1
Bowtie – Dipole Antenna
Espejo, Ma. Lourvic C. Lalangan, Wyder S.
espejolourvic12@gmail.com wyderl24@gmail.com
Transmission Media & Antenna Systems
Department of Electronics Engineering, Urdaneta City University
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Abstract— Antennas are units of useful communication
mode in various fields; they are accustomed to audio, video, more
communication styles and including in the field of television. For
television signals it is somehow dependent on antennas to acquire
frequency or channels. As we go frustrated with our HD antenna
reception, perhaps there are a few channels out of range with the
existing antenna setup that some of us have. In this project, the
researchers are to combine two HD antennas. Through
combining two HD antennas together, we can increase the
existing signal intensity and channel range. In many cases, it can
enhance or improve the weak signal strength. The following
researchers have chosen to combine the two antennas; the rabbit
ear style combined with a bow-tie antenna to effectively capture
high frequency bands.
Keywords—Antenna, Bowtie Antenna, Dipole Antenna, antenna
stacking…
I. INTRODUCTION
A ntenna exists in every place where wireless
communication is. Considering as example to the two
most used devices in our life, a mobile phone and a
television. Most of these devices are dependent on
wireless communication and thus each device must have
an antenna connected with them in some way. A
transitional area affiliated framework between the guided
wave and the free space, antenna is an electrical tool that
transforms electric power into electromagnetic waves
and vice versa. They are dynamically unit devices used
to transmit designed info on radiation signal to
communicate wirelessly. In his innovative studies a
German physicist Heinrich Hertz designed the first
antennas in the 18th century to prove the existence of
waves proposed by James Clerk Maxwell's
electromagnetic theory. Antennas can be categorized as
omnidirectional, radiating energy in all directions where
energy radiates along one path than other. An important
reason why we use antennas is because they provide a
simple way of transmitting signals when other methods
are impossible. Antennas are units of useful
communication mode in various fields; they are
Ursua, Jonnell C.
nellursua18@gmail.com
accustomed to audio, video, and more communication
styles. Time to time, their communication value varies
their style for applications in different materials, for
higher communication, radio, television, satellite,
broadcasting and much more. One example to mention is
the rooftop television antennas likely used widely at VHF
and UHF frequencies.
In this project the researchers are going to
construct a combination of the Bowtie Antenna that falls
under Log Periodic Antenna type and the Dipole Antenna
that is commonly called the rabbit ear antenna under the
category of Wire Antennas. A Bowtie Antenna uses
triangular components as antenna instead of straight rods.
The triangular elements on both sides of the antenna look
like a bow tie, thus the name. Bowtie antennas are also
referred to as a cat's whisker antenna, particularly if the
antenna is an X-form instead of a bowtie one. Both of
those bowtie antennas are basically the same thing where
in the metal bar that closes the bowtie was for energy, not
reception. Bowtie antenna has been recognized for its
simplicity and broadband performance. They are usually
used for UHF television antennas in which multiple
elements could be arrayed and positioned in front of a
reflector on a flat screen. The bowtie antenna per se has a
various measures with low gain similar to a dipole pattern.
In accordance when using it as television antenna, the gain
is increased by arraying multiple of this antenna together
and inserting a reflecting panel.
On the one hand, Dipole Antenna or doublet and
popularly known as “rabbit ears” is the simplest type of
antenna and t is VHF antenna. Dipole Antenna typically
consists of a conductive wire rod which is half the size of
the maximum wavelength to be produced by the antenna.
Dipole antennas have the benefit of transmitting balanced
signals. The two-pole structure allows the device to obtain
information from a variety of frequencies. It also tends to
help the device to solve problems triggered by mixed
signals without having to lose reception performance.
 2

There are times that we go frustrated with our study of the bow-tie antenna on the dielectric substrate as
HD antenna reception. Perhaps there are a few channels shown in Figure 1. The quantitative results show that the
out of range with the existing antenna setup that some of dominant current is a wave propagating across the axis of
us have. In this project, the researchers are to combine to the bow at the dielectric wavenumber for wide bows. In
HD antennas. Through combining two HD antennas order to increase the length of the bow-tie, the impedances
together, we can increase the existing signal intensity spiral rapidly towards the quasistatic value given by the
and channel range. In many cases, it can enhance or transmission line theory, and as the bow narrows the
improve the weak signal strength. One method in dominant current becomes the edge current with the
combining antenna is by increasing your current signal quasistatic wavenumber.
strength. The other approach can be used to get channels
from towers positioned in various directions, and the last
method called antenna stacking will help to those tough
to get channels. Throughout all circumstances, position
at the broadcast towers would be a variable for greater
channel range. In certain case scenarios, towers would be
too far away to get any channels.

