out a set of
work out phr v wɜːk aʊt doing it compromise proposals. 123
if a car or machine breaks down, it stops
break down phr v breɪk daʊn working The car broke down just north of Paris. 123
We've been asked to come up with a new
come up with phr v kʌm ʌp wɪð to think of an idea, answer etc idea. 123
to take the necessary action, especially in The council has failed to deal with the
deal with phr v diːl wɪð order to solve a problem problem of homelessness in the city. 123
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 Part of
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to do something that needs to be
carry out phr v ˈkæri aʊt organized and planned We need to carry out more research. 123
a set of instructions secretly put into a
computer, usually spread through emails,
which can destroy information stored on
computer virus n phr kəmˈpjuːtə ˈvaɪərəs the computer Computer viruses can be a threat. 123
install a to add new software to a computer so that We've installed the new anti-virus
program v phr ɪnˈstɔːl eɪ ˈprəʊɡræm it is ready to be used software. 123
if you upload a video, you move it from a
small computer to a computer network so
upload a video v phr ʌpˈləʊd eɪ ˈvɪdiəʊ that other people can see it It might take a while for this to upload. 123
to press a button on a computer mouse to
choose something from the screen that you Children can click on a sentence to hear it
click on a link v phr klɪk ɒn eɪ lɪŋk want the computer to do read aloud. 123
if a process accelerates or if something
accelerates it, it happens faster than usual measures to accelerate the rate of
accelerate v əkˈseləreɪt or sooner than you expect economic growth 124
There were easy-to-reach buttons on the
easy-to-reach adj phr ˈiːzi tə riːtʃ not difficult to get to a particular point machine. 124
the purpose that something has, or the job In your new job you will perform a variety
function n ˈfʌŋkʃən that someone or something does of functions. 127
the tube through which food passes from It can take 72 hours for food to pass
gut n ɡʌt your stomach through the gut. 127
used to talk about someone being worried Sean drank a large glass of brandy to calm
nerve n nɜːv or frightened his nerves. 127
Some birth problems are strongly linked to
strongly linked adj phr ˈstrɒŋli lɪŋkt be related in a strong way smoking during pregnancy. 129
a short length of time, with a beginning His playing improved in a very short period
short period n phr ʃɔːt ˈpɪəriəd and an end of time. 129
if an opinion or phenonemon is well
well documented, it is suppored with a large It is well documented that men die yonger
documented adj phr wel ˈdɒkjəməntɪd number of recoded facts than women. 129
if you have a positive view, you are hopeful He has a positive view of the changes at
positive view n phr ˈpɒzətɪv vjuː and confident that a situation will end well work. 129

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when there are relatively few things, there Relatively few older people prefer to shop
relatively few n phr ˈrelətɪvli fjuː are few in comparison to other things online. 129
the way a person or group of people live,
including the place they live in, the things
they own, the kind of job they do, and the Regular exercise is part of a healthy
lifestyle n ˈlaɪfstaɪl activities they enjoy lifestyle. 129
an official plan that is intended to help
people in some way, for example by The money will be used for teacher training
scheme n skiːm providing education or training schemes. 129
relating to the health or state of someone's Stress has an effect on both your physical
mental health n phr ˈmentl helθ mind and mental health. 129
an alternative idea, plan etc is different
from the one you have and can be used
alternative adj ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv instead alternative approaches to learning 129
if a wound or a broken bone heals or is
healed, the flesh, skin, or bone grows back It took three months for my arm to heal
heal v hiːl together and becomes healthy again properly. 129
a situation in which there is not enough of
shortage n ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ something that people need a shortage of skilled labour 130
to move an organ, piece of skin etc from
one person’s body and put it into another
transplant v trænsˈplɑːnt as a form of medical treatment There is often a waiting list for transplants. 130
to put someone’s or something’s name on
register v ˈredʒəstə, ˈredʒɪstə an official list The tanker is registered in Rotterdam. 130
the physical or mental condition that There are fears for the state of the
state n steɪt someone or something is in country’s economy. 130
a detailed account of the development of a
particular person, group, or situation that The case study provided a lot of
case study n phr keɪs ˈstʌdi has been studied over a period of time information about this type of company. 130
ˈamətə, -tʃʊə, -tʃə, someone who does an activity just for
amateur n ˌæməˈtɜː pleasure, not as their job a gifted amateur 137
to make someone think and behave exactly
məˈnɪpjəleɪt, as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving He was one of those men who manipulated
manipulate v məˈnɪpjʊleɪt or influencing them people. 137

