Technical College of Engineering

Department of Petrochemical
COURSE: process instrument

Name of Experiment: Thermocouple

Calibration

Submitted by: soran najeb Group: B Stage:3

Experiment No: 3
Date of experiment:

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EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

Overall Mark
OBJECTIVE:
(1) to calibrate two thermocouples,

(2) to examine some of the properties and behavior of thermocouples. You

will calibrate two thermocouples by comparing induced voltages measured
with voltmeter and temperatures measured with a thermometer.

INTRODUCTION:
When two dissimilar materials are brought into contact, a potential
develops as a result of an effect known as the “setback effect ". A
Thermocouple is a very simple temperature sensor operates based on the
setback effect, which results in the generation of a thermoelectric potential
when two dissimilar metal are joined together to a junction. The electric
potential of the material accepting electrons becomes negative at the
interface, while the potential of the material providing the electrons become
positive. Thus an electric field is established by the flow of electrons across
the interface. When this electric field becomes sufficient to balance the
diffusion forces, a state of equilibrium with respect to electron migration is
established. Since the magnitude of the diffusion force is controlled by the
temperature of the thermocouple junction, the electric potential developed at
the junction provides a measure of the temperature.

The electric potential is usually measured by introducing a special junction

in an electric circuit. The voltage across terminals M - N can be represented
approximately by an empirical equation niche markets) are digital.
APPARATUS:
Thermocouple Kit, including:
Glass thermometer
24-gage type J (red/white wire) and type T (red/blue wire)
thermocouples
Thermos
“hot hands” mitt
Voltmeter
electric hot plate
two 250 ml beakers
chemistry stand

CALCULATIONS:
Thermomete Voltage Thermometer Voltage
r Temp. (°C) voltmeter Temp. (°C) voltmeter
18 0.3 57 1.8
21 0.4 59 1.9
23 0.5 61 2
26 0.6 64 2.1
28 0.7 66 2.2
31 0.8 69 2.3
33 0.9 71 2.4

y=MX+C Y=TEMP X=VOLT C=INTERCEPT M=SLOP

DISCUSSION:
Thermocouples are a common type of temperature measurement device
that is often more practical than a thermometer for temperature
assessment. Thermocouples measure temperature in terms of voltage,
however, rather than directly on a temperature scale. In addition, the
response of a particular thermocouple depends on the exact formulation
of the metals used to construct it, meaning two thermocouples will
respond somewhat differently under identical measurement conditions.
As a result, thermocouples need to be calibrated to produce interpretable
measurement information. The calibration curve for a thermocouple is
often constructed by comparing thermocouple output to relatively precise
thermometer data. Then, when a new temperature is measured with the
thermocouple, the voltage is converted to temperature terms by plugging
the observed voltage into the regression equation and solving for
temperature. And in our experiment, we used ice water as a reference.