Here in this project, the researchers are going to

use the method of antenna stacking. Antenna stacking is
the act of obtaining two high definition antennas and
placing one above it or near one another. It may help in
improving the reception of antenna for long-distance
towers. It is essential for both antennas to be properly
spaced and phased out. It'll be better by using two
distinct kinds of antennas to balance each other. The
following researchers have chosen to combine the two
antennas; the rabbit ear style combined with a bow-tie
antenna to effectively capture UHF and VHF bands.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The literature cited in this chapter tackle the
different concepts, understanding, ideas, generalization
or conclusions and different development related to
study of the project. Those that were also included in this
chapter helps in familiarizing information that are
relevant and similar to the present study.
Figure 1. The geometry of a bow-tie antenna in
Cartesian (x, y, z) and radial coordinates (r, b), and
the corresponding oblique coordinates (s, t) with unit
vectors, n1, n2.
Second is the rounded edge or the corner bowtie antenna,
various types of bow-tie antennas with round corners are
studied in detail by numerous researchers. Qu and Ruan
[3] discussed a quadrate bowtie antenna with round
corners and the measured impedance bandwidth is 2.64 to
12 GHz for the antenna shown in Figure 2(a). The writers
have found that the larger area of the antenna at the same
height, the wider the bandwidth of the impedance, and the
higher the antenna in the same area, the wider the
bandwidth of the pattern.

In relation to this project conducted by Baljinder Kaur,

bowtie antennas are used for the ultra-wide band antenna
and are originally proposed by Lodge and later re-
examined by Brown and Woodward exemplifies its
benefits. Kaur also stated that there are various shapes of
bowtie antenna which have been examined for having a
developed performance mainly having, better return loss, Figure 2. The tree types of bowtie antennas in
flatter input impedance, and more stable radiation the same height.
pattern. There are three various design configuration of Last to mention is the, slotted bowtie antenna is now
bowtie antenna that he stated. First is the Triangular and increasingly interesting for modern wireless
Quadrate bowtie antenna that was introduced by Oliver communications. They have many features, such as low
Lodge in 1898 as the UWB antenna [1]. Compton et al radiation losses, less dispersion, easy integrated circuits
[2] presented a thorough conceptual interpretation for the and simple configuration with a single metallic layer, and

