GF 4.0 Charisma

Seismic Interpretation
Using Charisma
Training Guide
GeoFrame 4
Dec.12, 2001
Seis_Interp_Charisma_GF4_12Dec 01
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Contents
••••••
About this Course

Course Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvi
Hardware and Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
How to Use the Training Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii

Common Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii
Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Course Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Charisma

Starting Charisma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Starting Geonet from the Root Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Starting Charisma from Geonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Starting IMain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Using IMain Menus - Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3

Some Menu Listings In IMain.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
IMain Windows - File Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
IMain Windows - Functions Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
IMain Windows - Options Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
IMain Windows - Selections Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
IMain Windows - User Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
IMain Windows - Help Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide iii

Contents Schlumberger
Chapter 2 Data Selection and Display Techniques

Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Using the Basemap Zoom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Using the Seismic Display Zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
................................................. 2-5
Selecting Inlines, Crosslines, and Timeslices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Displaying Parallel Selections (3D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
The Selection Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Creating Composite Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2D/2D Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Creating Random Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Random Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Spider Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Parallel Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Regenerate and Delete Bulk Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Borehole Selection, Display, and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

Borehole Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Log Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Borehole Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Color Definition and Manipulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

Color Manipulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Wiggle Trace Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Squash Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18

Creating Squash Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Multiframe Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Seismic Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
Planimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
iv GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Chapter 3 Mistie Analysis

Seismic Misties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Determining Misties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Mistie Calculation between 2D and 3D Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Correlate Mistie from the Seismic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
IMain Processing Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Horizon Mistie Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

Selecting 2D Surveys and Horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Extracting and Printing Mistie Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Calculating Correction Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Calculating Corrections from Average of Misties Function. . . 3-8
Calculating Corrections by Reference Function. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Calculate One Correction Line-by-Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Modify Horizons - Applying Corrections Function . . . . . . . . . 3-9
ITL (Intermediate Time Level). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Chapter 4 Horizon Creation and Manual Seismic Interpretation

Creating and Defining Horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Selecting and Activating Horizons and Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Representation Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Horizon Display from the Seismic Interpretation

Dialogue Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Basic Horizon Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

Point-to-Point Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Continuous Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Deleting Interpretation in the Seismic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Horizon Flattening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Seismic Correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Chapter 5 Automated Horizon Interpretation and Map Editing Tech-

v GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide
niques
Using Autotrack and Loop Autotrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Autotrack Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Refine Autotrack Option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Using Loop Autotrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Interpolation Inside a Non-Rectangular Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Editing Map Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

The Delete Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Restoring Deleted Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Contouring using Point-to-Point and Continuous Drawing Methods
5-9
ASAP (Automatic Seismic Area Picker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

ASAP Tracking Parameters Dialogue Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Chapter 6 Fault Interpretation

Fault Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Fault Interpretation Display Options - Seismic Window . . . . . 6-2
Defining New Fault Cut Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
IMain - Fault Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Activating a Fault Cut Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Fault Interpretation Display Options - Grid Window. . . . . . . . 6-3
Key Fault Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Using Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Using Extend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Using Insert Picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Removing Picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Using Move Pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Using Split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Displaying Fault Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Displaying Fault Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Displaying Fault Projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
vi GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Fault Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Assigning Fault Cuts from Seismic and IMain - Grid Windows 6-
14
Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18
Contact Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19

Using Compute Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Drawing Contact Points in the Seismic Window . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Assigning Contact Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Displaying Contact Points with the Tbar Symbol . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Fault Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25

Creating Fault Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
Assigning Fault Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Generating Fault Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Deleting Interpretation within the Fault Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27
Interpolate Interpretation up to the Fault Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28
Time and Color Displays on the IMain - Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Chapter 7 GeoCube and GeoViz

Starting GeoCube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Using the GeoCube Menus and Icons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
GeoViz and GeoViz Explore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

GeoViz Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Displaying Wells, Seismic Sections, Horizons, and Well Sections
7-7
Loading Volume into Geoviz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Chapter 8 2D Interpretation Using Grids

Define a Map Area for Use with 2D Regridding . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Selecting Horizons for 2D Grid Representations . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
2D Regridding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
................................................. 8-2
vii GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Chapter 9 Grid Manager, Grid Constructor, Gridding, and Grid Li-

braries
Grid Computation Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Grid Constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Survey AOI Grid Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Chapter 10 Attribute Generator including Volume Reflection Spec-

trum (VRS), Correlation Mapping, and Variance Cube
Attribute Map Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Surface Based Attributes Input Control Options . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Surface Based Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Quadrature Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Apparent Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Instantaneous Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Instantaneous Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Reflection Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Cosine of Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Response Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Response Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Response Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Derivative Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Volume Based Map Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Volume Based Attribute Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Integrated - Seismic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Integrated - Apparent Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Integrated - Instantaneous Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Integrated - Reflection Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Integrated - Cosine of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Integrated- Magnitude Seismic Amplitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16
Reflection Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
Heterogeneity - Seismic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
Heterogeneity - Instantaneous Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
viii GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Heterogeneity - Instantaneous Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17

Heterogeneity - Reflection Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18
Heterogeneity - Cosine of Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19
Minimum Value - Seismic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Minimum Value - Instantaneous Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Maximum Value - Seismic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Maximum Value - Magnetic Seismic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Maximum Value - Instantaneous Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
Maximum Value - Reflection Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
RMS - Seismic Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
Grid Based Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
Dip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22
Azimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22
Artificial Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22
Median Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22
Curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23
Edge Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24
Correlation Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-28

Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-28
Variance Cube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-31
Chapter 11 Processing Tool Box

Seismic Processing Tool Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Temporary Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Multiversions Image processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Chapter 12 MapPlot, MapEdit, CGM Preview, and Scaled Hardcopy

Plot
MapPlot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Posted Maps - Basemap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Posted Maps - Contour Set Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Posted Maps - Segment Set Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
ix GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Posted Maps - Grid Raster Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5

Grid Contour Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Color Contour Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Seismic Slice Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Scattered Point Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Making Hardcopy Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Using CGMPreview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
MapEdit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Exercises are in Volume 2
x GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

List of Procedures
••••••
Activate Cursor Tracking in IMain - Grid and IMain - Seismic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

Edit Icon Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Open Selections Menu in Basemap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Apply Annotation to Basemap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Set Increments and Use of Next/Previous Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Setting the Data Focus for Multiple Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Using the Query Tool to find boreholes with CheckShot surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Populating a User Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Setting a Preferred Log Curve using Log Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Modify a Color Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Create a Wiggle Trace Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Use Squash Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Use MultiFrame in the Seismic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Using WriteOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Exporting a 3D line as a Segy File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Load the Segy File to Charisma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Interpret Horizons in Seismic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Interpret with Continuous Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Delete an Interpretation in the Seismic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Use Loop Autotrack in the Seismic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Interpolate in the Grid Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Define a Non-Rectangular Area for Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Restore Deleted Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Draw Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Show Parent/Child Relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Delete Child Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Edit a Tracked Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Access the Fault Interpretation Display Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Display Contact Points with the Tbar Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Assign Fault Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Delete Interpretation within the Fault Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27
Display Time and Color on the IMain - Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Use Hide Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Creating a Voxel Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Trace Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-26
VRS Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-26
GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide xiii

xiv GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

About this Course
••••••
Overview
This course covers how to manage and interpret Geoscience data using Charisma
in GeoFrame. A number of functions and tools within the Charisma package,
including GeoViz (a GeoQuest application that visually displays data in three
dimensions) and Synthetics (a GeoQuest application that allows you to create and
adjust Synthetic Seismograms within the GeoFrame environment), are discussed,
along with other GeoQuest software applications such as IMain.
The course is designed for beginning and experienced Charisma users. The course
teaches how to manage and use 2D and 3D seismic data, borehole paths and
markers, well log and marker data; make seismic interpretations; and then refine the
interpretations using seismic attributes three-dimensional inclusive of fault
interpretations and fault planes with the ultimate objective of picking new drilling
locations.
GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide xv

About This Course Schlumberger
Course Objectives
This course is an introduction to Charisma applications, with an emphasis on the

main interpretation program called IMain.
After completing this course you, will be able to:

• Select, view, and interpret seismic data using various display techniques
• Generate synthetic seismograms and the subsequent matching of these
seismograms to seismic reference traces using the Synthetics program
• Analyze and correct a mistie value (a value associated with the intersection
of two seismic lines) using Mistie
• Create horizons to mark the boundaries between different rock units, then
use manual or automatic tracking methods for interpretation
• Use automated horizon interpretation and map editing techniques using
ASAP and Loop Autotrack
• Use the fault interpretation module for vertical and horizontal sections,
including time slices
• Use the three-dimensional seismic interpretation programs GeoCube and
GeoViz
• Define and create a new grid library to be used with 2D data
• Use a group of interactive functions to perform logical and arithmetic
operations between grids or on a single grid using the Grid Manager
• Generate map attributes using the Attribute Map Generator for any time
horizon to enhance the time interpretation and to recognize specific
characteristics of the reservoir or zone of interest
• Use the Processing Tool Box (PTB) consisting of specific Post-Stack
processing functions of selected modules
• Perform a series of grid manipulations and operations on 2D and 3D grids,
including gridding, multi-grid computations, filtering, and color displays
using the Grid Utility module
• Use the integrated Charisma MapPlot system to produce project-related
maps, including: Basemaps, Contour and Segment Set Maps, Colored Grid
Raster Maps, Contour Maps from grids, Color-filled Contour Maps,
Colored Seismic Slice Maps, Color-coded Scattered Point Maps, and Well
Measure Maps.
xvi GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Schlumberger About This Course
Hardware and Software Requirements
Charisma and GeoViz are compatible with IRIX 6.5.1 (SGI), Solaris 2.6 and
SunOS 5.3 operating systems. Sun platforms must be equipped with Creator 3D
Graphics and Sun OpenGL graphics libraries to run GeoViz. SGI systems must be
equipped with High Impact Graphics.
Minimum recommended hardware requirements for Sun systems:

• Ultra 2
• 512 MB physical memory
Minimum recommended hardware requirements for SGI systems:

• Octane
• 512 MB physical memory
••••••
NOTE: GeoQuest recommends a minimum 400 MB of swap space to run Charisma
applications. Large projects may require up to 800 MB of swap space to run
GeoViz efficiently.
GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide xvii

How to Use the Training Guide
This training manual contains certain conventions to make the manual easier to use.
The following sections describe the standards you will encounter throughout the
training guide.
Common Commands
The following table describes the most common commands you will encounter
throughout the exercise and training guides.
Command Generally Refers to Action Required Example
Click Buttons or objects in a Position the cursor over Click Start.

window or dialog box the button or object and
click the left mouse button
once.
Double-click Items in a window or Position the cursor over Double-click the

dialog box the item and click the left location name to
mouse button twice open the Location
rapidly. Editor.
Drag Cursor 1. Position the mouse Drag the cursor

cursor over a from 7000 to 7500
specified area of a feet.
window.
2. Press and hold the left
mouse button.
3. Drag the cursor to
another area of the
window.
Enter Text fields 1. Position the cursor Enter the item

over the text field. number.
2. Click the left mouse
button once to
activate the field.
3. Type the desired text.
Open Windows and dialog Select the appropriate Open the Print
boxes menu option or click the window.
appropriate button or
object to display the
designated window.
xviii GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Command Generally Refers to Action Required Example
Press Keys on the physical Press the designated key. Press F9.
keyboard
Select Menus and menu items 1. Position the cursor Select File > New.
in a window over the menu.
button once. A drop
list appears.
3. Move the cursor to the
desired menu item.
button once.
Select Drop lists 1. Position the cursor Select a location

over the arrow to the from the drop list.
left of the drop list
field.
button once on the
arrow to display the
drop list items.
3. Move the cursor over
the item you want to
select.
button once to select
the item.
Type Text fields 1. Position the cursor Type the path and
over the text field. file name in the
2. Click the left mouse Database field.
button once to
activate the field.
3. Type the desired text.
GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide xix

Typographic Conventions
The following table lists the special formatting that you will encounter throughout
the training and exercise guides.
Item Shown As Description Example
Important italic text Highlights important Always enter the date in

Information information within the format MM-DD-YY.
the text
Typed Entries bold text, courier font Indicates the Type 112298 in the
specific information Date field.
you must type into a
field or command
line
Buttons, menu bold text Highlights items on Click Ok.

and menu item the window or
names, buttons on the Select File > New.
keyboard keys keyboard with which
you must interact
Press Tab.
Mouse Keyboard key name(s) Indicates the Press Alt-F4.

command and/or mouse command combination of
and/or key separated by a hyphen keyboard keys or Control-click WELL-O
combinations mouse action and and WELL-K.
keyboard key you
must perform
Menus and Menu names and menu Indicates the Select

Menu Items item name(s) separated sequence of menu XSection > Create in
by an arrow (>) and menu item(s) the Prospect window.
you must select
System Bold text, Courier font Highlights system If you receive the error
Messages/ messages or text Database not
Screen Text that appears on a found, contact the
window system administrator.
Warnings Text displayed in a Highlights important WARNING You must

highlighted box information/ enter an end date that is
preceded by the word conditions that later than the start date to
Warning. could adversely correctly calculate the
affect the duration.
procedure, function,
or data
xx GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Item Shown As Description Example
Notes Italic font, preceded by Provides ••••••

the Illustrated graphic supplemental
symbol and the word information Note: Clicking List
Note Summary displays only
the item names.
Tips Italic font, preceded by Provides helpful ••••••

the Illustrated graphic suggestions. Often
symbol and the word Tip used in Exercises. Tip: If you can’t tell the
difference between
shading on or off, zoom in
to see the seismic more
clearly.
Best Practice Italic font, preceded by Provides guide to ••••••

the Illustrated graphic efficient work flow.
symbol and the words Best Practice: The base
Best Practice map looks less cluttered if
only one zone per layer is
posted.
Window and Title case text Highlights specific Click Cancel to close
Field Names window and field the Save As window.
names
Type 1236 in the Item
Number field.
GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide xxi

Course Agenda
Below is a general course outline with time for brief morning and afternoon breaks:
Day 1
Morning Charisma Overview, data reconnaissance and organization, Window

organization and description (File, Functions, Options, Selections,
User (Chapters 1 & 2)
Afternoon Data Selections and Display Techniques (Chapters 1 & 2)
Day 2
Morning Grid Libraries, 2D & 3D interaction, 3D Interpretation techniques,

Fault interpretation (Chapters 2, 5, 7 & 10)
Afternoon 3-D Automated Horizon Interpretation (AutoTrackers), Log and Well

selections and usage (Chapters: 6, 7, & 2)
Day 3
Morning Refining the interpretation using Seismic Attributes, GeoCube, and

GeoViz (Chapters 2, 3, & 8)
Afternoon 2D Interpretation, Mistie Analysis, Processing ToolBox (PTB) and

integration with 3D (Chapters 4, 9 & 12)
Day 4
Morning Grid and Attribute map generator and refining the interpretation
(Chapters 10 & 11)
Afternoon Fault and Interpretation refinement using Variance Cube, Grid