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an elite group contains the best, most
skilled or most experienced people or
elite adj eɪˈliːt, ɪ- members of a larger group an elite group of artists 137
a small part or amount of something that is
examined in order to find out something
sample n ˈsɑːmpəl about the whole I’d like to see some samples of your work. 137
recreational ˌrek ri ˈeɪʃ ən‿əl Saturday is a popular day for recreational
activity n ækˈtɪvəti a free time activity you do for pleasure activities such as sport. 138
when you work with someone to achieve
co-operation n kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən something that you both want political co-operation with Britain 138
add to v phr ˌæd tə increase the amount or cost of something The problem added to our concerns. 138
dramatic There has been a dramatic increase in the
increase n drəˈmætɪk ɪnˈkriːs a very large rise number of immigrants. 138
exceed your achieve more than you thought you could In sport, people exceed their limits all the
limits v phr ɪkˈsiːd jə ˈlɪmɪts achieve time. 138
rooms, equipment, or services that are More sports facilities are needed in towns
sports facilities pl n spɔːts fəˈsɪlət̮ iz provided for sport to help young people get fit. 138
Obesity is a major health concern in some
major concern n ˈmeɪdʒə kənˈsɜːn important or serious worry countries. 138
one of the most important people involved
key role n kiː rəʊl in an activity She has played a key role in the project. 138
lead to v phr liːd tə result in Unhealthy eating can lead to heart disease. 138
say someone or something is responsible Politicians are usually blamed for a poor
blame for v phr bleɪm fə for something economy. 138
succeed in v phr səkˈsiːd ɪn do what you tried or wanted to do They succeeded in solving the problem. 138
a situation in which people or organizations
ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃən, try to be more successful than other
competition n ˌkɒmpɪˈtɪʃən people or organizations Competition for the job was intense. 138
Playing a sport can boost a girl’s self-
self-esteem n ˌself ɪˈstiːm feeling satisfied with your own abilities esteem. 138
the tools, machines etc that you need to do
equipment n ɪˈkwɪpmənt a particular job or activity a shop selling camping equipment 138

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Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls
down suddenly, usually because it is weak
collapse v kəˈlæps or damaged The heat caused several people to collapse. 140
power that is used to provide heat, operate The water is heated using energy from the
energy n ˈenədʒi machines etc sun. 140
the rate at which something moves or The truck was travelling at a speed of 50
speed n spiːd travels mph. 140
the amount of space between two places or
distance n ˈdɪstəns things the distance from Chicago to Detroit 140
A doctor needs people skills as well as
people skills pl n ˈpiːpəl skɪlz the ability to deal with people well technical knowledge. 143

knowledgeable adj ˈnɒlɪdʒəbəl knowing a lot He’s very knowledgeable about wines. 143
someone who starts a new business or
arranges business deals in order to make
money, often in a way that involves Richard Branson is a well-known
entrepreneur n ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː financial risks entrepreneur in the UK. 143
the first of two people or things that you Of the two possibilities, the former seems
former n ˈfɔːmə have just mentioned more likely. 144
Where unemployment and crime are high,
the second of two people or things just it can be assumed that the latter is due to
latter n ˈlætə mentioned the former. 144
be successful in something you wanted to You have to work hard to achieve your
achieve a goal v phr əˈtʃiːv eɪ ɡəʊl do goals. 145
Teenagers can spend a lot of their time
spend time v phr spend taɪm use time doing a particular thing online. 145
waste time v phr weɪst taɪm to not make full use of your time Let's not waste any more time. 145
communicate kəˈmjuːnəkeɪt It is important for managers to
effectively v phr ɪˈfektɪvli talk to other people well communicate effectively with their staff. 145
highly Not all students are highly motivated to
motivated adj phr ˈhaɪli ˈməʊtəveɪtəd very motivated learn. 145
You must pay the money back to the bank
pay back phr v peɪ bæk return money you borrowed next year. 145
The house must be worth quite a lot of
worth v wɜːθ to have a value in money money now. 145
to ask someone for a particular amount of
charge v tʃɑːdʒ money for something you are selling The hotel charges $125 a night. 145
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Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
a sum of money that a person or
debt n det organization owes She had debts of over £100,000. 145
an amount of money that you borrow from
loan n ləʊn a bank etc a loan of £60,000 145
to start something such as an organization, Founded in 1961 in Switzerland, the World
company, school, or city, often by Wildlife Fund tries to protect the natural
found v faʊnd providing the necessary money world. 148
an amount of money paid regularly by the
government or company to someone who
does not work any more, for example
because they have reached the age when At what age can you start drawing your
pension n ˈpenʃən people stop working or because they are ill pension? 148
something, especially money, that you give
to a person or an organization in order to Would you like to make a donation to our
donation n dəʊˈneɪʃən help them charity appeal? 148
to admire someone because they have
high standards and good qualities such as
respect v rɪˈspekt fairness and honesty She respected him for his honesty. 152
a situation in which people have the same All people have the right to equality of
equality n ɪˈkwɒləti, ɪˈkwɒlɪti rights, advantages etc opportunity. 152
to find the size, length, or amount of
something, using standard units such as The rainfall was measured over a three-
measure v ˈmeʒə inches, metres etc month period. 152
an alphabetical list of names, subjects etc
at the back of a book, with the numbers of The changing size of an infant’s head is
index n ˈɪndeks the pages where they can be found considered an index of brain growth. 152
when the control of a country, organization
or system is organized so that everything
centralised adj ˈsɛntrəlɪzd is done or decided in one place a centralised database 153
a part of something that you notice
because it seems important, interesting, or Air bags are a standard feature in most
feature n ˈfiːtʃə typical new cars. 153
the belief that the rights and freedom of
ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəlɪzəm, individual people are the most important Capitalism encourages competition and
individualism n ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəlɪzəm rights in a society individualism. 153