no holes required. These antennas have recently become
increasingly attractive. This research has noted that the
addition of stubs raises the input resistance, shifts the
main resonance to a lower frequency and creates a new
resonance at a higher frequency. The proposed antenna
is intended to run from 1.6 to 2.8 GHz with a percent
bandwidth of 54 percent.
As to his conclusion, it is said to have suggested
different shape modifications to improve the efficiency
of the bowtie antenna. Round corners have better return
losses, flatter input impedance, and therefore more stable
radiation patterns [4]. They also reduce the area of the
antenna. In order to provide a wider bandwidth and
simple planar antenna design, bow-tie slot antennas are
suitable.
The bowtie antenna is composed of a metal that are bi-
triangular sheet having a feed at its vertex. Some systems
use it, such as ground penetrating radars [5–6] and
mobile stations [7] and are widely used. A bowtie
antenna can also be printed on a substrate in which each
arm is positioned on either the top or bottom portion of
the substrate.
A study regarding the printed bowtie antenna by Tawk,
Y., et. al [8] has shown a new approach for the design of
a multi-resonant antenna. Where several techniques were
made to obtain an antenna which can be operating in the
2, 3, and 5 GHz bands based mainly for wireless
applications. Their idea of creating different slot
configurations on different parts of a single antenna is
the basic principle.
Despite of having various shape of bowtie antenna, a
study about the brief review of bowties by Kaur, B. and
Solanki, L. observed that the potential researchers in this
field have proposed different shape modifications to
improve the performance of bowtie antenna. Round
corners provide better return loss, flatter input
impedance, and more stable radiation patterns. They
also decrease the antenna area. To have wider bandwidth
and simple planar antenna configuration, bow-tie slot
antennas are good candidates [9].
Moving on, a large volume of literature is available
in journals and books explaining various dipole
antennas. One of it is a study about invention of Dipole
Antenna by Chang-Jung Lee defines that a dipole
antenna includes a substrate, a first conductive slice and
a second conductive slice [10]. Another research by
Furse, Cynthia et. al. [11], states that dipole antennas
including their associated arrays are among the most
common antennas used for communication systems and
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measurement of electric and even magnetic fields.
To achieve a dipole antenna system innovator Chang,
Sheng-Che and his members conducted a study in
experimenting on dipole antenna [12]. Their innovation
dipole antenna assembly contains a dipole antenna and a
feeding element connected with the dipole antenna. The
dipole antenna includes a radiation portion, a ground
portion and a circuit. The feeding element includes a
central conductor soldered on the radiation portion at a
first position, and a shielding layer soldered on the ground
portion at a second position. The circuit includes one end
connecting with the radiation portion at the first position,
and another end connecting with the ground position at
the second position for impedance matching.
The dipole antenna is among the most frequently
encountered antennas in wireless communication
applications. This antenna is composed of two wires. The
dimension of each wire is precisely one quarter of the
wavelength of the ideal operating frequency. A research
by Shahin Farahani states that an ideal dipole antenna,
away from any conducting or dielectric materials, can be
approximately modeled by a 73 Ohm resistor. If a dipole
is implemented on a PCB, the type of dielectric material
and proximity of a ground can change the antenna
impedance. The antenna impedance can be tuned by
changing the length or shape of the wires [13].
Dipole antenna itself is type of antenna that is usually
utilized since it is cheaper and quicker to produce than
some other kinds of antenna. Appropriate design is needed
to achieve best outcomes first from development of the
dipole antenna. An analysis research by Rahmatia, Suci
and others focuses on the construction of a dipole antenna
using two different materials, namely aluminum (pinned)
and iron for TV applications. The research also claims that
Iron is better to be used for large bandwidth with value of
directivity and gain is bigger than aluminum except for
upper frequency. On the other hand, aluminum is better to
be used for higher frequency with the small bandwidth
since the directivity and the gain of aluminum in upper
frequency is bigger than iron [14].
In communications there is a dipole antenna or a doublet
which is the easiest and perhaps most extensively seen
antenna type. The dipole is some sort of one of groups of
antennas that create a pattern of radiation. The dipole
antenna is usually composed of two similar conductive
components, such as metal wires or rods which are
typically bilaterally symmetrical. A most familiar example
of dipole is indeed the two straight rods or wires aligned
to the end of the same axis, the feed line being attached to
the two opposite ends, but the dipoles can be fed