Utilities (Chapters 11 and 13)
Day 5
Morning Gridding, grid functions, and Grid Constructor (Chapters 13 &10)
Afternoon HardCopy: MapPlot, CGM Preview, Scaled HardCopy (Chapter 14)
xxii GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Chapter 1
Introduction to Charisma
••••••
Overview
This chapter explains the Charisma environment, then introduces Charisma
applications with an emphasis on IMain, the main interpretation program.
After this chapter, you will be able to:

• Start Geonet from the Root menu
• Start Charisma from the Geonet menu
• Start IMain
• Recognize and use the IMain menus
• Select and use the Information area and Cursor Tracking
• Use IMain help
Exercises
Starting Charisma
Starting IMain
Using Icons
Using Help
GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide Chapter 1 - 1

Introduction to Charisma Schlumberger
Starting Charisma
The Charisma programs are launched from the GeoFrame menu in Geonet.
After you start GeoFrame, the GeoFrame Project Manager dialog box
opens. This process may take from a few seconds to a few minutes, depending
on network speed, machine type, memory size, and other factors. On the
Login tab of the Project Manager dialog box, select a project and enter the
password for that project. Click Connect, then click Application Manager
when it becomes sensitized. From the Application Manager, select Seismic.
Use the Seismic Catalog to access the Charisma applications.
Starting Geonet from the Root Menu

If Geonet does not open automatically when you log in, it can be opened from
the GQ Root menu, which you can open by clicking MB1 anywhere on the
desktop display. The list of options in the GQ Root menu may vary, because
the menu can be customized to include site-dependent needs. The pointer to
the right of some menu items indicates that clicking on that item opens a
submenu.
Starting Charisma from Geonet

When you log in to the system, the Geonet menu may be automatically
activated. The Geonet menu gives you access to available GeoQuest
programs.
Starting IMain
The Charisma interpretation program, called IMain, can be started from the
Seismic Catalog using one of two procedures. One procedure is used when
beginning a new project, and the other procedure is used to open an existing
project.
Chapter 1 - 2 GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Schlumberger Introduction to Charisma
Using IMain Menus - Keywords
Figure 1.1 IMain windows: Seismic, Grid, and Basemap
••••••
Note: The Exit command is found in all IMain menus, and it serves the same
purpose in each. To ensure that all files and database transactions are closed
and the Restart utility is activated, each work session must be ended using
File > Exit.
Some Menu Listings In IMain.
IMain Windows - File Menu

GeoCube, Hardcopy, GeoViz, Licenses, Interpretation Model, Exit.

IMain Windows - Functions Menus

Seismic Selections, Fault Interpretation, Interpretation, Seismic
Attributes, Attribute Map Generator, Correlation Map, Processing Tool
Box, Write On, OTF Random Lines, Well System
IMain Windows - Options Menus

Autotrack, Information Area, Colortable Editor, Multiframe, Cursor
Tracking, Contour Levels, ASAP, Horizon Definition, Fault Definition
IMain Windows - Selections Menus

Surveys, Horizons, Faults, Boreholes, Multiversions, Grids,
markers, Log Types, Random Groups
IMain Windows - User Menus

Icon Bar Editor, Show Information Area, Show Help Area, Show Icon
Bar, Lock Multiframe Actions, ITC (Inter-Task Communication)
IMain Windows - Help Menus

The Help menus provide access to the help files and online tutorial system.
From the Help menu, click the topic of interest. The online tutorial opens at
the documentation related to the topic you chose. Use the scroll bar on the
right side of the window to move the text up and down in the window. The up
and down arrows along the bottom of the tutorial window advance the pages
forward and backward through the document; this can also be done using the
Previous Page and Next Page buttons.

Schlumberger Introduction to Charisma
Procedure: Activate Cursor Tracking in IMain - Grid and

IMain - Seismic
1 From the IMain - Grid window, open the Options menu. Post Options to the screen
by clicking the dotted line.
2. In Options, select Cursor Tracking. The Grid Cursor Tracking

dialog box opens.
3. From the IMain - Seismic window, open the Options menu. Post
Options to the screen by clicking the dotted line.
4. In Options, select Cursor Tracking. The Seismic Cursor Tracking

dialog box opens.
5. In the Grid Cursor Tracking dialog box, toggle Send, Receive, and
All Frames ON. (A toggle turns red to indicate that the function is
active.) Click OK.
6. In the Seismic Cursor Tracking dialog box, toggle Send ON, then
click OK.
7. Move the cursor on the seismic map in the Seismic window to view its
position in the Grid window.
Procedure: Edit Icon Bar

1 From any of the IMain windows, select User > Icon Bar Editor.
2. To change the order of icons on the default Icon Bar, select any icon
from the left-hand side of the Icon Editor dialog box. Use the Edit
arrows to move the icon up or down in the Icon Bar.
3. To add an icon to the existing icon bar, click any icon under Available
Icons and click Add Icon (under Edit).
4. To delete an icon to the exciting icon bar, click any icon under
Available Icons and click Remove (under Edit).
5. Click OK to apply your changes and close the dialog box.


Chapter 2
Data Selection and Display Techniques
••••••
Overview
After the initial assessment of the data and before interpretation can begin, the
appropriate Seismic and Basemap display parameters must be set to build
your visual workshop. A basic foundation for accessing the data must be
understood to enhance the workflow process. The Basemap window quickly
displays the distribution of available seismic, wells, and cultural data in the
project. The Seismic window also allows you to select available seismic data
and display well, marker, and log curve data. The most frequently-performed
task on an interactive system is accessing a new seismic display. Access can
be gained by a systematic progression through the data set or by a trial-and-
error process in search of a particular display that may clarify a particular
geological problem. A variety of display techniques are available for
alternative viewing and interpretation.
A 3D volume can be viewed in a number of different ways:

• Vertical sections in the in-line (shot) direction (referred to as Inlines)
• Vertical sections in the cross-line direction (referred to as Crosslines)
• Horizontal sections at a constant time level (referred to as Timeslices)
• As composite displays using combinations of any of the above
• Vertical sections comprising traces along a user-defined track (referred
to as Random Lines)
• Horizontal sections parallel to a specific horizon (referred to as
Amplitude Maps).
2D data is different in that the lines are not always evenly spaced or even
intersecting, so that selection of data sets must be more specific. 2D data can
be displayed with 3D data, provided the project has been defined as a 2D/3D
entity.

Data Selection and Display Techniques Schlumberger
Chapter Objectives
After this chapter, you will be able to:
• Use Selections menu options
• Use Basemap Display menu options
• Use Zoom function
• Select and Display Crosslines, Inlines and timeslices
• Understand and utilize the Selection Stack
• Create composite displays
• Create a composite display between non-intersecting 2D lines
• Create random lines
• Create single random lines
• Create spider lines
• Create parallel lines
• Use Optical Stacking with Random Lines
• Select and display 2D and random lines
• Create Composite and Chair displays
• Set increments in the Seismic Selections dialog box
• Move through seismic data in any direction
• Query, Select, and Display boreholes (wells)
• Display boreholes with Markers and Log Curves
• Identify well objects
• Perform data decimation for display using the Squash option
• Split the IMain windows into multiple viewing frames
• Create wiggle trace displays and set wiggle display parameters
• Use colors in displays
• Select and modify a color table
• Create a color table
• Calculate seismic attributes
• Calculate distance and area using Planimeter tool.
• Use the WriteOn tool
Exercises

Schlumberger Data Selection and Display Techniques
Seismic Selections from the Basemap/Grid/Seismic windows
Using Zoom
Creating Composite Displays
Create OTF Random Line
Create Random Line
Borehole Selection
Select Markers
Select Log Curves
Create new Color Table
Wiggle Trace Display
Calculate Seismic Attributes
Planimeter calculation.
Procedure: Open Selections Menu in Basemap
1. From the Basemap window, click Selections.
2. From the Selections menu, click the desired option.
3. After selecting an option and choosing the desired parameters, click

OK or Apply.
4. Check the Basemap to see that everything is displayed correctly.

Procedure: Apply Annotation to Basemap
1. In Basemap, open the Options menu and click Basemap Display. The
Basemap Display dialog box will open.
2. From the Basemap Display dialog box, toggle ON an option. This

will activate the option menu. If the option button is already activated,
it will be red and this step may be skipped.
3. Click Setup located to the right of the desired option. This will display
an additional dialog box. These dialog boxes can be seen in for
Basemap Annotation, Cultural Setup, and Borehole Display.
4. In the Setup dialog boxes, toggle ON the desired options. Activated

option buttons are red.
5. To activate the selected options on your Basemap, click OK or Apply.
Using the Basemap Zoom

The Basemap/ Grid window zoom is slightly different from the zoom feature
used in the Seismic window. The basemap may be made smaller or larger than
the default display. A rectangular box is used to ‘zoom in’ or make the display
larger. Mouse Button 3 (MB3) is used to ‘zoom out’ or make the display
smaller. Mouse Button 2 (MB2) is used for returning the basemap to the
default display.
Using the Seismic Display Zoom

The Zoom feature used in the Seismic window works in a slightly different
manner than the Zoom feature on the Basemap or Grid window.
There are two Zoom functions: Zoom In (z) and Zoom Out (Z). Both are
accessed from the Display menu under Functions. The Zoom In feature is a
point and drag procedure. Select the function and move the cursor into the
seismic display. The Zoom Out is a point and click feature using MB1 to
zoom out, and MB2 to zoom in.

Selecting Inlines, Crosslines, and Timeslices

The function, Select Section, can be used to select any display, but the
specific functions Select Inline (i), Select Crossline (c), and Select Timeslice
(t) have been included for convenience; however, the actual selection
procedure is the same. An Inline may be selected from an intersecting 2D line
display (2D/3D), a Crossline display, a Timeslice or a Random Line display,
or any composite of the above. A Crossline may be selected from an
intersecting 2D line, an Inline display, a Timeslice, a Random Line display, or
any composite of the above. A Timeslice may be selected from an Inline, a
Crossline, or a Random Line.
Displaying Parallel Selections (3D)

Next Section and Previous Section are very useful display tools for accessing
3D data. Next Section (l) is the next section parallel to the one presently
displayed and Previous Section (L) is the previous one.
Next/Loop Section used in conjunction with Set Increment provides you

with an easy tool to quickly scan through the data set or work through their
interpretation.
Procedure: Set Increments and Use of Next/Previous

Section
1. From the Functions menu, open the Seismic Selections submenu.
2. Click Set Increment (y).
3. The cursor changes shape to become a double-headed arrow. This

indicates that a value is required.
4. Place the pointer on the seismic display where you wish to set the
increment and click MB1. Move the pointer up or down until you see
the desired increment displayed in the Message Area and release
MB1.
5. Click Next Section (l) or Loop Section (L). The seismic display will
refresh to the next or previous section. Click MB1 to repeat the
command and access the next or previous display in the stack.

The Selection Stack

With the creation of an Inline, a Crossline, Timeslice, or composed section,
you have built up a sequence of displays. This is referred to as a sequence or
Selection Stack. The function for moving through the stack is Next Selection
and Previous Selection.
Creating Composite Displays

A composite display splices together vertical seismic sections that intersect
each other. These displays can be created directly from the Basemap, the
Grid, or the Seismic window.
Any composite line can have the direction of display reversed by using the
Flip function (x). Composite displays can also be created between 3D surveys
that overlap.
2D/2D Intersections
There is a special function available with 2D or 2D/3D datasets which enables
composite displays to be created between non-intersecting 2D lines. The
function is called 2D/2D Intersections.

Creating Random Lines
Random Lines
Charisma contains two options for generating Random lines. The quickest
way to generate a single random line is to use the OTF Random Lines
function from the Basemap or Grid window. The other method is to create a
Random Group and then generate the desired type of random line via the
Generate Random Lines dialog box.
The OTF (On The Fly) Random Lines function is a method to draw, create
and display random lines quickly and simply, without using the Generate
Random Lines dialog box. A Random Group must be created or selected
prior to generating a new random line when using the Random Lines
function. This function is included to provide you with management
capabilities, such as accessing or deleting groups of lines. When a random
group is selected (Basemap > Selections > Random Groups), all lines
already existing in that group are displayed on the Basemap and become
accessible for display. If you are not interested in using this option, just create
all lines under the same random group. Random lines can be created both
from the Basemap and the Grid. However, an already-created random group
can only be selected/deselected from the Basemap.
Random lines can be displayed on the IMain Basemap. Line definition only
lines (OTF Random lines) will be displayed as a dashed yellow-green line.
Random lines saved to hard disk will be displayed as a solid line in the color
of the survey from which they were generated.
The Optical Stacking function can be used to enhance the display on Random
Lines. The function is accessed from the IMain - Seismic window under
Functions > Display > Optical Stacking. MB1 is used to execute the
function, and MB2 to reset it.
Spider Lines
Spider Lines are composed of straight segments that extend radially from a
common pivot point, like the spokes of a wheel. You can control the number
of legs, the angle between them, and the length of the segments in order to
gain the coverage you want. Figure 2.2 illustrates the ways in which this
feature can be used.

1) 2) 3)
pivot point
pivot point
Figure 2.2 Spider Lines using varying pivot points and angles
Parallel Lines
You can define a suite of parallel straight segments (Figure 2.3) using this
function. You control the length, closeness and azimuth of the lines. Parallel
lines are displayed using Select Section (s) and Next/Previous Section to
view each segment.
second base
first base segment
segment
line 1
line 2
line 3
line 4
line 5
Figure 2.3 Illustration of Parallel Lines
Regenerate and Delete Bulk Data

There are two additional functions associated with random line generation.
These functions, Regenerate and Delete Bulk Data are only accessible from
the Basemap window. They are found under Functions.
Regenerate will recreate any random lines that have lost their seismic data.
This is useful if the data files have to be deleted for disk space reasons, as you
can keep the random line definition stored in the database and just use
Regenerate at a later time.

Delete Bulk Data is a utility for deleting the seismic data without removing
the line definition. If this option is used the random line will still be displayed
in the Random Group list, but will appear as a red/green dashed line instead
of a solid line. The line name will also appear in the Regenerate selection list.
The Delete button in the Generate Random Lines dialog box will delete the
line data and definition from the database.The Delete Random Lines function
can also be used to delete random lines from the Grid and Basemap window.

