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NRSI4140E Bioethics and medical law

Final Exam
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Open Question – 0.5 point, Total: 5 points; Closed Question – 0.25 point, Total: 10 points; True/False – 0.25
point, Total: 5 points; Definition – 1 point, total – 5 points; Essay – 5 points.
Total score – 30 point

Open Questions – 0.5 point, Total: 5 points;

1. List the four fundamental principles of Health Care Ethics.

Autonomy- Justice –Beneficence- Non-maleficence
2. Identify the three general aspects of Disclosure.
1. The elements of disclosure;
2. The standards of disclosure to maintain;
3. The consequences of a failure in disclosure (causation).
3. How do advances in Biotechnology generate ethical problems?
biotechnology generates ethical and social issues by enabling us to perform actions we have never been able
to perform before- issues concerning what we as a society should and shouldn’t allow, or should or
shouldn’t fund
4. Briefly describe the differences between Negligence and Malpractice.
‫موجود بالفيرشن الثاني‬
5. List the five sources of ethical standards.

The Utilitarian Approach

The Rights Approach

The Fairness or Justice Approach

The Common Good Approach

The Virtue Approach

6. How to Process an Ethical Dilemma?

‫السيت الثاني‬
7. Specify Ethical and Legal concerns in AIH (Artificial Insemination Husband) and AID (Artificial
Insemination Donor.
-AID raises ethical questions that are not raised by AIH as it takes place between husband and wife.
- most of the people have no moral difficulty to accept it.
- Most of the religions also don't accept the impregnation of one's wife by the sperm of a third person as it
doesn't make the child one's own
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8. What are Assisted Reproductive Technologies? ‫السيت الثاني‬

9. What does this possible differentiation of three areas of Bioethics signify for the comparative approach?
, it must be established that in many non-European contexts bioethics is barely institutionalized as a
philosophical or academic discipline
, It becomes easier , more precisely define one's own interests when searching for knowledge.
10. Why is Informed consent important in Research Ethics?
The purpose of informed consent is to promote autonomy, to protect a patient from undesired treatment.

Closed Question – 0.25 point, Total: 10 points;

11. The one that promotes the philosophical and theological study of morality, moral judgments and moral
problems is called:
A. Values B. Morals C. Ethics D. Standards of practice

12. A moral theory is -------------

A. The final authority in moral reasoning C. Similar to a mathematical axiom
B. Equivalent to a moral code D. Helpful in attempts to make sense of moral judgments and principles

13. Loyalty and faithfulness to others is known as:

A. Beneficence B. Fidelity C. Honesty D. Justice

14. Being answerable for one’s own action

A. Accountability B. Responsibility C. Non-malfeasance D. Veracity

15. A legal statement of how an individual’s property is to be distributed after death is

A. Contract B. Tort C. Will D. Judgment

16. A deliberate physical attack upon a person is called

A. Assault B. Battery C. Slander D. Contributory negligence

17. The action of an autonomous, informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment or experimentation is
known as
A. Autonomy B. Informed consent C. Confidentiality D. Competence

18. The ability to render decisions about medical interventions is known as

A. Consent B. Disclosure C. Competence D. Voluntariness

19. _________ occurs when a person either performs or fails to perform an action that a reasonable person would
or would not have committed in a similar manner.
A. Malpractice B. Negligence C. Misfeasance D. Torts

20. The withholding of relevant information from a patient when the physician believes disclosure would likely
do harm is known as
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A. Therapeutic privilege B. Enticement C. Coercion D. Waiver

21. In what health care situation is and imply of consent not sufficient?
A. At a doctor’s appointment B. At a nursing home C. In an emergency or minor surgery

22. What is the Greek word for good death?

A. Suicide B. Chemical death C. Euthanasia

23. The principle of autonomy means that:

A. How an ethical decision would affect you is the model on which a person reaches an ethical decision.
B. How your decision affects people is the driving force in how ethical decisions are made.
C. People have a right to participate in ethical decisions that affect them.
D. People have the right to make decisions about their own life.

