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XII SCIENCE ROLL NO.q1i1~1-(l APEEJAY SCHOOL,

SAKET has completed the project titled "EFFECT

OF TEMPERATURE ON RESISTANCE AND
CONDUCTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR" under my
supervision. All the work related to the project
was done by student himself. The approach
towards the subject has been sincere and
scientific.

Mr. AtoK OJHA r

• I
, I
P.6:J~ .: PHYSICS
../. ·/
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- .

JAY SCHOOL, SAKET

 CERTIFICATE,
This is to certify that PRAKHAR GIRi, class
XII SCIENCE ROLL NO.ql<t>J.?>'L~ APEEJAY SCHOOL,
SAKET has completed the project titled "EFFECT
OF TEMPERATURE ON RESISTANCE AND
CONDUCTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR" under my
supervision. All t he work related to the project
was done bv student himself. The approach
towards the subject has been sincere and
scient ific.

P.q-.T-(<PHYSICS
/ -,

APEEJAY SCHOOL, SAKET

 ACKNO'WLED6MENT
I am grateful to Mr. ALOK OJHA sir, without
whose guidance and support this project wouldn't
have came forth. Advice and suggestions helped
me to perform my job well. I am also obliged to
Mrs. ANITA PAUL, our principal for providing the
best facilities and learning environment.
I would also like to thank our lab assistant Mr.
JAMEEL MIYANfor his help and support.
I am also grateful to my parent s who helped me
in the completion of this pr$ct.

(
 INDEX

1. AIM
2. THEORY
3. APPARATUS
4. EXPERIMENT
5. OBSERVATIONS
6. GRAPHS
7. CONCLUSION
8. PRECAUTIONS
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

r;l
91
afi
 AIM

Analysis of effect of temperature on

Conductance (G) and Resistance (R).

,
 RESISTANCE:-
The resistance (R) of a conductor i
n1easuren1ent of the opposition to the current
flowing in it.

Since~ R=p*L/A
(Where 'p' is known as 'rho' or .r esistivity)

The value of the,"resistance

., will increase as the
;

length of the, :"c onductor is made longer and the

1

resista nce will reduce when the diameter of the

cond uctor is increased. The value of resistance is
measured inohms .
CONDUCTANC£:-
Conductance defines a material's ability to
conduct electricity. Electric current can flow easily
through a material with high conductance.
Conductance is measured in Siemens(S) per
meter and is often represented using the Greek
letter o. A material such as metal has a high
conductance, while rubber has a very low
conductance. A semiconductor's conductance is
intermediate. Factors such as temperature have
a large effect on conductance. Resistivity is the
reciprocal of conductance so that a material with
high conductance has low resistivity.

THEREFORE, R=1/G or G=1/R

om.rs I.AW:-
Ohm's Law states that when a current I ampere
f\ows inside a conductor of resistance R ohms,
the voltage V volt across the wire will be the
product of the current and the resistance.
Voltage V = Current ,I x Resistance R

i ;f

R ( ResiStance ll ohmS~
-
Poteldill V l
~~-~

PH: plot for a substance which obeys ohm's

 APPARATUS
1. 5 meters of varnish insulated copper wire
with diameter 0.5mm
2. PVC (POLYMER OF VINYL CHLORIDE) pipe
about 300 mm.
3. Three 1.5V batteries and a casing to hold
the batteries
4. Proper wires for circuit set up.
5. An ohm meter
6. An ammet er that can measure current up
to 1 0 A
7. An infrared thermometer
8. Insulation tape
 PERIMENT'

PROCEDURE:
1. For this experiment, the independent variable is the
temperature of the copper wire. The dependent
variable is the resistance of the wire. This is
determined by measuring the current and resistance
of the wire. The constants (control variables) are the
room temperature, the applied voltage, the diameter
of the wire and the length of the wire.

2 . The wire of 0.5mm and length of 5 meter is wound

around t he PVC pipe. The ends of the wire are fixed to
the pipe using the insulation tape. About 3 cm of
insulation is removed from t he wire tips using the
paper knife. The resistance of the wire is measured
using t he ohm meter.
3. The 3 batteries are connected in series to produ
4.5V. The an1n1eter, battery and wire wound around
the pipe are connected as shown in figur
Connection is done using the jumper wires.

Rgure 1 - Conncc·t lon of batt<!ry

and amrncter to conducto
- t- "

4. The initial current reading shown on the ammeter is

recorded in the table below. As the current flows in the
'm agnet wire. the temperature of the wire will
increase. This temperature is measured using the
infrared therm_ometer. As the temperature increases
10 ° C, the ammeter reading is recorded, and the wire
is disconnected from the circuit and the wire
esistance is immediately measured using the ohm
meter.

5. The procedure 4 is repeated w hen the temperature

of the w ire increases every 10 ° C until the highest
temperature reached and the measurements are
recorded in the table below.
It is observed that as the temperature of the wire
increases, the resistance of the wire also
increases but the current flowing in the wire
reduces.

Wire Voltage Current Resistance

temperature ° C (Volt) (Ampere) (ohm)

25 4.5 9.82 0.458

- - -- -

35 4.5 9.43 0.477

-- - --

45 4 .5 9 .1.2 0.493
-
55 4 .5 8 .80 0.51.1.
. ,,
,,. ~

65 4.5 8.50 0.529

-, --
/
(
 C())NCLUSION
I

The hypothesis that when the temperature of a

wire increases, the resistance value of the wire
will also increase and the conductance of the
wire will reduce is proven to be true.
The temperature of the wire increases due to its
power loss, which is calculated as:-

P=l2R
(where, I= cu rrent flowing through the conductor
And R= resistance of the given conductor)
The higher the current or the higher resistance
will cause the temperature of the wire to
increase. Therefore, it is important to choose the -
correct wire sizes to minimize the unwanted loss
of energy and reduce the temperature of
conductor.
 PRECAUTIONS
1. Circuit should neat and connections should
be tight.
2 . Observations must be taken with proper
care and no errors shall be made.
3 . All apparatus must be handled with care
and no defects shall be present in devices
used in circuits.
4 . All observations/procedures must be taken
in same conditions apart from the required
changes for the anal·ysis.
w'RSSIT£ USED:-
1. www .lea rna boutelectron ics.orged. fna I.gov
2. www.studymode.com

BOOKS USED:-
1. Practical resource book of physics
2. PHYSICS book(part1)-NCERT