Borehole Selection, Display, and Management

Boreholes can be selected from Selections menus of either the IMain-
Basemap window or the IMain-Seismic window. The Basemap Borehole
Display dialog box, which is found under Options > Basemap Display, is
used to control annotation and display of well data in the IMain Basemap
window. The Seismic Borehole Display dialog box, which is found under
Options > Seismic Display, is used to control annotation and display of well
data in the IMain Seismic window.
Borehole Selection
Procedure: Setting the Data Focus for Multiple

Selections
1. From IMain Seismic or Basemap windows, open the Selections

menu. Click Boreholes.
2. Click the Standard Selector button.
3. Click the Data Focus icon. This will open the Data Focus Selection
dialog box.
4. Set Show to Field, and click Expand. This will list the Fields and
Wells in the project.
5. Then, set Show to Borehole. This will display all the boreholes
available in the project.
6. Use MB1 to select the borehole(s) of interest. For multiple selection,

hold MB1 down and drag the cursor down the list of wells/boreholes,
or use MB1 in combination with the <Control> key for multiple
random selections.
7. Click Apply or OK in the Data Focus Selection dialogue box.
8. Click Apply or OK in the Borehole Selection dialogue box.
Query Tool
Procedure: Using the Query Tool to find boreholes with

CheckShot surveys
1 From IMain Seismic or Basemap windows, open the Selections menu. Click
Boreholes.
2. Click the Standard Selector button.
3. Click the Query Tool icon. The Query Tool dialog box will open.
4. Click on the Set the entire project as data focus icon to set the data
focus to the entire project.
5. Select Edit Query tab. Select all from borehole selection drop-down
menu.
6. Toggle on and select Containing from the cascade menu where you
have with Attribute.
7. Click the arrow to the right of Activity to open a drop-down menu and
select Well_Check_Shot_Survey from the list.
8. Click Add Clause to place the clause into the Query Text window.
9. Save the query for later use, if desired. Click the Save Query tab.
10. Click Apply or OK.
User DataItem Collections
A User Collection is a group of data, such as boreholes, based on a user-

defined criteria. A user collection is created using the General Data
Manager, but can be populated in IMain. In the Borehole Selection window,
you can select an already defined User Collection.
The procedure below assumes that a User Collection has been created in the
General Data Manager or the Borehole Manager.
Procedure: Populating a User Collection
1. In IMain Seismic or Basemap, open the Selections menu. Click

Boreholes. The Borehole Selection dialog box will open.
2. Click the Standard Selector button

3. Click the Query Tool icon. The Query Tool dialog box will open.
4. Click on the Data focus icon and set the data focus to the entire
project.
5. Select Edit Query tab. Select all from borehole selection drop-down
menu.
6. Toggle on and select with Attribute from the cascade menu. From the
drop-down menu below the cascade menu, select Name.
7. In the white text field to the right of Name, type in the name of
boreholes of interest. Wildcard keys (for example, *a*) can be used.
Click Apply or OK.
8. Open User DataItem Collections. Select a user collection to be

populated with the boreholes selected in the previous step.
9. In User DataItem Collections, double-click to select a collection. The

Collection Editor dialog box will open.
10. Open the ITC connection (Inter-Task Communication).
11. In Borehole Selection, click the ITC Broadcast icon in the lower
right corner.
12. In Collection Editor, type a name for the collection into the white text
field to the right of Name. Click Apply or OK.
13. In User DataItem Collections, click OK.
14. In Borehole Selection, click the down arrow to add the selected
borehole(s) to the Selection list. Click Apply or OK.
Log Selection
The Log Selection dialog box can be used to set the preferred log curve when
more than one log curve of the same type exists for the borehole.
Procedure: Setting a Preferred Log Curve using Log

Selection
1. In IMain Seismic or Basemap windows, open the Selections menu.

Click Boreholes or click <CTRL + w>. The Borehole Selection
dialog box will open.
2. Highlight the desired borehole(s) and use the down arrow to add to the
Selection window.
3. Click Log Selection button to open a Log Selection window for each
highlighted and selected borehole.
4. In the Log Selection dialog box highlight the log curves (arrays) of
interest to add to the Displayed list. Click Apply or OK to activate the
selection.
Borehole Display in the Seismic Window
On the Gridmap and Basemap, the borehole trajectory is projected onto the
horizontal plane and a symbol indicates the status (oil, gas, dry, etc.). This
borehole symbol is placed at the bottom hole location together with the
borehole name. A derrick symbol marks the surface location.
Log Curve Display
The Log Types Selection dialog box lists all the log curves that have been
defined for the boreholes in the project. The curve is always displayed along
the borehole, so it may be deviated or vertical.
Markers
Markers are selected for display from the Markers (c + k) selection box. The
box will list all markers defined for the boreholes in the project.
Wellties
A Welltie is a user defined point that will connect a marker to a surface. The
position is picked in time and based on seismic information.
Borehole Functions
There is an interactive part of the well system in the Charisma
Interpretation program that enables you to work with the well data. The
functions available include: Identify, Move, Define, Properties, and
Correlate.

Color Definition and Manipulation

By default, the seismic variable density display uses a gray scale. This scale
can be customized or changed. There are two main operations that can be
performed: editing an existing color table or creating a new table from scratch.
Standard color tables
When a project is defined and generated, predefined standard color tables are
created. (These are the recognized industry standard scales for the
display/attribute type.) Each table is displayed automatically, depending on the
display type.
Selecting and displaying another Color Table
When an item is selected for display (seismic, map, etc.) the system
automatically uses the pre-selected (default) color table corresponding to that
item. You can decide to change the display using another of the pre-defined
color tables.
Selecting / Creating New Color Tables
From the options menu in the Seismic or Grid window, you can go to the
Colortable Editor to select or create a new color table. You can also import a
color table into IMain as long as it is in the XPM X-windows Pixmaps format
••••••
Note: A color can also be selected by clicking the Grab Color button and clicking
MB1 anywhere on the entire screen. The Grab Color button must be
reselected each time to pick another color.
Customizing a Color Table
The Color Definition dialog box allows you to edit an existing color table and
save the modifications. The procedure is very similar to creating a new color
table.
Procedure: Modify a Color Table
1. In the Seismic or Grid window, open the Options menu.

2. From Options, click Colortable Editor to open the Colortable

Editor dialog box.
3. Select a color table from the drop-down menu.
4. From the color palette or using the Grab Color button, select a color
to replace or insert into the active table.
5. Move the cursor inside the horizontal color scale and click MB1 to
place the color at the desired value. The selected color can also be
placed in multiple color scale values by holding MB1 down and
dragging along the horizontal color scale.
6. Click Save to save the modified color scale.
Color Manipulation
The Color Manipulation feature allows you to manipulate the selected color
table for the seismic or grid display.

Wiggle Trace Display

One of the most powerful aspects of an interactive system is the ability to
view a given seismic display in many different ways at the click of a square.
Charisma extends this ability by providing on-line processing of seismic
attributes as well as the more conventional use of color and wiggle trace
displays. The Va-Wiggle parameters can be modified from the seismic
window under Options > Va-Wiggle. A unique set of display parameters can
be defined for Inlines, Crosslines, Timeslices, 2D lines, and Random Lines.
In addition, different wiggle parameters can be defined for well data like
synthetic seismographs.
Procedure: Create a Wiggle Trace Display
1. From the Seismic window, open the Functions menu.
2. From Functions, open Display. Click Va-Wiggle Display. Use

accelerator key ‘v’ to skip this step.
3. Click the seismic section. The variable density display will now
become a wiggle trace display.
••••••
Note: When activating the Va-Wiggle Display function, avoid moving the cursor. This will also
zoom the seismic display.
4. From the Seismic window, open the Options menu.
5. From Options, click Va-Wiggle. The Va-Wiggle Parameters dialog

box will be displayed on the screen.
6. Make your selections and adjustments.
••••••
Note: The wiggle parameter adjustments can be selectively assigned to either
inlines, crosslines, time slices, 2D lines, or random lines. To see the effect of
the parameter changes, make sure that the type of seismic line displayed
matches the type of line the parameters are applied to.
7. Click OK or Apply.

8. To deactivate the wiggle trace display, activate Va-Wiggle Display

function click the seismic section with MB2.
It can be extremely useful to use wiggle trace displays in conjunction with

other attribute or seismic displays in Multiframe. This will enable you to
view the seismic section in variable density and wiggle trace mode together.

Squash Plots
Squash plots are a way of performing a data decimation (reduce number of
traces and or number of time/depth samples) to the seismic display to allow
for large regional line interpretation.
Creating Squash Plots
Procedure: Use Squash Plot
1. From the Seismic window, open the Functions menu.
2. From Functions, click Display.
3. From Display, click Squash Plot. Use accelerator key ‘q’ to skip this
step. The pointer will change to a double-headed arrow, indicating that
a value is required.
4. While holding MB1, move the pointer up and down and/or left and
right until you see the desired decimation factors displayed in the
Message Area. The new section will be displayed in the Seismic
window.
5. To reset the display, click MB2 with Squash Plot as the active
function.

Multiframe Display
The Multiframe option allows the interpreter to split the Seismic or Gridmap
window into multiple viewing frames for sections and horizons. The
maximum number of windows that can be created is nine. Each frame consists
of a title bar, a pair of scroll bars (horizontal and vertical) and a content area.
All of the IMain tools for interpreting are available for each frame. In a
Multiframe layout, one of the frames is the active or main frame.
Procedure: Use MultiFrame in the Seismic Window
1. From the Seismic window, open the Options menu.
2. Click MultiFrame.
3. From the MultiFrame dialog box, click the MultiFrame squares to

highlight the desired number of frames.
4. Select the Mode type.
5. Click the desired display type.
6. Click OK or Apply.
••••••
Note: Lock Multiframe Actions does not become active until after applying
Multiframe function.
7. To reset the Multiframe display to a single display, repeat the above

steps selecting only the upper left Multiframe square.

Seismic Attributes
Seismic attributes can be generated for any display at the click of a button.
The calculations are performed instantaneously and require no storage. The
following seismic attributes are available in IMain.
Reflection Strength
Scaled Reflection Strength
Instantaneous Phase
Response Phase
Cosine of Phase
Instantaneous Frequency
Response Frequency
Apparent Polarity

Planimeter
The Planimeter tool is used for calculating map distance and surface area.
This can be used for a quick map distance measurement. It is also beneficial
for determining reservoir area and/or the areal extent of a fault block. The
function can be found under IMain Grid > Functions > Planimeter.
Distance and area units will be based on the project’s display unit system. For
instance, if the display units are set to “feet”, the planimeter results will be in
feet [ft.] and square feet [sqr(ft.)].
WriteOn
The WriteOn tool offers more flexibility for drawing objects through the use
of custom-built shapes, text, symbols and hyperlinks which is used in
enhancing your display on the Seismic window and the Grid window.The
WriteOn function can be accessed from the Seismic or Grid window under
Functions > WriteOn.
Procedure: Using WriteOn
1. From the IMain - Seismic or IMain - Grid window, Select Functions

> WriteOn to open the WriteOn tool bar.
2. In the WriteOn tool bar, click on one of the drawing tools to select it.
3. On the last row of the tool bar are drop down menus for setting
different properties for the available tools. You can set the Line width,
color, fill, shapes, etc. Select the drop down menu where you want
changes for a property.
4. Click and drag in the window to make a drawing. If drawing a

polygon, MB2 is used to stop the drawing, and MB3 is used to undo a
segment.


Chapter 3
Mistie Analysis
••••••
Overview
Mistie analysis corrects the differences in the time of coincident reflection events
on seismic data of different lines in the same 2D survey or different 2D surveys. A
mistie is a value associated with the intersection of two seismic lines.
There are two types of misties: Static and Dynamic.
The Mistie analysis tool is used to correct static time shifts that can occur when
different static datums are used or when time shifts are produced by using different
weathering thicknesses or static velocities. The Processing Toolbox functionality
can be utilized to correct seismic time shifts and phase shift.
Dynamic mistie problems can occur by differences in stacking velocities, migration,

lateral velocity changes or frequency content. These types of misties should be
corrected outside of IMain. Such corrections are best preformed by a geophysical
processing company.
It is important to note that mistie analysis works only on 2D data. In cases where
there are misties between 2D and 3D data in a project, a portion of the 3D data must
be converted to 2D lines via SegyOut/Segy2D Load before it can be analyzed. The
diagram below represents a generalized workflow for mistie analysis.
Exercises
Correlate Mistie
Correct Mistie
Horizon Mistie Analysis
Calculating Correction Values

Mistie Analysis Schlumberger
Mistie Calculation Workflow
Determining
Mistie
3D Survey correction?
YES
Create NO
Random line
Select
2D Surveys
Export line Use Interpretation?

to Segy file NO Correlate Mistie
in seismic
YES
Load 2D-line
into Charisma
Select
horizons PTB
calculation
Extracting
and Printing
Mistie Values
Reference
Average Mistie Mistie
Calculation Calculation
Edit Mistie
Calculation
Modify
horizons

Schlumberger Mistie Analysis
Seismic Misties
Determining Misties
Seismic static misties may be comprised of either constant misties or variable

misties. Determining the type of mistie will aid the user in selecting the best method
to calculate a mistie correction. Misties can be determined from the seismic data by
using the Compose function. In cases where lines of different vintages or processing
intersect, Compose can be used to observe the line intersection. If the lines do not
intersect, 2D/2D Intersection can be used to directly compare the seismic data.
Mistie Calculation between 2D and 3D Surveys
Any seismic line can be used as a starting point of reference. However, it is

important to note that mistie analysis works only on 2D data when performing the
mistie computations and corrections.
The following procedures show how to export a 3D line to segy and load this segy
file as a 2D line. However, a detailed seismic data loading description is beyond the
scope of this course.
Procedure: Exporting a 3D line as a Segy File
1 In the Seismic Catalog, select Charisma Utilities > Seismic Data Management
>SEGY Data>SEGY Out.
2 Select the 3D survey.
3 In the SEGY Out window, select Function>Output to Diskfile>Unix Formatted file.
4 Click Set Selection Options. Toggle on Cube to export inlines or crosslines. Toggle on
Random Line to export a Random Line. Click Done.
5 If Random line is toggled on, the Selection Flags dialogue box will appear. Set Select
Lines to Yes. Click Done. If Cube is toggled on, the CubeSelect_popup window will
appear. Select desired inline or crossline cube. Click OK. For the selected cube, set the
desired line and time range. Click Apply.
6 Click Show Survey Information. Check the information and click Done.

7 Click Make Selection and highlight the random line. Click Add line to list and Done.
8 Click Output Units. Check that the units are correct and click Done.
9 Click Output Parameters. Note where the SEGY file is stored. Change the output file
file path as needed and click OK.
10 Click Start Job.
11 When Message Job run done is displayed, select File>Quit.
Procedure: Load the Segy File to Charisma
Scanning the SEGY file

1 In the Seismic Catalog window, select Charisma Utilities > Seismic Data
Management > SEGY Data>SEGY Scan.
2 Select an existing 2D survey. In this case, the line to be loaded is added to an existing
survey.
••••••
NOTE: A new 2D survey can be created in Charisma Utilities > Seismic Data
Management > Survey Manager. The line can be loaded into this new
survey.
3 Click IO Parameters.
4 In the IO Parameters window. Set the Data source to Disk-Unix.
5 Click Get Tape parm.... and select the SEGY file. Click OK.
6 Click Apply, then click Close.
7 Click Dump functions and in the Dump Commands window, click Next, click Auto
Scan, then click Close.
8 Select File>Exit.
Setting a scale for the 2D-line

Management > SEGY Data>SEGY Scale.