24. One of the reasons for studying ethics, that despite the many gray areas of ethics, we are
A. Expected to know what the right action is when controlled with an ethical problem.
B. Expected to take the right action when controlled with ethical dilemma.
C. Required by law to know what the right action is when faced with ethical problem.
D. Required by law to take the right action when faced with an ethical problem

25. An unlawful threat to do bodily injury to another is

A. Litigation B. Assault C. Crime D. Libel

26. Which theory of ethics has emphasis on the person and not necessarily on the decisions or principles that are
involved?
A. Duty-based ethics B. Principle-based C. Right-based ethics D. Virtue-based ethics

27. ______________ is the major principle of medical ethics that states that physicians and other medical
professionals must act in the best interest of the patient.
A. Fidelity B. Autonomy C. Non-malfeasance D. Beneficence

28. The withdrawal of a physician from the care of a patient without reasonable notice of such discharge from the
case by the patient is
A. Contract B. Reasonable care C. Negligence D. Abandonment

29. A client’s family member says to the nurse, “The doctor said he will provide palliative care. What does that
mean?” The nurse’s best response is: Tests
A. Palliative care is given to those who have less than 6 months to live.
B. Palliative care aims to relieve or reduce the symptoms of a disease.
C. The goal of palliative care is to affect a cure of a serious illness or disease
D. Palliative care means the client and family take a more passive role and the doctor focuses on the
physiological needs of the client. The location of death will most likely occur in the hospital setting.
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30. ______ is a federal regulation that requires health care professionals to protect the privacy and
confidentiality of patient's health information.
A. OSHA B. CLIA C. CMS D. HIPAA

31. The principles of ____________ and ___________ must be balanced to be certain that any risks involved in
medical treatment or procedures are outweighed by the benefit to the patient.
A. Autonomy and privacy C. Dignity and justice
B. Justice and non-malfeasance D. Ethics and beneficence
32. Consequentialist moral theories say that what makes an action right is its…
A. Consequences B. Form C. Relationship to virtue D. Conformity with cultural norms

33. Oppression of women morally wrong, advocate equality of women

A. Fidelity B. Virtue ethics C. Beneficence D. Feminist ethics

34. Informed consent applies to:

A. Express consent C. Implied consent
B. Both express and implied consent D. Neither express nor implied consent

35. Holding or detaining a person against his will is

A. False imprisonment B. Crime C. Incompetent D. Duty of care

36. Living wills, durable power of attorney, and organ donation are all types of:
A. Advanced directives C. Authorization for treatment
B. Informed consent D. Uninformed consent

37. Which of the following arguments is often used to support the view that abortion is immoral even when it is
necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman?
A. The fetus is an innocent person, and directly killing an innocent person is murder, which is absolutely
impermissible. 
B. Our moral obligations to the unborn outweigh our obligations to adult human beings. 
C. We have no obligation to prevent a person from dying (the mother), while we do have an obligation to
refrain from directly killing an innocent person (the fetus). 
D. All of these arguments are used. 

38. The genetic duplication of a fully developed adult animal or human, such as in the case of Dolly the sheep, is
referred to as -------------------
A. Reproductive cloning C. Gene therapy
B. Reproductive therapy D. Genetic enhancement

39. The notion of patients imparting information to health professionals who promise, implicitly or explicitly,
not to disclose that information to others is known as
A. Truth-telling B. Confidentiality C. Security D. Compliance
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40. Example of reproductive cloning:

A. Blastocyst B. Somatic cell C. Multipotent D. Dolly the sheep

41. Which of the following arguments is often used to support the view that abortion is immoral even when it is
necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman?
E. The fetus is an innocent person, and directly killing an innocent person is murder, which is absolutely
impermissible. 
F. Our moral obligations to the unborn outweigh our obligations to adult human beings. 
G. We have no obligation to prevent a person from dying (the mother), while we do have an obligation to
refrain from directly killing an innocent person (the fetus). 
H. All of these arguments are used.