anywhere along their length. It is stated that a dipole
antenna approximately one half wavelength long is the
half wave dipole antenna from a research made by
D.Mounika et.al.[15] They have also proved that dipole
antenna is designed for different various lengths.
A brief recollection of the contributions by various
eminent researchers to the field of antennas certainly in
combining bowtie and dipole antenna with related
literatures is depicted. Mentioning one of it is a study
conducted by Emhemmed, Adel & Elgaid, Khaled
proposed a 3D micromachined 210 GHz elevated bowtie
dipole antenna fed by coplanar waveguide. The antenna
is designed for MMICs applications at G-band (140 GHz
to 220 GHz). The antenna topology effectively creates a
low dielectric substrate and undesired substrate effects
can be eliminated, since the antenna substrate is
essentially air (the lowest possible dielectric constant)
and can be used on most substrates to monolithically
integrate. The proposed antenna is composed of coplanar
waveguide (CPW) feed line, air-bridges, a feeding post,
supporting posts, and a radiator [16].
In addition, W.-J. Wu and members conducted a
research about a dual-polarized cross bowtie dipole
antenna with shorted stubs for base station applications.
A pair of orthogonal cross bowtie dipoles with a
rectangular ground plane is used to obtain the two linear
polarizations. Besides two coaxial feeders and two
shorted feed baluns, shorted stubs are introduced to
improve the impendence matching and the isolation
between the two orthogonal polarizations [17]. Mainly
their research is a shorted dual-polarized cross bowtie
dipole antenna for mobile communication systems.
Another research tackled by Maja Sarevska et. al.,
designed a well-matched UHF planar bowtie dipole
antenna to using it for neural model [18]. Including in
this is the research by Ching-Chih Hung and his two
members pertaining to a printed modified Bow-Tie
Dipole Antenna for DVB/WLAN applications [19]. In
which a printed modified bowtie dipole antenna is
consisting of asymmetric-feed and inserted slots is
presented to apply to the DVB and WLAN systems. This
antenna matches omnidirectional radiation pattern, broad
bandwidth, and band rejection in an easy way to
fabricate.
This kind of combination of antenna has also entered the
world of miniaturizing. A study by Wai Siang Yeoh et.
al., conducted a research about linearly polarized
miniaturized printed dipole antenna with novel half
bowtie radiating arm is presented for wireless
applications including the 2.4 GHz ISM band [20]. Truly
the application of using bowtie and dipole antenna are in
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the process of development. 
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework for this study is
developed from the premise that theoretical knowledge is
a necessary and important guide for antenna types that has
been existing all over. In this section there is an exposition
of theoretical models which the researcher considers to be
relevant to the study. Whilst the exact definitions of
theory are hard to come by, there is sufficient consensus
that theory signifies a set of formal propositions that
explain how this antenna has been working.
Phil Karras (2017) stated that it is known that a dipole
antenna also known as a half-wave dipole, when built to
the correct length for any particular frequency, has an
impedance of about 73 Ohms. A folded dipole has an
impedance of 300 Ohms for the same situation. All of
these are for free space antennas. Things change the closer
they are to objects or the ground if the antenna is in the
clear, at least one-half-wavelength above ground and
away from objects, then these numbers should apply. By
the way, one-half wavelength of the longest VHF TV
channel frequency 82 MHz for channel 6 and 174 MHz
for channel 7 is about 1.83m or 6.00ft, 72″ for 82 MHz
and 0.86m or 2.83ft, 34″ for channel 7 at 174 MHz. Also
he had found that he 8″ bowtie is easier to make and
works as well and better than a longer version, like the 16
– 17″ version.A new Loops, 8″ diameter, dipole seems to
have some interesting advantages over the bowtie antenna
and I want to look into this further. The quad bowtie
antenna had some expected improvements but not all.
To broaden the research by Karras, the researchers are
going to conduct a broaden research about it. In order to
that the researchers initiate to take a step by step method
to start the research analysis. Figure below shows the
theoretical diagram of the project.
Start
Material of bowtie
and dipole antenna
Construction of dimension and
design
Simulation of project
 Radiation Pattern
Gain
Bandwidth

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Optimization of project

antenna capability is shown in the figure below.

Desired
Specification?
Determining the design specification for the bowtie antenna
and dipole antenna, i.e. examining the loss.

Analyze the results then

make conclusions
Determining the antenna parameters, the length and width

Stop

Initial design of the antenna

Determining the calculations of antenna’s impedance matching

Generating the antenna

Simulation of antenna for bandwidth, return loss and radiation

Figure 3. Research Theoretical Framework. patterns

Consequently, the theoretical framework, in undergoing Optimization and Acquiring of frequency based on simulated
throughout the theoretical constructs, identifies areas that results
may require further study and exploration. In short, the
theoretical framework, in general terms, launches the
strategy for innovation and the continuum for further Figure 4. Flowchart of antenna design methodology
research in the field being conducted. An important
outcome of this point of view is the value of research
findings regarding the creation of antenna combination
of Bowtie and Dipole Antenna.
C. Design Experiment

In with the rise of high definition television

B. Conceptual Framework
The combination two antenna types results to a
new kind of antenna. Antenna stacking is the act of
obtaining two high definition antennas and placing one
above it or near one another. It may help in improving
and very high frequency usage there was a new
interest in suitable antennas. The modern literature
from this work has benefitted from the creation of
antenna modeling software.