2 Select 2D survey.
3 Click IO Parameters. Click Alloc tape... (even if this is a disk file). Select the SEGY file
and click OK. Click Apply and Close.
4 Click Scale parameters. In Scale parameters set the following:

Scale method = Linear
Clip method = Percentage
Name = Scale1
Factor (%) = 100
Factor incr. = 10
Amp. offset = 0
Then, only change No. of traces = 300. This number can be much higher dependent
on how long the line is and how much of the line to include in the scaling process. Set
No. of panels = 1. The rest are default values.
5 Click Apply and Close.
6 Click Analyze data.
7 Click Scale Data.
8 Click Display test panel. Look at the seismic to see if the seismic acceptable.
9 In IMain Seismic window, select File>Exit, then click OK.
10 In SEGY Scale window, select File>Exit.
Loading the 2D-line

Management > SEGY Data>SEGY 2D Load.
2 In the SEGY 2D Load window, click List parameter file. Our 2D line should be listed
under Available lines.
3 Highlight the 2D line, listed under selected lines.
4 Click Line Parameters.
5 Check that the correct seismic Version is selected and that Vintage = Scale1. This
name comes from the previous scaling procedure. The name of the line can be
changed, if desired. Make sure the CDP and SP ranges are correct. The navigation is
read from the trace header of the seismic disk file.
6 Click Apply and click Close.
7 In the SEGY 2D Load window, click Reset.
8 If the line name was changed, click again List parameters file.

9 Highlight our 2D-line and click Load seismic/nav. Select the SEGY file and click OK.
The line will now be loaded. The loading is finished when the text Loading
completed appears.
10 Click File and click Exit.
Correlate Mistie from the Seismic Window
The Correlate Mistie function is used to visually adjust the mistie for individual
intersections directly on the seismic window.
IMain Processing Toolbox
After analyzing the static seismic mistie, the seismic data can be adjusted to reflect
the correct seismic tie by utilizing the Processing Toolbox.

Horizon Mistie Analysis
After correcting for seismic misties, misties may still exist. These may be caused by
utilizing generalized shifting parameters during re-processing of the entire 2D
survey. Dynamic misties may also still be present.
After completing horizon interpretation, the mistie at an event of interest can be

refined by utilizing the horizon mistie analysis capabilities within IMain. This can
further refine the mistie correction due to static mistie and correct a dynamic mistie
at the event of interest.
A typical sequence of steps used to solve mistie problems follows:

• Determine the horizon misties at line intersections.
• Extract the mistie values.
• Correlate the misties using seismic displays.
• Compute the mistie corrections.
• Verify the mistie corrections and apply.
Selecting 2D Surveys and Horizons
To begin horizon mistie analysis, it is necessary to select the survey or surveys of

interest and the horizon(s) on which to perform the mistie calculation.
Extracting and Printing Mistie Values
Extracting the horizon mistie values can be done in the Basemap window using the
Mistie Calculation dialogue box. This will show the actual value in milliseconds at
each intersection point on a line-by-line basis.

Calculating Correction Values
Misties are corrected from the Mistie Calculation dialogue box in the Basemap
window. There are four functions used for calculating the correction value(s). If you
do not see the correction value displayed at the end of the line(s), then go back to
the Basemap Display options and toggle on Print Correction. The four correction
functions follow.
Calculating Corrections from Average of Misties Function
Use this function to calculate correction values based on all of the mistie values
previously extracted. Averaged values are derived across the data set, which
minimizes the mistie at each intersection.
Calculating Corrections by Reference Function
This function is used to calculate mistie corrections for an intersecting grid of 2D

lines based on a user-selected reference line. For example, the line (random line)
loaded from the 3D survey can be used here. The reference line is assumed to have
a zero correction and the algorithm will calculate the mistie correction values for the
other lines in relation to this line. When using this function, it may be necessary to
select more than one reference line to cover the entire survey(s). If a line is not
connected to the reference line (through a series of intersections with defined mistie
values), it will not be possible to adjust its correction.
Calculate One Correction Line-by-Line
This function is used to generate a single correction value on a line-by-line basis, based
on the average mistie along the individual line. Any previously stored correction value
for that line will be updated in the database.
Calculate Using Set One Correction

Use this function to set a correction value for a selected line manually.

Modify Horizons - Applying Corrections Function
The function, Apply Corrections, allows you to modify the interpretation time for
the selected horizon(s). This is done by applying the last stored correction values to
the horizon values. The same correction values may be applied to more than one
horizon, however, only one horizon at a time may be modified.
It may be necessary to create an empty horizon before applying the corrections as

you may not want to overwrite the original horizon values.
ITL (Intermediate Time Level)
The use of the Intermediate Time Level (ITL) is to apply a floating time datum to
all seismic data associated with the 2D lines of a project. Seismic data includes
horizons, faults, grids, well trajectories, and markers. For example, ITL would be
used to correct for static problems due to acquisition methods or parameters,
migration errors or imprecision, or processing velocity errors. A secondary use
could be to correct misties.
Procedure: Use ITL
1 A profile associated with the line needs to be obtained. This profile should be an ASCII
formatted file that can be loaded into the database using Segment Load. A typical
source could be a text file output from the Mistie program in IMain or an elevation file
from the processing center.
2 An ITL Horizon needs to be created prior to loading the profile ASCII file. This is done
from Seismic Catalog>Data Manager>Surface Manager by selecting the Create
option. The Surface Set type should be set to ITL. If it is not possible to select this
option, it is because there is already an existing profile. You can either use this definition
or delete it, then create a new ITL profile.
3 Proceed to Segment Load under Input and Output from the Seismic Catalog menu.
Load the profile into the system. Select Import from the Functions menu and proceed
to input the appropriate parameters. The Input Filename is the ASCII file name. This
file should be in the lineload directory under project work directory. If it is not, the whole
path name may be utilized. Select the Dump file option to view the file in the Segment
Load - Import Parameters window. Define the format of the data and its location in the
file. The option ITL segments should be selected. This allows you to select Surface

selection where you can only select the ITL Horizon that was previously created in
step 2. After defining the file format (by either highlight and select, or by manual
definition) select Set in import window and the ITL Horizon and format definition will
be passed to the main Segment Load - Import Parameters window for execution.
The ITL Horizon is loaded. The user has the option to apply this datum shift or not. The
toggle switch is located under Options>Seismic Display in the Seismic window. If the
ITL Correction option is not selectable (gray color rather than black), then the profile
has not been loaded or is not available.
If the ITL Correction option is on, then all information associated with the project is
referred to this datum. This includes interpretation grids and profiles that can be
exported to other software modules such as MapPlot or other software systems.

Chapter 4
Horizon Creation and Manual Seismic
Interpretation
••••••
Overview
Horizons mark the boundaries between different rock units. Picking a reflector
across the seismic section is carried out using a predefined activated horizon grid.
The interpretation can be carried out manually, or by a combination of manual and
automatic tracking methods. Horizons can have a number of surfaces associated
with them.
Multiple surfaces can be associated with each horizon, which enable interpretation
of multiple picks for the same horizon at the same coordinate location. This feature
is useful with reverse faulting, overthrust zones, “wedging” events, etc., or for
interpreting inlines, crosslines and slices independently on 3D surveys. Multiple
surfaces are also useful for interpretation of 2D surveys with steeply dipping beds
(separate surfaces for unmigrated dip and strike lines). The surfaces are individually
numbered and can be selected freely during interpretation.
Additional tools are available on the Charisma system which are designed to assist
in the horizon interpretation. The horizon flattening tool allows proper analysis of
structural evolution of growth faults by repeatedly stripping away the layers above
the interpreted horizon. The Seismic Correlation function is used to define an area
of the seismic display to use as a correlation window. This window can be moved to
correlate events, such as horizons, across faults. The correlation window can be
displayed on the current selection or any other seismic display selected after the
creation of the correlation window. Model Centric Interpretation has been
introduced in GeoFrame 4.0 with the addition of Interpretation Data
Managers but will not be discussed in this basic course.
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Create and define a new horizon
• Select and activate horizons and surfaces

Horizon Creation and Manual Seismic Interpretation Schlumberger
• Use horizon display settings

• Use seismic display settings
• Manually interpret a horizon
• Utilize the Horizon Flattening function
• Correlate events/horizons using the Seismic Correlation function
Exercises
Horizon Definition
Selecting and Activating an Horizon
Interpreting using the Draw function
Horizon flattening
Creating a seismic correlation window

Schlumberger Horizon Creation and Manual Seismic Interpretation
Creating and Defining Horizons
The creation of new horizons can be performed any time during the life of the
project. They can be defined prior to starting the interpretation work or at any time
later. Horizons and their associated surfaces may be defined from Options >
Horizon Definition in the seismic window or from within the IMain - Horizon
Selector window which is launched from Selections > Horizons in the Grid or
Seismic window.
Some editing of the Horizon information is done in the Surface Manager which is
accessed from the Seismic Catalog under Charisma Utilities > GeoModel
Interpretation Management and Mapping > Surface Manager.

Selecting and Activating Horizons and Surfaces
All horizons that have been created for the project either in Selections > Horizons
or from Horizon Definition are available for selection. You will first select relevant
horizons from a list of all horizons associated with the project; then you will activate
one horizon for interpreting. The ‘active horizon’ will be displayed in the IMain -
Grid window.
Representation Locking
Representation Locking allows you to explicitly lock and unlock representations

of the active horizon. Representation Locking may be used when a horizon is
simultaneously interpreted on different 3D surveys by several users.
A horizon is not automatically locked when activated. The horizon representation

will only be locked within the current 3D survey or 2D lines/grid when any of the
interpretation tools are utilized. Representation locking can be activated as soon as
the horizon is set active rather than waiting until utilizing an interpretation tool. This
will prevent other users from locking the representations.
Procedure: Use of Representation Locking
1 Activate Horizon as described earlier.
2 From the Seismic window, open the Selections menu.
3 From Selections, click Representation Locking. The Representation Locking

dialogue box will be displayed. In a 2D/3D project the window will show the different
representations and their respective status.
4 Use any interpretation function to make some interpretation. As soon as the

interpretation is updated, the status in Representation Locking is updated to “Locked”
for this representation. No other user can interpret within this representation at this
point.

5 To unlock the representation, click Apply. This will clear the status from “Locked” to
blank. This means that the particular representation is available for editing by any other
user who shares this project.
••••••
NOTE: Update Status: In some cases not all changes in the locking status are
updated automatically while the dialogue is open. Use the Update Status
button if necessary.

Horizon Display from the Seismic Interpretation

Dialogue Box
As you interpret, you can adjust various graphical aspects of the horizons, line ties,
grid plots, and other related displays on the Seismic window. The color and style of
the active horizon can be changed. You can also project interpretation from previous
and later sections onto the current display as an interpretation guide as well as
display 2D grids on a 3D section (and vice versa) if they exist. The horizon
representation on the Seismic window can be controlled by a combination of the
style, width and background settings. If the style is set to Solid, the feature is
displayed with a solid line in a chosen color. If the style is set to As Is, the line will
be displayed in the original horizon color. If Dashed, it will be displayed as a dashed
line. The dashes are composed of the foreground color, and either the original
horizon color (if background is set to Horizon) or blank (if background is set to
None). Use this functionality to color code horizons. For example, as you activate
and interpret the active horizon it will appear in the default color, a light green. You
can change this color by activating the horizon and picking a new color from the
color palette as the foreground color.

Basic Horizon Interpretation
Once a horizon is activated, you can start to interpret it. Two functions can be used
for that purpose: Draw for manual picking and Autotrack for automatic tracking. If
you have a new horizon and intend to use Autotrack, the tracking parameters must
be set up and stored before interpreting. The IMain - Grid window is automatically
updated with your interpretation for the active surface or horizon. For 3D
interpretation only one time pick is stored for each bin location. If an inline is
interpreted followed by a crossline, the previous pick at the intersection point will
be updated on the inline. For 2D interpretation, a time pick is available for each trace
location.
Point-to-Point Drawing
You can manually interpret in one of two ways; Point-to-Point drawing or

Continuous drawing.
Procedure: Interpret Horizons in Seismic Window
1 Activate a horizon by double-clicking the horizon of interest listed in IMain - Horizon

Selector box.
2 From the Seismic window, open the Functions menu.
3 From Functions, click Interpretation.
4 Click Draw. Use accelerator key d to skip this step.
5 Click the point where you wish to begin interpretation. A dot will appear at the point. If
in Draw with Rubberband mode, a dashed black and white line will follow the cursor
movement.
The color of this dot will be the active horizon color, which by default is light green. The
user can change this if another color is desired using the Seismic Display options
under Seismic window > Options. The user can change the size of this dot by toggling
on the Single Points option under the Seismic Display > Interpretation menu.

6 Move along the horizon and click MB1 again. A green line will automatically join this
point with the previous one.
••••••
NOTE: If you need to move back to correct an already interpreted part of the
horizon, press MB2 and re-draw that section of the horizon. Do not forget
to use MB2 to terminate the connection when you come to a fault or you are
finished interpreting that section of the horizon.
Continuous Drawing
Continuous drawing is a freehand method of interpretation. As with the point-to-

point mode, moving back over previous picks will update the interpretation to the
cursor position.
Procedure: Interpret with Continuous Drawing
1 Activate a horizon by double-clicking the horizon of interest listed in IMain - Horizon

Selector box
4 From Interpretation, click Draw. Use accelerator key d to skip this step.
5 Place the pointer at the location where you wish to begin interpretation. Hold MB1
down and move along the horizon. A green line will follow the pointer indicating the
position of the interpretation. Interpretation will be drawn as long as MB1 is held down.
••••••
NOTE: Do not forget to use MB2 to terminate the connection when you come to a
fault or you are finished interpreting that section of the horizon.

Deleting Interpretation in the Seismic Window
Use the Delete function if you wish to erase incorrect interpretation. Delete
activates an eraser in the form of a rectangle that can be moved over the section,
erasing every pick that comes within its area.
••••••
NOTE: This operation is not reversible!
Procedure: Delete an Interpretation in the Seismic

Window
3 From Interpretation, click Delete. Release MB1. (Use accelerator key D to skip this
step.) The cursor will change to a rectangle.
4 Hold MB1 down and move over the area to be deleted.
5 The size of the eraser rectangle can be adjusted by holding down MB2 and dragging
to adjust the size. You should activate the eraser some distance above or below the
horizon and then move the box once it is displayed. This avoids accidental deletion. The
green active horizon picks are erased, indicating the removal of the picks from the
database. The Gridmap window is automatically updated.