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Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
a space between two objects or two parts
of an object, especially because something The neighbors’ dog got in through a gap in
gap n ɡæp is missing the hedge. 153
to win a point in a sport, game, Great cheers went up when he scored in
score v skɔː competition, or test the final minute of the game. 153
the effect or influence that an event, We need to assess the impact on climate
impact n ˈɪmpækt situation etc has on someone or something change. 154
when information, thoughts and ideas are
verbal ˈvɜːbəl exchanged in spoken form, rather than Verbal communication may be more
communication n phr kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən written effective. 154
widespread an idea that is believed to be true in many There was a widespread belief that the
belief n phr ˈwaɪdspred bəˈliːf places or situations or among many people earth was flat. 154
to judge how good, useful, or successful You should be able to evaluate your own
evaluate v ɪˈvæljueɪt something is work. 154
a series of actions that are done in order to
process n ˈprəʊses achieve a particular result The process of making paper is complex. 154
an idea of how something is, or how
concept n ˈkɒnsept something should be done the concept of total patient care 154
to tell someone something that they did He was always keen to point out my
point out phr v pɔɪnt aʊt not already know or had not thought about mistakes. 154
to show that something is true by
prove v pruːv providing facts, information etc You’re wrong, and I can prove it. 154
someone you work with - used especially
colleague n ˈkɒliːɡ by professional people a colleague of mine from the bank 155
The brochure tries to give a fair and
accurate adj ˈækjərət, ˈækjʊrət correct and true in every detail accurate description of each hotel. 156
The price is somewhat higher than I
somewhat adj ˈsʌmwɒt more than a little but not very expected. 157
a careful and complete examination of
full analysis n phr fʊl əˈnæləsəs soemthing in order to understand it better A full analysis of the data is needed. 161
a large amount of something that can be Large quantities of oil were spilling into the
large quantities n phr ˌlɑːdʒ ˈkwɒntətiz counted or measured sea. 161
if you are well aware that a situation They were well aware that the company
well aware adj phr wel əˈweə exists, you realize or know that it exists was losing money. 161

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Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
There is a marked contrast between the
marked a clear difference between people, ideas, winter heatwave in California and the
contrast n phr mɑːkt ˈkɒntrɑːst situations, things etc freezing temperatures on the east coast. 161
a large number of people or things that are
wide range n phr waɪd reɪndʒ all different but of the same type students from a wide range of backgrounds 161
to give special attention to one particular
focus v ˈfəʊkəs person or thing, or to make people do this He needs to focus more on his career. 161
Some knowledge of Spanish is a definite
definite plus n phr ˈdefɪnət plʌs something that is a big advantage plus in this job. 161
a single thing, especially one thing in a list, He opened the cardboard box and took out
item n ˈaɪtəm group, or set of things each item. 161
the amount of sound produced by a
volume n ˈvɒljuːm television, radio etc Can you turn the volume up? 161

online shopping n phr ˈɒnlaɪn ˈʃɒpɪŋ buying goods from the internet Online shopping is relatively new. 161
to take goods, letters, packages etc to a
deliver v dɪˈlɪvə particular place or person The morning mail has just been delivered. 161
to arrange for a place in a hotel,
restaurant, plane etc to be kept for you to
reserve v rɪˈzɜːv use at a particular time in the future I’d like to reserve a table for two. 161
a piece of paper that you are given which Keep your receipt in case you want to
receipt n rɪˈsiːt shows that you have paid for something bring it back. 161
a series of actions intended to achieve a
particular result relating to politics or
campaign n kæmˈpeɪn business, or a social improvement an advertising campaign 161
someone who buys and uses products and Consumers will soon be paying higher
consumer n kənˈsjuːmə services airfares. 161
a move to a more important job or position I want a job with good prospects for
promotion n prəˈməʊʃən in a company or organization promotion. 161
to make someone decide to do something,
especially by giving them reasons why they
should do it, or asking them many times to I finally managed to persuade her to go
persuade v pəˈsweɪd do it out for a drink with me. 162

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Word speech Pron Definition Example Unit
overcome a ˌəʊvəˈkʌm eɪ to successfully control a problem that His financial problems could not be
problem v phr ˈprɒbləm prevents you from achieving something overcome. 162
a picture or shape that has a particular The symbol on the packet is a guarantee
meaning or represents a particular that the food has been produced
symbol n ˈsɪmbəl organization or idea organically. 162
the position of being the leader of a group,
leadership n ˈliːdəʃɪp organization, country etc the leadership of the Conservative party 162

Expert PTE Academic B1 27