The wavelength of
the reception of antenna for long-distance towers. It is
essential for both antennas to be properly spaced and
phased out. It'll be better by using two distinct kinds of
antennas to balance each other. The following
researchers have chosen to combine the two antennas;
the rabbit ear style combined with a bow-tie antenna to
dipole antenna can
effectively capture UHF and VHF bands. The
researchers adopted various steps in order to overcome be determined by
the difficulties imposed by the environment. A flowchart
representing the steps taken in achieving the desired
 6

using Eq.(1) in Hz
c
The wavelength of λ=
f

dipole antenna can Where λ wavelength in meter c is velocity of

electromagnetic wave (3x108 m/s) and f is center
frequency in Hz.
be determined by
using Eq.(1) To determine the
The wavelength of total length of the
dipole antenna can dipole antenna wire
be determined by we
using Eq.(1) use Eq.(2), Eq.(3)
The wavelength of dipole and bowtie antenna can
be determined by using Equation (1) [21]. and Eq.(4) [6] [7].
where: Length of half-wave
is wavelength in dipole antenna,
meter 143
c is velocity of L
electromagnetic
wave (3x10 f
8 =
m/s) (2)
f is center frequency Feeding gap of the
 7

antenna, optimization
was done to meet the
200 specifications
L The proposed antenna uses a two element bow-tie
antenna and dipole antenna. The combination is made
up of two bow-tie antenna and a simple straight line
g= dipole. This makes the antenna resonate in three
different adjoining frequency bands, which makes the
combined bandwidth of the antenna much wider,
(3) where the longest bow-tie antenna covers the lowest
band of the whole bandwidth and the shortest bow-tie
Radius of the wire, antenna covers the highest frequency band of the
bandwidth.

The antenna has two dipole antennas, one from the

1000 top which measures 26.5 inches and from the bottom
which measures 11 inches. This two dipole antenna
will act as for its UHF band. For the VHF band there
R are two-array existing bowtie dipole, one which is
having a smaller whisker size that is 9 inches that is
6.5 wide and one with a bigger whisker size that is
λ equivalent to 13 inches and 9.5 wider. The
researchers has used two-array bowtie antenna since
it increases the directionality and gain of the antenna.

= Thus, it helps it rejecting noise coming from

directions other than towards the transmitter. The
higher signal to noise ratio leads to better reception.
(4) For this antenna as design, the directions of

Equations above are maximumFigure

gain5.are two–including
Bowtie thatAntenna
Dipole Design is one coming
out of the page, and in the opposite direction. These
antennas sometimes have a reflector behind them to
used for the starting reduce that to just one direction but in this prototype
the researchers didn’t acquire one due to the lack of

point to measure resources around them.

For the following dimension is the spacing from each

the dimension of one to another. The gap from the top dipole to the
first bowtie antenna is 6.5 inches. Following is the

dipole antenna. In space from the first bowtie to the second one is 9.5
inches. Lastly, the gap from the second bowtie to the
bottom smaller dipole is 6 inches. These antenna
this research wires are placed in a 23.5 inches wood board and
attached using some screws. The wires connecting

each antenna should not touch each other since it
may cause disturbance. The balun is then connected
at the center part or in the gap between the two
bowtie antennas.
For clearer interpretation of the said antenna, a
figure below is showing the design of the proposed
antenna and the actual prototype of it with the
dimension.
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Figure 6. Bowtie – Dipole Antenna Actual Prototype
D. Results and Discussion
Table 1. Bowtie – Dipole Antenna Acquired Channel
Based from the conducted project, dipole
antenna in this research has omnidirectional radiation
pattern. This result is consistent with the theory
mentioned from the above chapters.
The Bow Tie – Dipole Antenna is a simple design
that can be found in many variations. It can be made
with wires, screws, balun and a few other common
parts. While very inexpensive to build, this design is
able to pull in stations from miles away. A dipole is a
very basic antenna design. Often, it is combined with
other elements such as reflectors to produce more
powerful antennas.
Bowtie Antenna is using Ultra High Frequency and it
turns out that not all TV channel is broadcast in the
UHF band. In fact, there are still stations that
broadcast over VHF. Since a VHF antenna was
required, the researchers resorted to adding a pair of
rabbit ears or dipole antenna as its UHF. Since the
researchers have two antenna elements, they need to
combine the signals and with the use of balun to can
combine it.
Now that the antenna is done, the researchers simply
place it outside and point it toward the broadcast
towers in my area. Most of the channels come in very
well, but the antenna is miles away from the towers
and occasionally there is some break-up in the picture
of weaker stations.
Fortunately, the antenna that is customized was able
to gather four channels available. Below shows the
frequency of the four channels acquired.