Horizon Flattening
This function enables the user to flatten the currently displayed seismic section on
any active or passive horizon. It is then possible to interpret the selected horizon on
this flattened section and all picks will be restored to their correct position upon reset
of the display.
Horizon flattening (Figure 5.1) can be used to check the accuracy of stored picks,
especially in heavily faulted areas. By flattening the chosen horizon, its geological
age is effectively reduced to zero, creating a datum. The picks of horizons below the
flattened horizon are corrected to display their accurate position on the seismic
traces, so it should be easier to find correlation across these horizons. This feature
allows proper analysis of structural evolution or growth faults by stripping away the
layers above the interpreted horizon.
Figure 5.1 Horizons prior to flattening (left) and Horizons after flattening
(right).

Seismic Correlation
The Seismic Correlation function is used to define an area of the seismic display to
use as a correlation window. This window can be moved to correlate events across
faults on the current selection or any other seismic display selected after the creation
of the correlation window.


Chapter 5
Automated Horizon Interpretation and Map
Editing Techniques
••••••
Overview
This chapter introduces you to some of the automated horizon interpretation and
map editing techniques that are available within the Charisma system. The main
functions include:
• Autotrack
• Loop Autotrack
• Interpolation
• ASAP (Automatic Seismic Area Picker)
• Deleting different interpretation types
The map editing techniques include the ability to edit by interpretation type.
Interpretation types include: Seismic interpretation (manual and autotracked),
automatic interpretation (ASAP and Loop Autotrack), and interpolated
interpretation.
Exercises
Using Autotrack
Using Loop Autotrack
Using Interpolate
Editing Interpretation Maps
Using ASAP

Automated Horizon Interpretation and Map Editing Techniques Schlumberger
Using Autotrack and Loop Autotrack
The Autotrack feature allows you to quickly and accurately pick an event, as long
as the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficiently high. Tracking can be done on a variety of
wavelet features such as a minimum (trough) or maximum (peak) amplitude or
upper or lower zero-crossings. Autotrack parameters must be defined from the
AutoTrack Parameters dialogue box found under the Options menu of the
Seismic window. If these parameters have not been previously defined, the dialogue
box will be automatically displayed on the screen upon the first selection of
AutoTrack for a newly defined horizon that is active.
Autotrack Parameters
Filter Constant
Minimum and Maximum Reflection
Reflection
Max Change
Curve (FULL, UPPER, and LOWER).
Predefined settings available are:

• Maximum amplitude
• Minimum amplitude
• Upper zero
• Lower zero
• Undefined (set your own).

Schlumberger Automated Horizon Interpretation and Map Editing Techniques
Figure 6.1 AutoTrack Parameters dialogue box
Refine Autotrack Option
The autotracker works by tracking at the value determined by the Reflection

parameter, but where the pick is actually placed is determined by the combination
of the Curve, Minimum, and Maximum Reflection parameters. A peak or trough
is detected by a change in the sign of the 1st derivative. If the Refine AutoTrack
option is enabled (Options > Seismic Display > Interpretation-Setup) when the
program finds a change of sign, the refined value is calculated by interpolating a
quadratic function through the three nearest samples from where the sign-change
occurred.
Refine Interpretation places the source interpretation to the nearest peak, trough or
zero-crossing rather than at the sample itself, increasing the accuracy of the
interpretation to a sub-sample level. If the refinement option is enabled, autotracking
will take place according to the following rules.
• Curve is full, reflection is>0: refine at maximum
• Curve is full, reflection is < 0: refine at minimum

• If curve is lower or upper, take the actual value to be the one of minimum
reflection or maximum reflection that is closest to the reflection setting.
— If this value is less than -40: refine at minimum
— If it is greater than 40: refine at maximum
— If between -40 and +40: refine at nearest zero crossing
Using Loop Autotrack
Loop Autotrack allows you to run Autotrack on a selection of displays, with

predefined tie-points. You define the loop between interpreted tie-points. As the
autotracking is carried out, interpretation between these two points on the
incremental sections is displayed. You can therefore supervise the autotracking,
terminating it if the interpretation becomes unreliable. A minimum of two seed
points is needed if there are no faults. In order to jump faults correctly, the faults
must be interpreted and be displayed during the execution of Loop Autotrack.
There must be at least one seed interpretation point in each fault block.
Grid window
Left tie interpreted

on a line Right tie interpreted
on a line
3rd line
First line
in loop 2nd line
Draw first
point (EXECUTE)
Loop Autotrack
Figure 6.2 Loop Autotrack, Grid window Diagram
Procedure: Use Loop Autotrack in the Seismic Window
1 Check the parameters in the Autotrack Parameters dialogue box.

2 Interpret two crosslines, one at either end of the zone you wish to loop autotrack. Select
an inline on the edge of the area to be autotracked and look for the tie points from the
two crosslines. Set the inline increment to the desired step for the loop. Use the Set
Increment (y) function in the Seismic Selections menu.
4 From Functions, open the Interpretation submenu. Click the dotted line to post the
menu to the screen. Use Loop AutoTrack to put a single point (MB1) slightly to the left
of the left-hand tie point.
5 Click to the right of the right tie-point using MB3. The system will start tracking
between the seed points in an inline direction, by the user defined increment. You can
view the interpretation being picked as it loops through each line.
6 To terminate Loop AutoTrack, click Stop.

Interpolation
Interpolation is used to fill in time values on the horizon grid between interpreted
lines.
Procedure: Interpolate in the Grid Window
1 From the IMain - Grid window, open the Functions menu.
2 From Functions, click Edit Map.
3 From Edit Map, click Interpolate. Use accelerator key x to skip this step. The pointer
will change to a cross.
4 Drag an expanding rectangle over the area to interpolate. The interpolation will be
performed when you release MB1.
Interpolation Inside a Non-Rectangular Area
With the Interpolate function, you can only interpolate inside a square or rectangle.
It is useful to be able to define a polygon for interpolation; for example, you may
want to follow a structure, which obviously does not have the shape of a rectangle.
The functions Define Area and Interpolate Inside Area are used together to create
a polygon for interpolation of non rectangular areas.
Procedure: Define a Non-Rectangular Area for

Interpolation
1 From the Grid window, open the Functions menu.
3 From Edit Map, click Define Area. The pointer will change to a cross.
4 Use the pointer to draw a polygon around the area you want to interpolate by clicking
node points of the polygon using MB1. Click MB3 to join the ends and close the
polygon.
5 From Edit Map, click Interpolate Inside Area.

6 Starting outside of the defined area, click and drag a box to encompass the entire
defined area. Release MB1 and the interpolation will be limited to the area defined by
the polygon.

Editing Map Interpretation
You can delete interpretation on individual seismic sections or remove areas of

interpretation for a single horizon in the IMain-Grid window. Interpretation stored
in the database is flagged according to its source. The system can distinguish
between manual interpretation, contoured data, autotracked interpretation,
interpolation and unknown source. Consequently, these five types of interpretations
can be deleted individually, in combination, or all together. Interpretation from any
external source (unknown source) can also be removed. An area of interpretation
(for example, inside a boundary polygon) can be accurately defined on the IMain -
Grid for deletion, or the cursor can be used as an eraser to remove larger areas. Any
interpretation you remove can be restored using the Recall function. Interpretation
is only deleted from the database when you save your map edits. The Recall mode
can be disabled, in which case recording of new edits will take place from the point
at which you enable the Recall mode again. The Edit Map functions can be used
on any grid, which can be displayed in the Grid window.
The Delete Function
The general Delete function uses a delete eraser to delete one, all, or any
combination of interpretation types (hand drawn, autotracked, interpolated,
contoured or unknown source).
Delete All: Delete All is a special function that will delete all the interpretation
types defined above. Using this function will remove everything from inside the
rectangular map eraser. This function does not take into consideration any
interpretation types or flags.
Restoring Deleted Interpretation
If you accidentally delete interpretation, you can revert to the last interpretation edit
saved in the database. This would be the last time you clicked on Save Edits or the
point at which you enabled the Recall function.

Procedure: Restore Deleted Interpretation
1 Make sure that a horizon is set active and displayed in the IMain - Grid window.
2 From the Grid window, open the Functions menu.
3 Click Edit Map. The Edit Map submenu will open.
4 Click the dotted line at the top of the Edit Map. This will leave the menu on the screen.
Move the menu to the side so that it does not overlay the map.
5 Select Delete All from the menu. The pointer will change to a rectangle. Select the area
of the map to delete. Press MB1 on the areas to delete. By holding MB1, you can
continue deleting. Use accelerator key E to skip this step.
6 Select Recall from the menu. Use accelerator key e to skip this step.
7 Click the Grid window. The interpretation will be restored.
Contouring using Point-to-Point and Continuous Drawing

Methods
Contouring is a useful form of interpretation on the IMain - Grid, which can tie
together interpretation from separate seismic sections. This is particularly useful
when interpreting 2D seismic lines. These contours can be digitized on the Grid
Window and can be used to enhance the accuracy of control points within the
horizon. Before drawing contours on the map, you need to set the correct contour
level. Contours can be drawn using the Point-to-Point drawing method or the
Continuous drawing method.
Procedure: Draw Contours
1 From the IMain - Grid window, open the Options menu.
2 From Options, click Contour Levels.
3 Set the contour level by sliding the bar in the Contour Levels dialogue box to the right
or left. Set the Contour Interval by doing the same.
4 Click Apply. This will save the parameter settings.

The Contour Interval is used to control the color divisions for the active map color
table. It does not have to be edited to draw hand contours.

You may select the Highlight Contour option from the Contour Levels dialogue box
by selecting the toggle button to the left of the option using MB1. This option will
highlight the selected contour value in purple on the Color Bar in the lower right corner
on the IMain - Grid. This is strictly optional, but can be to good help in the contour
drawing process.
5 From the IMain Grid window, open the Functions menu.
7 From Edit Map, click Draw Contour. Use accelerator key d to skip this step. The
pointer will change to a cross.
8 Use MB1 to digitize the contour on the IMain - Grid. The contour will be the value you
have set, so take the color of that representation in the color bar.
9 To terminate the contour, click MB2. A red stop sign will appear on the screen.
You may use a faster option, Set Contour Level, to set the contour level. The
function is found in the Edit Map menu and allows you to place the cursor on the
IMain - Grid Window and point to a specific Interpretation location. The grid cell
value at that point will become the active contour level. That value will then be
displayed in the Contour Levels dialogue box. It will also be highlighted in purple
in the Map Info dialogue box and on the IMain - Grid if the option Highlight
Contour is active.

ASAP (Automatic Seismic Area Picker)
ASAP (Automatic Seismic Area Picker) is a sub-module within IMain, which

allows the user to track quickly single events within a seismic volume. The tracker
is designed to access the seismic data either from disk or pre-loaded into memory.
Depending on system resources, the user can load all or a sub-portion of the seismic
cube into memory. It is also possible to load several cubes into memory.
A few things need to be completed before tracking an event using ASAP. ASAP
allows you to use a newly created horizon with a few seed points or an existing
horizon with interpretation. It is necessary to pick seed points for the tracker to use
as input. The minimum input requirement for the tracker is one interpreted X, Y, Z
value or welltie within the volume to be tracked. These seed points can be picked
using Draw, Autotrack, or Loop Autotrack from the Seismic window. They can
be picked on the IMain - Grid window using Draw Contour or Interpolate.
Wellties can also be considered.
Each seed point will be evaluated against the constraints set by the user in the
Tracking Parameters window. Only those points meeting the constraints will be
used as input (seed points). The user can optionally “snap” all seed points to the
selected event (e.g. minimum, maximum, zero crossing) adjusting each pick within
a user-defined time range. The mask defining the seed point “type” can also be used
as a selection criteria. For example, use as input all values defined with the Draw
and Autotrack functions, but ignore those created by Interpolation. Additionally,
the user can set the update policy for each point type.
As the tracker begins to expand out from all valid seed points, each cell value will
be assigned a mask code recording the “parent-child” relationship. Once a location
has been tracked, it becomes a potential parent to all empty neighboring locations.
Several grid editing and highlighting functions are available from the IMain - Grid
window using the Functions > Edit Map menu, allowing the user to highlight the
parent/child relationship for a given location and to edit tracked locations. ASAP
parameters and execution are started from IMain - Grid > Functions > ASAP.
ASAP Tracking Parameters Dialogue Box
The ASAP Tracking Parameters dialogue box (Figure 6.3) is used to define all the
necessary input and constraint parameters required to use the ASAP tracker. The
most critical and frequently changed parameters are located in the main dialogue
box. ASAP consists of five main parameter settings: Event, Quality, Correlation,

Area, and Seeds. The Track Technique selected, has a lot of influence on how
well your grid is filled during the tracking. The Charisma Online help provides
a lot of good information on the ASAP parameters.
Figure 6.3 ASAP Tracking Parameters dialogue box
Procedure: Show Parent/Child Relationship
1 Select Show Parent/Child Relation from the ASAP menu.
2 Select a point in the grid window with MB1. All the ancestors of the chosen grid cell
selected will be highlighted.

3 Select a grid point in the grid window with MB2. All the points that have that gridpoint
as parent will be highlighted.
4 Click MB3 to undo the last selection. If several selections have been highlighted, they
will be removed one at a time by successive clicks of MB3.
Procedure: Delete Child Points
1 Select/highlight child points using the Show Parent/Child Relation function (MB2).
2 Select Delete Child Points from the ASAP menu. All the selected/highlighted child
points will be deleted.
Procedure: Edit a Tracked Event
1 From the IMain - Grid window, open the Functions menu.
2 From Functions, click Edit Map. Click the dashed line at the top of the menu. This will
display the Edit Map menu.
3 From Edit Map, click Delete. The Delete Interpretation dialogue box will be displayed.
Toggle off all interpretation types except Automatic Interpretation.
4 Move the cursor into the map area and it will take the shape of a rectangle. If you would
like to resize the rectangle, press and hold MB2. Drag the lower right corner until the
desired size is obtained and release MB2.
5 To delete the area in the rectangle, click MB1. Move the rectangle over other areas to
be deleted while holding down MB1. If something is deleted by mistake, immediately
select Recall from Edit Map. Click the map.
Now you may change the ASAP parameters and execute the program again.


