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Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Nanoparticle Assemblies S
Mondona Zangeneh
Roger Terrill
San Jose State University, San Jose, California, U.S.A.
Metal evaporation at normal (or other) incidence, followed Spontaneously organized 2-D
by rinsing away the nanosphere mask, thus produces well- nanoparticle assemblies
ordered 2-D arrays of triangular metal nanoprisms (or
variations thereof) (Fig. 1).[3] Nanospheres are commer- The process of 2-D NP self-assembly has been recently
cially available in a wide range of sizes, corresponding to reviewed in the context of microelectronics.[54]
a range of NP sizes that exhibit lSPR spanning the entire In many examples in this category, NPs are modified
visible, near, and mid infrared spectral regions (Fig. 2). with molecular adsorbates that, in turn, guide the NPs into
The NP shape can also be altered by evaporating through organized, closely packed assemblies. For example, Tripp
the nanosphere mask at variable angles—called angle- and Wei employ an alkane-tailed and ‘‘cup-shaped’’
resolved nanosphere lithography (AR-NSL).[48] By se- resorcinarene tetrathiol to decorate 16–170 nm Au NPs.
quentially depositing at different angles, AR-NSL can be The ligand shell and its alkane tails have a very strong
used to fabricate structures such as ‘‘nanooverlaps,’’ organizing effect leading to hexagonally packed NP arrays
‘‘nanogaps,’’ and NP chains. Van Duyne et al. have on the air–water interface that can be transferred to quartz
employed NSL–NP arrays in numerous studies focusing substrates.[55] Kanehara et al.[56] find similar results for
on NP size, dielectric environment,[3] adsorbate binding an amine-terminated disulfide surfactant. In this case, a
(sensor),[14] and surface-enhanced Raman activity.[9]
The dielectric response of NSL–NP arrays is of con-
siderable interest given the potential utility of these
structures in a sensor platform. As is generally observed,
lSPR increases with ambient dielectric;[49,50] however, in
the case of a surface (i.e., alkanethiol adsorbate)-induced
De, this red shift is larger (3 nm/CH2) than predicted for
spherical particles of comparable size. This observation
is supported (but somewhat overestimated) by discrete
dipole approximation (DDA).[51] This is a promising
property for a surface sensor because, for the most
challenging SPR sensing applications, bulk De contributes
to noise, whereas surface De reflects the binding of mo-
lecular analyte.
Nanocomposite films