For those who would want to build a bow tie –
dipole antenna, a quick web search will find many
interesting designs. Here is a diagram and a photo
of the Bow Tie - Dipole that the researchers built.
Figure 7. Bowtie – Dipole Antenna
IV. CONCLUSION
In this project, antenna design methods were
shown on how to implement those to achieve high
directivity, impedance matching for wider
bandwidth, pattern configurability, and circular
polarization. Chapter 1 provides background
introduction of bow-tie and dipole antenna.
In chapter 2, numerous related research and
literature were mentioned to testify and justify the
leading approach of the research. To provide further
account on what the research should be and will be.
Following in the chapter 3, is the Bowtie and Dipole
antenna combination design presented. It also shows
the theoretical and conceptual framework of the
project.
From this research, researchers have successfully
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designed and investigate the performance of a dipole
antenna and bow tie antenna. After research
investigation it can be conclude that the designed
antenna is very sensitive to any changes due to the
dimensions of the structure including to the ground
plane. On the other hand, ground plane of the antenna
is used as a radiator resulting in overall size reduction
and improvement of the operating bandwidth. There
is a minimum percent of reduction in overall volume
of the proposed antenna as compared to some
existing design. Another is that without the reflector
it can cause change since it helps lessen the distortion
of signal or the disturbance.
V. RECOMMENDATION
Antennas operate as they are obtaining as
well as emitting electromagnetic waves. But apart
from frequency, directionality and gain, there are two
other important features of the antenna. Gain
describes the power of the antenna to enhance the
signal that it receives. Directionality refers to the
form of the antenna reception pattern.
For future work in these project, in view of the
experience of the actual implementation by the
researchers, the following are some of the problems
and recommendations for the potential future
development of the is that with the Bowtie-Dipole
antenna all of the channels had a strong signal and
displayed no signal breakup. Next is that the
researchers would be decreasing the size of the
antenna by reducing the spacing between the
elements. The improvement of the gain of the
antenna can be done by doing more parametric study
on the antennas itself. Third is to create multiple bays
or arrays of the bowtie antenna for more gain. Fourth
is to have a reflector (i.e. foil or wire screen) for the
antenna to prevent unwanted signals. Lastly, find
better reception outside for this kind of antenna and
don’t place it inside an area for wider range of
reception since it can detect the tower more from
miles away.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In this present world there is a race of existence in

which those are having will to come forward succeed. Project
is like a bridge between theoretical and practical working.
With this willing, we made this particular project. No one who
achieves success does so without acknowledging the help of
others and no great work was ever done without either the
active and passive support a person's surrounding. We would
like to gratefully acknowledge various people who have
journeyed with us through this project. First, we owe
enormous debt of gratitude to our parents. Through the
struggles and trials of this project they have been constant
source of strength and motivation. Secondly, we would like to
thank our instructor, Engr. Marcses Contaoe. Giving us this
opportunity to have this project, it is such a great experience.
For giving us more knowledge in our course subject, guiding
us and pursuing us to finish this project. Thirdly, thanks to our
friends who constantly serve as our source of joy. Lastly, and
most of all, we would like to thank the Almighty God, who
gave his life for us. The source of all knowledge,
understanding and wisdom. From him we owe all that we
have, what we are and what we have done in this project.
REFERENCES
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Propagation, Vol. Ap35, No. 6, June 1987
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10
[8] Tawk, Y. & Kabalan, Karim & El-Hajj, A. & Christodoulou,
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Hou, Yun-Cheng & Chow, John. (2013). Dipole antenna assembly.
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