Chapter 6
Fault Interpretation
••••••
Overview
The Fault Interpretation module within the main interpretation program provides
the user with a set of tools for interpreting geologic structures. These structures
include faults, salt domes, unconformities, diapirs, and other structures requiring
more than one interpretation value per X, Y location. In this chapter, all descriptions
of functionality refer to fault interpretation since this is the majority of work that is
done with this module. The term fault cut is used within the chapter and refers to
interpretation done on vertical seismic sections. The term Fault Boundary refers to
interpretation done on horizontal sections. These include time slices and attribute
maps in the IMain - Seismic window and time interpretation maps, subgrids, and
attribute maps in the IMain - Grid window.
When defining the geometry of faults, the time picks or data points are stored as
segments, as opposed to the traditional grid-based data points, which are stored with
only one value per grid cell. At minimum, a segment will contain two X, Y
coordinate pairs. Fault segments can be grouped together and assigned to a fault cut.
Functions for automatic fault cut assignment aid the user in correlating faults from
section to section. Triangulation creates a three dimensional surface, allowing the
fault cut to be gridded for contouring and mapping.
Exercises
Selecting and Activating Faults
Fault Triangulation and Gridding

Fault Interpretation Schlumberger
There are five dialogue boxes associated with the Fault Interpretation module. The
user should become familiar with each of the parameter options within these boxes.
Read this section before starting an interpretation as these parameter settings will
affect the outcome of the interpretation. Three dialogue boxes are in the Seismic
window and two are in the IMain - Grid window.
Fault Interpretation Display Options - Seismic Window
From the Fault Interpretation Display Options dialogue box, the user controls
display options for the Fault Interpretation module on the Seismic screen. In
addition, parameter controls for automatic fault cut assignment and fault cut
projections are located here.
Procedure: Access the Fault Interpretation Display

Options
1 In the Seismic window, open the Options menu.
2 From the Options menu, select Seismic Display. This will open the Seismic Display
dialogue box.
3 From the Seismic Display dialogue box, click Setup located to the right of Fault
Interpretation. This will open the Fault Interpretation Display Options (Seismic)
dialogue box.
Defining New Fault Cut Sets
New Fault cuts are defined from the Seismic window under Options > Fault
Definition, or from the IMain - Fault Selector box using the Create a new object
icon.

Schlumberger Fault Interpretation
IMain - Fault Selector
The IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box will list all fault cuts defined in the
database for your current project. Any new fault cuts you define will be added to this
list. You will use this box to activate individual fault cut sets for any of the fault
operations. The Unknown fault cut set, is used to hold all unassigned fault cuts, it is
defined by the system when the main interpretation program is initiated for the first
time within a project. To access this dialogue box, select Selections > Faults in the
Seismic window.
Deletion of Fault cut sets has to be done in the Project Surface Data Manager
which can be launched from the IMain - Fault Selector through the Launch Data
Manager icon.
Activating a Fault Cut Set
A fault cut set must be active to interpret fault cuts. The Unknown cut set is active
by default upon the first entry into the main interpretation program. Any fault
interpretation done before creating new sets will be assigned to the Unknown fault
cut set. After creating new fault cut sets the user has the option to set one set active
at a time. All fault interpretation will be assigned to the active fault cut set, unless
the Auto Assign option is engaged and certain parameters are set.
Fault Interpretation Display Options - Grid Window
The Fault Interpretation Display Options (IMain - Grid) dialogue box is used to
display the fault cut and fault boundary information on the IMain - Grid window.
The Fault Interpretation Display Options dialogue box in the Grid window is
very similar to the corresponding box in the Seismic window, with the exception of
Passive Fault Boundaries and a TBar Scale. The range scale for displaying Fault
cuts, Contacts, and Fault boundaries is in time (ms) and depth (ft., M.) instead of
distance. To use the time or depth range scale, the option Depth must be selected
under the Color column instead of Fault. Also, the TBar Scale allows the display
of heave and throw of the fault in map view.
Procedure: Open Fault Interpretation Display Options
1 In the IMain - Grid window, open the Options menu.

2 From Options, click Grid Display. The Grid Display dialogue box will open.
3 From Grid Display, select Fault Interpretation by clicking the toggle box to the left of
Fault Interpretation. This will enable the Fault Interpretation Display Options in the
Grid window.
4 Click Setup to the right of Fault Interpretation. This will open the Fault Interpretation
Display Options dialogue box.
Fault Plane Gridding
The Fault Plane gridding of a fault cut set is now performed in the Grid
Computation Manager which is available in the IMain - Grid window.
Key Fault Terms
Fault cut - a sequence of X, Y, and Z points defining a fault geometry, such as a fault
on vertical seismic sections. A fault cut contains at least two points (or segment
nodes).
Segment nodes (picks) - the knee points defining a fault cut or fault boundary
(Figure 7.1). The segment nodes are defined by the cursor position upon clicking the
left mouse button for the Draw Fault and Draw Fault Boundary functions. These
points are indicated by small squares in the color of the assigned fault cut.

Fault Cut on vertical

seismic section
Segment
nodes
Figure 7.1 Segment nodes defining a fault Cut
Fault Cut Set - is composed of a set of related (or assigned) fault cuts.
Unknown Fault Cut - is defined when you enter IMain for the first time. It is used
for all unassigned fault cuts until such time as you wish to define a Fault Cut Set
and assign Fault Cuts.
Fault Boundary - a sequence of X, Y coordinates representing the intersection of a

Fault Cut Set with a horizon.
Area polygon - an area polygon is a temporary polygon drawn on the active Grid
Display to define polygons for deleting and interpolation of grid points which fall
inside the polygon.
Triangulation - is a mathematical method of constructing a three dimensional

surface from fault cuts.
Contact points - these are the points of intersection between a Horizon and a Fault
Cut.

Procedure: Use Draw Fault
1 Select Fault Interpretation from the Functions menu on the Seismic window. Move
the pointer to the right and select the dashed line at the top of the menu. This will keep
the Fault Interpretation submenu on your screen for easy access.
2 In the IMain - Seismic window, select Selections > Faults. In the IMain - Fault
Selector dialogue box, select the Faults by highlighting them with MB1. Activate one
of the Faults by using the Activate button or by double clicking on the name of the Fault.
3 Select Draw Fault Cut from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Place the pointer on
the seismic section at the beginning of the fault and press MB1. Move the pointer down
the fault pressing MB1 whenever a small bend in the fault is encountered. Each click of
MB1 defines a segment node. A dashed line will appear as the fault is drawn. This
dashed line is an uncommitted fault cut.
4 When you have reached the last point on the fault, press MB2 rather than MB1 to
digitize the final point and commit the fault cut. The dashed line will now become a solid
line in the color assigned to the active fault cut.
5 To delete a committed segment, select Delete Fault Cut. Place the pointer on the fault
cut and press MB1. This will highlight the segment nodes with small squares. Next,
press MB1 to delete the fault plane.
••••••
NOTE: A fault cut can also be deleted by holding down MB1 and expanding a
square box around part of the fault cut. This will highlight the segment
nodes with small squares. Next, press MB2 to delete the fault cut. If there
are fault projections from adjacent seismic sections displayed and your
square box encompasses these projections, the actual fault cuts from
adjacent sections will also be deleted.
Using Undo
The Undo function is used to remove tentative fault points (Cuts, Contacts,
boundaries) not yet saved to the database. If you have selected the wrong segment
for the function or picked an incorrect point for the position of a fault node, you can
rectify the selection before executing any function. For example, when digitizing
new nodes with Draw Fault, the segments indicated by a dashed line can be
removed one point at a time each time you click Undo using MB1.

Procedure: Use Undo
1 Select Draw Fault Cut from the Functions menu on the Seismic window and move
the Fault Interpretation submenu on your screen for easy access. This step is not
necessary if the Fault Interpretation submenu is already posted on the Seismic
window.
2 Select Draw Fault Cut (Insert points, Extend, Draw Contacts, or Draw Fault
Boundary) from the Fault Interpretation submenu. After digitizing an unwanted
segment, select Undo from the Fault Interpretation submenu using MB1. The last
segment digitized will be removed. Each click of MB1 will remove an unwanted
segment.
••••••
NOTE: Undo will also de-activate a fault cut selected for Delete Fault Cut, Assign
Fault Cut, Remove Point, Split, or Compute Contacts. once MB2 has been
pressed to execute the function, Undo does not apply.
Using Extend
The Extend function allows the user to add segments to the end of existing fault cut
or fault boundaries. This function can also be used to join separated segments into
a single segment, however, it should not be used for adding segment nodes between
joined nodes of a segment. Insert Points is used for this purpose.
Procedure: Use Extend
1 Select Extend from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Click the fault cut you want to
extend with MB1. The end segment nodes will be highlighted with small squares in the
assigned color of the fault cut. Click the desired end node. The selected segment
node will become enlarged. This represents the segment node to be extended and you
will now see a solid white and black line as you move the pointer on the Seismic
window. This black and white line acts as a rubber band as you digitize the new portion
of the segment.
2 Move the pointer to the desired length of extension and press MB1. Repeat this step
for further extension. Do not forget to use Undo for unwanted fault cuts.
3 To commit this fault cut, press MB2. The dashed line will now become a solid line in the
color assigned to that fault cut.

Using Insert Picks
The Insert Picks function is used to add segment nodes by inserting nodes into
existing fault cut. New segment nodes can only be inserted between two existing
nodes. Operations with this function must begin and end at segment nodes.
Procedure: Use Insert Picks
1 Select Insert Picks from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Click the Fault cut. All
nodes will be highlighted.
2 Click the desired node. The selected segment node will become enlarged and you will
now see a dashed line as you move the pointer on the Seismic window. This line acts
as a rubber band as you digitize the new portion of the segment.
3 Digitize the points to be inserted by placing the pointer in the desired locations and
pressing MB1. The last point during the insertion must be on an existing segment
node.
4 To commit the inserted points, press MB2. The dashed line will now become a solid line
in the color assigned to the active fault cut and the added points should be visible.
Removing Picks
The Remove Pick function is used to remove segment nodes from existing fault cut
or fault boundary. only one segment node can be removed for each execution of this
function.
Procedure: Use Remove Pick
1 Select Remove pick from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Click the fault cut or
fault boundary. All nodes will be highlighted.
2 Click the desired node. The selected segment node will become enlarged. This
represents the node to be removed.
3 To remove this segment node, press MB2. The segment nodes on either side of the
highlighted node will now be joined together as one segment.

Using Move Pick
The Move Pick function is used to move segment nodes on existing fault cut or fault
boundaries. only one segment node can be moved for each execution of this
function.
Procedure: Use Move Pick
1 Select Move Pick from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Click the fault cut or fault
boundary. All nodes will be highlighted.
2 Place the pointer on the desired node and press MB1 again. The selected segment
node will become enlarged and you will see a dashed line as you move the pointer on
the Seismic window. This line acts as a rubber band as you select the new location for
the segment node.
3 To commit the new segment node, press MB2. The dashed line will become a solid line
in the color assigned to the active fault cut. The new shape of the fault cut or fault
boundary should be visible.
Using Split
The Split function is used to remove segments from existing fault cuts or fault
boundaries. This enables the user to break apart a fault cut or fault boundary into
two or more distinct segments. The selected fault cut must contain a minimum of
four segment nodes to be split.
Procedure: Use Split
1 Select Split from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Place the pointer anywhere on
the fault cut or fault boundary and press MB1. The first click of MB1 will highlight all
nodes.
2 Click the segment to be deleted with MB1. The two segment nodes on either side of
the selected segment will become enlarged.
3 To delete the segment and split the fault cut or fault boundary, press MB2. Extend may
be used to reconnect the fault or fault boundary, if necessary.

Displaying Fault Cuts
The IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box under Selections > Faults on the Seismic
window is used to select fault cuts for display and to turn on or turn off projections
and Triangulations.
Displaying Fault Intersections
The Fault Interpretation Display Options (Seismic) dialogue box under Options
> Seismic Display > Fault Interpretation > Setup. on the Seismic window is used
to turn on or turn off fault cut intersections (cross postings) and fault boundary
intersections (cross-postings). It is also used for annotating these intersections.
Procedure: Display Fault Intersections
1 Select Seismic Display. Select Setup. to the right of Fault Interpretation.
2 Place the pointer on the square box to the left of Fault Cut Cross Posting, Fault
Boundary Cross Posting, and/or Annotate Cross Postings and press MB1. These
boxes should turn red when on and gray when off.
3 Select the desired symbol for the fault cut and fault boundary cross postings by placing
the pointer on the rectangular box to the far right located under Symbol and press
MB1. There will be three options, Square, Cross, or Circle. Slide the pointer up or
down to make the selection. If the default symbol is the desired one, then this step may
be omitted.
4 Click Apply. To deselect or turn off this information repeat the second step, however,
the box should turn back to gray upon pressing MB1.
Displaying Fault Projections
The IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box under Selections > Faults on the Seismic
window is used to turn on or off fault projections. The Fault Interpretation Display
Options dialogue box under Options > Seismic Display > Fault Interpretation >
Setup is used for setting the search distance for displaying projections.
Procedure: Display Fault Projections
1 Select Selections > Faults.

1 In the IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box, highlight the faults you want to project
on the seismic sections.
1 To display or turn on projections, click the Toggle Projection icon so that on is
displayed in the Proj column next to the selected Fault Cuts Color column.
2 Choose the type of projections to display from the Fault Interpretation Display
Options dialogue box under Options > Seismic Display > Fault Interpretation >
Setup. Active Projections is the default.
3 Check the Projection/Assignment Range to make sure it has a large enough value
to see the adjacent sections. If the value is too small, make it larger by placing the
pointer on the slide bar and moving it to the right while pressing MB1. Also check the
Projection Count and increase the value if it is too small. If an exact value for
Projection/Assignment range is wanted, place the cursor to the left or to the right of the
slide bar. By clicking MB1, the slide bar will move one unit per click.
4 Click Apply.
Procedure: Display Fault Projections Using Color and

Distance
Fault Cuts may also be projected using a distance color scale instead of the
conventional dashed lines in the color of the fault cut. The distance option will
display the fault cut projections in different colors as a function of distance from the
active section. The user has control of the total distance and the colors used for the
display.
1 Open the Fault Interpretation Display Options dialogue box under Options >
Seismic Display > Fault Interpretation > Setup
2 In the dialogue box, change the Color option of the Fault Cuts from Fault to Distance.
3 Set the Projection/Assignment Range in meters/feet, and the Projection Count by

pointing and dragging the slider bars using MB1. These options should be set to ensure
an adequate display of projections. Also check to see if the toggle button in the IMain
- Fault Selector dialogue box under Selections > Faults is set to the on position in
the Proj column.
4 Choose Manual or By Scale from the Range Def button. If you choose Manual, set
the minimum and maximum color scale by clicking and typing values in the Min/Max
text fields. If you choose By Scale, set the extremes of the scale using the slider bar
underneath.
5 If you want to see parts of the projections outside the set range, toggle on the Display
Out Of Range Segments option. The part of the segment out of range will appear in
white.

