Revision Second Term

First year Secondary

I-Important Definitions.
1- System: A part of the universe in which chemical or
physical changes occur or the certain part of matter which we
study

2-Surrounding: The region surrounding the system which

exchanges energy with it in the form of heat or work.

3-Conservation law of energy: Energy can be neither created

nor destroyed, but can change from one form to another.

4-First law of thermodynamics: The total energy of any

isolated systems remains constant, even if the form of the
system changed.

5-Temperature: The measurement of the average kinetic

energy of the molecules of substance, which determines if it
is hot or cold.

6-Heat: Form of energy which is transferred between two

objects of different temperatures

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7-Specific heat: The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1g of matter 1° C

8-Calorie (cal): The amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of 1g of water 1° C

9-Joule (J): The amount of heat required the raise the

temperature of 1g of water 1/4.184 ° C

10-Heat capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of an object 1° C

11-Heat content (molar enthalpy): The sum of energies stored

in one mole of matter

12-Change in heat content (Δ H): The difference between the

total heat content of products and that of reactants in a
chemical reaction.

13-Bond energy: is the energy that must be absorbed to

breakdown bonds OR the energy released by formation of
bonds of one mole of substance

14-Standard heat of solution (ΔHs): The amount of heat

released or absorbed when dissolving one mole of solute in a
certain quantity of solvent to get a saturated solution in
standard conditions.

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15-Molar heat of solution: Thermal change resulted from the
dissolution of one mole of solute in solvent forming one liter
of solution.

16-Standard heat of dilution Δ Hdil: The amount of heat

absorbed or released per every mole of solute when
decreasing the concentration of solution (in case it is in its
standard conditions.

17-Standard heat of combustion ΔHc: The amount of energy

released from the complete combustion of one mole of matter
in standard conditions.

18-Standard heat of formation Δ HF: The amount of heat

absorbed of released when forming one mole from its
elements; its elements should be in standard condition.

19-Hess's law: Heat of reaction has a constant value which

doesn't change in standard conditions, even if the reaction
took place in one or more steps

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 II-Important Laws.
1- ΔE universe = ΔE system + ΔE surrounding

2- E system = - E surrounding

3- 1 joule = 4.18 calories

4- Q = m x c x ΔT

5- Measuring unit of specific heat = J / g °C

6- ΔH = Σ H products – Σ H reactants

OR ΔH = Bond breaking – Bond formation

7-Change in heat contents are calculated in standard

conditions (STP) which are:-

- Pressure = 1 atomic pressure (1 atm.)

- Temperature = 25° C

- Concentration of solution = 1M

8- =

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