42. The term "standard of care" means that the professional must exercise the type of care that:
A. A reasonable person would use in a similar circumstance.
B. Is required by their professional organization
C. Is based on the standards used within the community in which they are practicing
D. Is codified in written laws, policies and procedures

43. Euthanizing someone against their will:

A. Active euthanasia C. Passive euthanasia
B. Involuntary euthanasia D. Voluntary euthanasia

44. The uniting of sperm and egg in a laboratory dish, instead of inside a woman’s body, is called
A. Ovarian stimulation  C. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) 
B. In vitro fertilization (IVF) D. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

45. In Roe v. Wade, the court decided that a woman’s right to an abortion is based on a fundamental right
to ------------
A. Personhood B. Potentiality C. Viability D. Privacy

46. A woman who gestates a fetus for others, usually for a couple or another woman, is called
A. Social parent  B. Surrogate C. A test-tube mother  D. The true mother 

47. Of the 4 Ds of negligence, __________ is the responsibility established by the physician-patient relationship.
A. Duty B. Derelict C. Direct cause D. Damages

48. The infamous experiment to study the damaging effects of untreated syphilis in 400 poor black men is
known as
A. The Nazi experiments  C. The Tuskegee study
B. The radiation experiments D. The Willowbrook study 

49. The justification for all medical research is that the benefit:
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A. Must outweigh the risks C. To advance medicine is paramount

B. To patients is worth the known risks D. Would serve a large portion of the patient population

50. A physician can delegate the process of obtaining a consent:

A. At any time, to anyone who works for them C. In emergency situations only
B. Never D. Only to a licensed professional

True / False – 0.25 point, Total: 5 points;

51. That equals should be treated equally is a basic precept of the principle of autonomy
A. True B. False

52. Duty – A limit on the amount of money that can be awarded in a medical malpractice case
A. True B. False

53. The nurse in a unit is caring for several clients. To distribute nursing care the nurse utilized the principle of
triage due to the limited availability of resources. The nurse is promoting which ethical principle? Veracity
A. True B. False

54. The principle of respect for autonomy places no restraints on what can be done to an autonomous person.
A. True B. False

55. Law is the minimum standard necessary to keep society functioning smoothly.
A. True B. False

56. Non-malfeasance is the bedrock precept of codes of conduct for health care professionals.
A. True B. False

57. Some theorists have defined informed consent as autonomous authorization

A. True B. False

58. The strongest arguments for IVF have appealed to individual autonomy or reproductive rights.
A. True B. False

59. Written codes of ethics for health care practitioners were primarily evolved to serve as moral guidelines for
those who provide care to the sick.
A. True B. False

60. A necessary condition of abortion is something which, if present, guarantees that the other thing will occur.
A. True B. False

61. Physicians do not have the right to select the patients they wish to treat, or the right to refuse service to
patients.
A. True B. False

62. A durable power of attorney allows an agent or representative to act on behalf of the patient.
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A. True B. False

63. Artificial Insemination –Assisted Reproductive Method in which sperm is collected and then Injected into a
female
A. True B. False

64. Surrogate mother – The process of medically altering reproductive organs so as to terminate the ability to
produce offspring
A. True B. False

65. Many great religious thinkers have relied on reason to understand the truths and morality
A. True B. False

66. If the patient does not receive any injury, then there is no negligence.
A. True B. False

67. Receiving a free, safe, and effective treatment is an important benefit of participating in a clinical trial
A. True B. False

68. In order for the physician-patient relationship to exist, both the physician and the patient must agree to form
a relationship for there to be a contract for services
A. True B. False

69. Confidentiality of patient information can be found in the Hippocratic Oath.

A. True B. False

70. Research participants must be told very clearly that they are participating in an experimental study
A. True B. False

Definitions – 1 point, total – 5 points;

71. Define the word “Bioethics” ‫موجود‬

72. Define the word “Truth Telling”
use of whole truth, partial truth, or decision delay to promote the patient's self-determination and well-being
73. Define the word “Dilemma” ‫موجود‬
74. Define the word “Biotechnology” (modern definition)‫موجود‬
75. Define the word “Causation”
The existence of a reasonable connection between the misfeasance, malfeasance, 
or nonfeasance of the defendant and the  injury or damage suffered by the plaintiff

Essay – 5 points

Mrs. Franklin, an 81-year-old Alzheimer's patient hospitalized under your care has been asked to participate in
a clinical trial testing a new drug designed to help improve memory. You were present when the clinical
investigator obtained a signed informed consent from Mrs. Franklin a few days ago. However, when you visit
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Mrs. Franklin today and ask her if she is ready to begin the study tomorrow, she looks at you blankly and seems
to have no idea what you are talking about.

What should you do?