6 To change the color scale, click the drop down menu to the right of Pick Color with
MB1.
7 Click a color in the master palette. Then, place the pointer on the projection distance
color scale at the position you want the new color. Press MB1 and drag the pointer
along the scale to fill in blocks of color.
8 Click Apply.
.
Red
Yellow Blue Green Black
Min Max
-50 50
Figure 7.2 If the Min/Max values are set to -50 and 50 and the interval
between lines is 25 meters, the seismic display should look like
Figure 7.3 with the Distance option applied.
Yellow Blue Red GreenBlack White Yellow Blue Red Green
Line No. 100 101102 103 104 Line No. 100 101102 103 104
Line 102 is the active section Line 103 is the active section
Figure 7.3 Active Section examples
Line 102 is the active section on the Seismic window with the color scale applied as
shown in Figure 7.3. A single color value will be given to each projection because
of the number of colors available on the color scale and the distance values selected
(Figure 7.2). A Min value of -50 will display the two projections, yellow and blue,

to the left of the active section since that is the direction of decreasing X, Y values;
a Max value of 50 will display the two projections, green and black to the right of
the active section since that is the direction of increasing X, Y values (Figure 7.3).
The active seismic section will always be placed at zero with respect to the
Min/Max values. If you advance one line to the right in the example above, Line
103 will be placed in the center of the color scale and line 100 will not be seen,
unless the option Display Out of Range Segments is active. If active, then Line 100
will be displayed in white since it is farther than 50 meters from active section.

Fault Assignment
Introduction
Interpreted Fault cuts can be assigned automatically, either segment-by-segment or

in groups of projected segments. You may automatically assign fault cuts in areas of
high confidence. Where the faults are less certain, switch off the Auto Assign option
and assign individual fault cuts manually or in small groups while moving through
the seismic cube.
Assigning Fault Cuts from Seismic and IMain - Grid Windows
Manual assignment uses Assign Fault Cut from the Fault Interpretation submenu
in the IMain - Seismic window. If fault projections are visible on the seismic section
and are selected (highlighted) with the fault to be assigned, the projections will be
assigned simultaneously to the active fault plane.
Procedure: Assign Fault Cuts from the Seismic Window
1 Select Fault Interpretation from the Functions menu on the Seismic window and
move the pointer to the right and select the dashed line at the top of the menu. This will
keep the Fault Interpretation submenu on your screen for easy access. This step is
not necessary if the Fault Interpretation submenu is already posted on the Seismic
window.
2 Select Faults from the Selections menu on the IMain -Seismic window to open the
IMain - Fault Selector box. In the Displayed section of the box, highlight the desired
Fault Cut Set name with MB1. Then activate the fault cut set by clicking the Activate
button.
3 Select Assign fault cut from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Place the pointer on
the segment to be assigned and press MB1. The segment nodes will be highlighted
with small squares in the assigned color of the original fault cut. This represents the
fault to be assigned. Another way of selecting the faults cut(s) for assignment is to draw
a box around the fault cut and its projections.
4 Press MB2 and the fault color should change to the color of the active fault cut set. This
fault is now assigned to the active fault cut set.

Procedure: Assign Multiple Fault Cuts from the Seismic

Window
These steps involve an assignment of faults cuts on several sections that geologically
belong to one Fault Cut Set. Therefore, the term multiple fault cut assignments
does not mean assignment into several sets at one time, but rather several fault cuts
into one Fault Cut Set.
1 Open the IMain - Fault Selector box. In the Displayed section of the box, highlight the
desired Fault Cut Set name with MB1. Then activate the fault cut set by clicking the
Activate button. This will enable fault cut assignments to that fault cut set.
2 Using the Toggle Projection icon, set the Proj toggle switch in the IMain - Fault
Selector dialogue box to on to post the projections of the fault cut to be assigned. Also,
check to see if the Proj toggle switch is turned on for the destination fault cut set as well.
3 Select Fault Interpretation from the Functions menu on the Seismic window. Move
the Fault Interpretation submenu on your screen for easy access. This step is not
necessary if the Fault Interpretation submenu is already posted in the Seismic
window.
4 Select Assign Fault Cut from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Press MB1 and use
the pointer to draw a box around the fault cut to be assigned and its projections. The
segment nodes will be highlighted with small squares in the assigned color of the
original fault cut. This represents the faults to be assigned.
fault and its displayed projections are now assigned to the active set.
Automatic Assignment of Fault Planes
Automatic assignment will attempt to perform automatic fault plane assignment

upon saving a fault cut. It is required that the Unknown fault cut set is active when
using this option.

Fault A Fault B
Segments interpreted
on the current line
Projections from the

segments interpreted
on lines 100 and 105
Figure 7.4 Automatic assignment
The Automatic assignment feature will analyze the geometry of the fault cuts
within the Projection/Assignment Range to find the best fault assignment. If a
reasonable correlation cannot be found the segment will be assigned to the Unknown
fault cut set. The example in Figure 7.4 illustrates how automatic assignment is used.
In this figure, the faults were interpreted in lines 100 and 105 and manually assigned
to the planes Fault A and Fault B. After line 110 was selected, the Auto assign
feature was turned on and the Unknown fault cut set was activated. When each one
of the two segments were drawn and stored, the system automatically assigns them
to the fault cut sets Fault A and Fault B even if the Unknown fault cut set was active.
This feature relieves the interpreter from having to switch back and forth between
active fault cut sets. The automatic assignment is performed based on the analysis
of the geometry of the fault cuts located within the distance defined by the
Projection/Assignment Range.
Procedure: Assign Multiple Fault Cuts from the IMain -

Grid Window
These steps involve an assignment of faults cuts on several sections that geologically
belong to one Fault Cut Set. Therefore, the term multiple fault cut assignments
does not mean assignment into several sets at one time, but rather several fault cuts
into one Fault Cut Set
1 Select Grid Display. Select Setup to the right of Fault Interpretation. Toggle on Fault
Cuts and Annotate Fault Cuts.

2 Click Apply. The faults should now be displayed in the IMain - Grid window.
3 Open the IMain - Fault Selector box. In the Displayed section of the box, highlight the
desired Fault Cut Set name with MB1. Then activate the fault cut set by clicking the
Activate button. This will enable fault cut assignments to that fault cut set.
4 From the IMain - Grid > Functions menu, post the Fault Interpretation submenu.
5 From Fault Interpretation, select Assign Fault Cut. Use the pointer to draw a box
crossing the faults to be assigned. The segment nodes will be highlighted with small
squares in the assigned color of the original fault cut. This represents the faults to be
assigned.
fault cut is now assigned to the active fault cut set.

Triangulation
Triangulation establishes fault locations between interpreted fault cuts.

Triangulated segments can be displayed on the seismic sections in the interval
between sections with segment interpretation to help fault correlation. Interpreted
fault cuts may be triangulated at any time.
Triangulation is a mathematical method of constructing a three-dimensional surface

from fault cut segments. The segments of a plane can be triangulated to the X/Y,
X/Z, Y/Z, or a least squares (LSQ) plane.
• X/Y- Plane for low angle faults
• X/Z-Plane for high angle faults with a major orientation nearly East-West
• Y/Z-Plane for high angle faults with a major orientation nearly north-South
• LSQ-Plane, which is a least squares fit through the point set
The Fault Edit dialogue box accessed from the IMain - Fault Selector dialogue
box is used for triangulating fault cuts in the IMain - Seismic window.

Contact Points
The Contact points are the points of intersection between a horizon and a fault cut
segment.
Using Compute Contacts
Contact points displayed

with Circle symbol
Horizon
Fault cut
Figure 7.5 Contact points on seismic section
Procedure: Compute Contact Points from the IMain -

Seismic Window
1 The Fault Cuts have to be displayed in the seismic section for the contact points to be
computed. Select them for display from the IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box.
2 From the Seismic>Options menu, select Seismic Display. Select Setup to the right
of Fault Interpretation. Check the Contact Closeness to make sure it has a large
enough value to see the adjacent sections. If the value is too small, make it larger by
placing the pointer on the slide bar and moving it to the right while pressing MB1. Click
Apply.
3 Choose a contact point display style from the Symbol column to the right of Contacts.
You may choose either Circle, Square, Cross or Line. Click Apply. This will set the
display style for the Seismic window only.

4 From the Seismic>Functions menu, post the Fault Interpretation submenu.
5 From Fault Interpretation, select Compute Contacts. Press MB1 and use the pointer
to draw a box crossing the fault cuts (and its projections) to be calculated. The segment
nodes will be highlighted with small squares in the assigned color of the fault plane. To
calculate contact points for one fault only, click the fault cut. This will highlight only one
fault for calculation.
6 Press MB2 and the contact points should appear in the selected style on the IMain -
Grid as well as the IMain - Seismic window. If the circles do not appear, increase the
Contact closeness and repeat the last two steps.
Procedure: Compute Contact Points from the IMain -

Grid Window
1 The Fault Cuts have to be displayed in the grid window for the contact points to be
computed. Select them for display from the IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box
accessible form the IMain - Seismic window under Selections > Faults.
2 From the IMain - Seismic >Options menu, select Seismic Display.
3 Select Setup to the right of Fault Interpretation.
4 Make sure the Fault Cuts radio button is toggled on (red color) in the Fault
Interpretation Display Options dialogue box. If it is off, the computed contact points
will not be seen on the seismic window.
5 In the Fault Interpretation Display Options dialogue box, check the Contact
Closeness to make sure it has a large enough value to see the adjacent sections. If
the value is too small, make it larger by placing the pointer on the slide bar and moving
it to the right while pressing MB1. Place the pointer on Apply and press MB1.
You may choose either Circle, Square, Cross or Line. Click Apply. This will set the
display style for the Seismic window only.

Fault gap
Contact
points displayed
with circle
symbol
fault cuts from seismic

sections in map view
Figure 7.6 Contact points on the IMain - Grid

7 If the fault cuts are not displayed on the IMain - Grid window, Select Grid Display from
the IMain - Grid > Options menu. From the Grid Display dialogue box, select Setup
to the right of Fault Interpretation. Turn on the toggle switches for Fault Cuts,
Contacts, and Fault Boundaries, as well as Annotate Fault Cuts and Annotate
Fault Boundaries by placing the pointer on the square boxes to the left of the option
and pressing MB1. Click Apply. The fault cuts should now be displayed on the IMain -
Grid window.
You may choose either Circle, Tbar or Line. Click Apply. This will set the display style
for the IMain - Grid only.
9 From the IMain - Grid > Functions menu, post the Fault Interpretation menu.
10 From Fault Interpretation, select Compute Contacts. Use the pointer to draw a box
crossing the faults to be calculated. The segment nodes will be highlighted with small
squares in the assigned color of the fault plane. To calculate contact points for one fault
only, place the pointer on the fault cut and press MB1. This will highlight only one fault
for calculation.
11 Press MB2 and the contact points should appear in the selected style on the IMain -
Grid as well as the IMain - Seismic window. If the circles do not appear, increase the
Contact closeness and repeat the last two steps.
••••••
NOTE: If Compute Contacts is repeated on the same fault cut(s), the old contact points
are not removed, leading to an overlay of several points. Old contact points
should be removed manually with Delete Contacts.

Drawing Contact Points in the Seismic Window
Contact points can be manually drawn on the active seismic section using Draw
Contacts. The user has control of the placement of fault intersection points. You
may also need to draw fault contacts by hand if automatic computation fails for
some part of the horizon. Since contact points are associated with a particular
horizon, it is necessary to activate the correct horizon before using Draw Contacts.
This option is only available on the Seismic window.
Procedure: Draw Contact Points on the Seismic Window
1 Check the IMain - Grid or the IMain - Seismic window to see if the correct horizon is
active. The name of the active horizon can be seen in the information area in both
windows. In addition, it can be seen at the top border of the IMain - Grid unless another
surface is displayed.
2 From the Seismic>Functions menu, post the Fault Interpretation submenu.
3 Select Draw Contacts from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Click the intersection
of the fault cut and the active horizon.
4 Move the pointer down the fault (you will see an elastic band as you move the pointer)
to the next intersection point and press MB2. The contact points should appear in the
selected style on the Seismic window.
••••••
NOTE: If Draw Contacts is repeated on the same fault cut(s), the old contact points
are not removed, leading to an overlay of several points. Old contact points
should be removed manually with Delete Contacts.
Assigning Contact Points
Like fault cuts, contact points can be assigned and reassigned to the active fault cut set.
This can be done from the Seismic or the Grid window.
Procedure: Assign Contact Points
1 If the correct fault cut set is not active, open IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box from
the IMain - Seismic > Selections > Fault menu. Highlight the desired fault cut set and
press the Activate button.
2 Post the Fault Interpretation submenu from the Functions menu in the window you
want to work (IMain - Seismic or IMain - Grid).

3 From Fault Interpretation, select Assign Contacts. Use the pointer to draw a box
crossing the contacts to be assigned. The nodes will be highlighted in the assigned
color of the original fault cut set. This represents the contacts to be assigned.
4 Press MB2 and the contact points should change to the color of the active fault cut set.
Displaying Contact Points with the Tbar Symbol
On the IMain - Grid window, the contact points can be displayed with the Tbar symbol.
This symbol allows the user to see the heave (horizontal displacement) and the
direction of throw (vertical displacement) on the fault. Using the Tbar symbol, the
amount of horizontal displacement can be seen by the line displayed across the fault
gap and the arrow identifies the direction of throw on the fault; therefore, it is necessary
to have two contact points on each fault cut.

Procedure: Display Contact Points with the Tbar Symbol
1 From the IMain - Grid > Options menu, select Grid Display.
2 Select Setup to the right of Fault Interpretation. Click the Symbol menu box to the far
right of Contacts.
3 Click Tbar.
4 Click Apply. This will set the display style for the IMain - Grid only.
If the Tbar symbol is selected and there is only one contact point or the fault is almost
vertical, the IMain - Grid will display a star rather than a Tbar.
North
East
Contact points displayed

with Tbar symbol
Fault gap
Single contact
points with Tbar
✱
symbol
✱
✱
✱
✱
✱
Figure 7.7 Contact points on grid displayed with Tbar symbol and Star
display

Fault Boundaries
Creating Fault Boundaries
Fault boundaries are used to define the limits of a surface, such as the intersection
points of the up and downthrown sides of a fault and a horizon surface. Fault
boundaries are assigned to faults/horizons.
Procedure: Digitize Fault Boundaries
To begin digitizing fault boundaries, select the appropriate time slice or attribute map,
check the active horizon, and the active fault cut set, and follow the steps below.
1 Select Fault Interpretation from the Functions menu on the window you want to work
from and move the pointer to the right and select the dashed line at the top of the menu.
This will keep the Fault Interpretation submenu on your screen for easy access.
2 Select Seismic Display. Select Setup to the right of Fault Interpretation. Check the
toggle buttons for Fault Boundaries, Fault Boundary Intersections, and Annotate
Fault Boundaries. These options will probably be toggled to the on position, since this
is the default setting. If they are not active, place the pointer on the square boxes to the
left of the option and press MB1. Place the pointer on Apply and press MB1.
3 Select Draw Fault Boundary from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Place the
pointer on the horizon (on the IMain - Grid), time slice (IMain - Seismic) or attribute
map (IMain - Grid or Seismic window) at the beginning of the position for the fault
boundary and press MB1. As you move the pointer, a dashed black and white line will
follow the cursor movement. This black and white line acts as a rubber band. Move the
pointer to the next position or knee point of the fault boundary and press MB1. Each
click of MB1 defines a segment node.
4 If an unwanted segment is digitized, select Undo from the Fault Interpretation

submenu. The last segment digitized will be removed. The previous segment may be
removed by again selecting Undo and so on until all unwanted and uncommitted fault
boundaries have been removed.
5 To commit the fault boundary, you may press MB2 or MB3 depending on how you wish
to terminate the fault boundary. If the fault boundary is a closed polygon, then digitize
the last point by pressing MB3. The fault boundary will be closed automatically. The
dashed line will now become a solid line in the color of the active fault plane. If the fault
boundary is not a closed polygon, then use MB2 to digitize the last point and commit
the fault boundary.

6 To delete a committed fault boundary, select Delete Fault Boundary from the Fault
Interpretation submenu. Place the pointer on the fault boundary or draw a box
crossing unwanted segments and press MB1. This will highlight the segment nodes
with small squares. Press MB2 to delete the fault boundaries)
••••••
NOTE: The editing functions Undo, Insert Picks, Remove Pick, Move Pick,
Extend, and Split may also be used with fault boundaries. These functions
work in the same manner with Draw Fault Boundary as they do with Draw
Fault Cut.
Assigning Fault Boundaries
Like fault cuts and contact points, fault boundaries can be assigned and reassigned to
the active fault plane. This can be done from the Seismic or the Grid window.
Procedure: Assign Fault Boundaries
1 If the correct fault cut set is not active, open IMain - Fault Selector dialogue box from
the IMain - Seismic > Selections > Fault menu. Highlight the desired fault cut set and
press the Activate button.
2 Select Fault Interpretation from the Functions menu on the window you want to work
from and move the pointer to the right and select the dashed line at the top of the menu.
This will keep the Fault Interpretation submenu on your screen for easy access. This
step is not necessary if the Fault Interpretation submenu is already posted on the
window you are working from.
3 Select Assign Fault Boundary from the Fault Interpretation submenu. Press MB1
and use the pointer to draw a box crossing the fault boundaries to be assigned. The
nodes will be highlighted in the assigned color of the original fault cut set.
4 Press MB2 and the fault boundary should change to the color of the active fault cut set.
Generating Fault Boundaries
A fault boundary can be generated automatically from the IMain - Grid window
using the function Fault Boundary Generation. The computed fault boundaries
will be assigned to the fault cut set that the input contact points belong to.

Procedure: Generate Fault Boundary
1 Draw or compute contact points for the fault cuts.
2 Select Fault Interpretation from the Functions menu on the IMain - Grid window and
move the pointer to the right and select the dashed line at the top of the menu. This will
keep the Fault Interpretation submenu on your screen for easy access.
3 Select Fault Boundary Generation from the Fault Interpretation submenu. The
Fault Boundary Generation dialogue box will come up. Press MB1 and use the
pointer to draw a box encompassing the contact points you wish to use as input for fault
boundary generation. The nodes will be highlighted in assigned color of the fault cut
set.
4 Press MB2 to confirm the selection and to make the Fault Boundary Generation
options active. All of the selected contact nodes will be highlighted in white. To change
the selection, repeat step 3 and 4.
5 In the Fault Boundary Generation box, toggle on the required generation method,
and click Apply to start the calculation.
6 When completed, the fault boundary is shown in the IMain - Grid and the Seismic
windows updated with the new fault boundary intersections.
Deleting Interpretation within the Fault Gap
It is often necessary to delete interpretation inside a fault gap for the purpose of
contour mapping. These values may cause unwanted contouring inside the fault gap.
The functions Define Area and Delete All Inside Area are used for tidying up fault
gaps and other areas where there should be no time values. Define Area uses
existing Fault Boundaries as a guideline or can be drawn manually. Interpretation
inside this defined area will be deleted upon executing Delete All Inside Area. The
function Recall can be used immediately after Delete All Inside Area, if
interpretation is deleted by mistake.
Procedure: Delete Interpretation within the Fault Gap
1 Select Edit Map from the Functions menu on the IMain - Grid window and move the
pointer to the right and select the dashed line at the top of the menu. This will keep the
Edit Map submenu on your screen for easy access.
2 Select Define Area from the Edit Map submenu. All segment nodes for all the
boundaries on the map should become highlighted.

3 Place the pointer directly on top of a segment node and press MB1. Move the pointer
to another node and press MB1 again. As you move the pointer, the dashed black/white
line will snap to the fault boundary if you continue to press MB1 on segment nodes. You
may skip a few segment nodes, however, if you want to use the fault boundary as the
area to delete all inside, you should close the area by ending on a segment node.
4 Use MB3 to digitize the last segment node and close the area. You will now see a heavy
line in the color of the Unknown fault cut defining the area to be deleted.
5 Select Delete All Inside Area from the Edit Map submenu.
6 Press MB1 and use the pointer to draw a box completely crossing the polygons defined
by using Define Area. Upon releasing MB1, the interpretation within the area will be
deleted.
••••••
NOTE: Define Area may be used to draw an area anywhere on the IMain - Grid. It
does NOT have to follow existing fault boundaries. To manually draw an
area, use MB1 to digitize the area, followed by MB2 or MB3 to commit the
area. (MB3 will close the polygon automatically) Remember, the area
segment(s) will always take the color assigned to the Unknown fault cut set.
Use Delete All Inside Area to remove the interpretation. See the last step of
above procedure.
••••••
NOTE: The function Delete Area from the Edit Map submenu will delete any
unwanted area segments created by Define Area on the IMain - Grid. These
area segments are not stored in the database and will be removed by the
main interpretation program upon exiting. However, sometimes these
segments may overlay an important area of the IMain - Grid and need to be
removed from the display before exiting. When using Delete Area, use MB1
to draw a box touching the unwanted area segment(s) followed by MB2 to
delete the segment(s).
Interpolate Interpretation up to the Fault Gap
The function, Interpolate Inside Area, is used for interpolating interpretation up to

the fault Fault Boundary or anywhere on the IMain - Grid. You must use Define
Area first to create an area for interpolation. The program will use interpretation
values inside the defined area to interpolate any missing information.

Procedure: Interpolate Inside Area
1 Select Edit Map from the Functions menu on the IMain - Grid window and move the
pointer to the right and select the dashed line at the top of the menu.
2 Select Define Area from the Edit Map submenu. Place the pointer on the fault
boundary. All segment nodes should become highlighted. Place the pointer directly on
top of a segment node and press MB1. Move the pointer to another node and press
MB1 again. As you move the pointer, the dashed black and white line will snap to the
fault boundary if you continue to press MB1 on segment nodes. Digitize away from the
fault boundary and include an area with interpretation. Use MB3 to digitize the last point
and close the area. You will now see a heavy line in the color of the generic fault plane
defining the area to be interpolated.
3 Select Interpolate Inside Area from the Edit Map submenu. Press MB1 and use the
pointer to draw a box completely crossing the polygons defined by using Define Area.
Upon releasing MB1, the interpretation within the area will be interpolated.
Time and Color Displays on the IMain - Grid
Faults, contact points, and fault boundaries may be displayed with a time/depth and
color option on the IMain - Grid. This allows the user to identify the time or depth
of occurrence in milliseconds or feet/meters using a color display. The user also has
control of the colors within the color bar and the minimum and maximum values.
Procedure: Display Time and Color on the IMain - Grid
1 Select Grid Display. Select Setup. to the right of Fault Interpretation.
2 Place the pointer on the selection box to the right of Fault Cuts, Fault Boundaries,
and/or Contact Points in the Color column and press MB1 to select Depth.
3 Set the minimum and maximum color scale by clicking and typing values in the
Min/Max text fields.
4 To change the color scale, place the pointer on the scale and press MB1. The Color
Definition dialogue box will appear.
5 Place the pointer on a color in the master palette and press MB1. Then place the
pointer on the color scale at the position you want the new color. Press MB1 and drag
the pointer along the scale to fill in blocks of color.
6 Place the pointer on Apply and press MB1.


Chapter 7
GeoCube and GeoViz
••••••
Overview
GeoCube is primarily a three dimensional, seismic interpretation program.

However, in addition to its interpretation capabilities, GeoCube provides
sophisticated visualization functions, such as a fast movie display, a chair display,
and cube cutting.
GeoViz is a component of GeoFrame. GeoViz is GeoFrame’s three-dimensional

visualization and interpretation program. Within Charisma, it is accessed from the
IMain - Seismic window.
You can use GeoViz to do the following operations in a time or depth 3D view:
• Build an interactive, 3D view of a reservoir
• Display all Charisma and IESX data types
• Correlate borehole and seismic data
• Include 3D structural and stratigraphic interpretation
• Define a deviation survey for accurate drilling recommendations
• Integrate geologic data, including porosity and lithologic changes in true 3D
form
• View a prospect with accurate spatial positioning, provided by true 3D
coordinate geometry
GeoViz Explore allows the user to view various data items and manipulate displays
without altering the original data. GeoViz Explore is a visualization tool.
Interpretation functions are not available for use in GeoViz Explore.
In this manual, only a few of the basics of GeoViz and GeoViz Explore are covered,
with an emphasis on GeoViz. A two day GeoViz course is available to cover
additional details.

GeoCube and GeoViz Schlumberger
Exercises
Access GeoCube
Moving through GeoCube
Cube Cutting
Access GeoViz
Rotate the GeoViz cube
Display, Zoom and Remove 3D Seismic
Display Horizon / Faults
Display Well data
Generate and Display Well Section
Generate and Display 3D Seismic Volumes

Schlumberger GeoCube and GeoViz
Starting GeoCube
GeoCube is started from the IMain - Seismic window. After you have opened the
GeoCube window, you may proceed to load the seismic data, or seismic cube, into
your machine’s memory.
Loading and Selecting a Seismic Cube
Use the Load Cube dialogue box to define the cube extent and load it into memory.
When more than one cube is loaded into memory, use the Select Cube dialogue box
to select the desired cube.
GeoCube inherits the general display environment set in the IMain - Seismic
window. All the display attributes for horizons, faults, wells and cultural data, which
are set in the Seismic Display dialogue box, will affect the GeoCube window. In
the same fashion, the selection of horizon surfaces, fault planes, wells, logs,
markers, and so on, is performed with the Selections menu in the IMain-Seismic
window.
Using the GeoCube Menus and Icons
GeoCube Window Menus
The IMain - GeoCube window has six main file menus; File, Functions, Options,
Selections, User, and Help.
Display modes
Zoom: This function can operate in two different modes: rubber band zoom and
point and click zoom.
The rubber band zoom uses a three-dimensional wire frame to indicate the extent
of the new visible volume. Locate the cursor on the front face at one of the corners
of the area to zoom in and press MB1. The three-dimensional wire frame will be

displayed; move the cursor to resize it. The extent of the wire frame across the front
face will determine the zoom factor. The depth of the volume will change to keep
the current aspect ratio.
The incremental zoom operates by clicking MB1. Every time the button is clicked,
the zoom factors along the three axis will be increased by a fixed percentage. Be sure
not to move the mouse while clicking the button using this mode.
Zoom out: Invoke the Zoom function and click MB3. Every time you click the
button, the three zoom factors are decreased by a fixed percentage.
Unzoom: Click MB2 to set the three zoom factors to 1.0.
Default Zoom: This function resets the display to the original cube extent. This
function will compute zoom factors such that the whole cube is fit to the window.
View Angle: This function allows you to change the angle at which the cube is
viewed. Invoke the function, locate the cursor on the cube and hold MB1. A wire
frame representing the cube extent will be displayed. While holding the button,
move the mouse until the desired view is obtained and release the mouse button to
re-display the cube.
Slice: Use this function to change the selection displayed on any of the cube faces.
Invoke the function and place the cursor on the desired cube face. Press MB1 and
push the cube face. On the message field at the lower left corner of the screen will
be displayed the section at which the cursor is currently located. Once you obtain
the desired section, release the mouse button. After slicing the cube in, it is possible
to use this function in the opposite direction. This function can be used on the cube
faces or on the chair display faces.
Chair On/Off: Invoking this function causes a subcube to be removed from the
front corner of the cube. To reestablish the full cube display, use this function again.
Once a Chair Display is built, the faces of the chair can be changed using the Slice
function. If the View Angle is changed while in this display mode, the removed
subcube may move to the front corner of the new display.
Flip: Two opposite faces of the cube can be exchanged by using this function.
Invoke the function, locate the cursor on the desired face and click MB1. To restore
the original display, execute the function again.
Horizon Flattening: This function provides similar behavior to the Horizon

Flattening function available in the IMain - Seismic window. Invoke the function,
point to a horizon and click MB1. The whole cube will be flattened. Functions like

Chair Display, Slice, Flip, Cut, Draw, etc. can be used in a flattened cube. To
flatten the cube with another horizon, just point to the new horizon and execute the
function again. Click MB2 to reset this function.
Set Color Focus: Since each face of the cube may display a different attribute, each
one using its own color table, this function helps to determine which one will be
affected when the Color Manipulation and Color Definition dialogue boxes are
used. Before any operation is performed in these dialogue boxes, invoke this
function, point to the face of the cube using the target color table and click MB1.
The GeoCube Info box will display the active color table. It is only necessary to use
this function if the three faces of the cube display do not have the same attribute.
Movie
The Movie functions allow you to generate live displays that loop sequentially in the
inward or outward direction, starting from any cut or flat face of the cube. Functions
for single step, one-way or two-way movie displays are available. Control for the
display speed and increment is provided in the GeoCube > Options > Movie
dialogue box. If the movie function is invoked while in chair display mode, it will
be executed on the faces of the chair.
Cube Cutting Submenu
The Cube Cutting submenu offers a group of functions that allow you to remove a
portion of the cube using a horizon or fault surface as a boundary. Also, it is possible
to perform cuts along user defined surfaces.
Horizon and Fault Interpretation
Normal horizon interpretation and fault interpretation can be carried out on any of
the cube surfaces.You have available to you most of the tools that are used in the
IMain - Seismic window.
Options Menu
The Options menu provides a series of dialogue boxes. These dialogue boxes can
be used to set parameters that control or complement the way that many of the
functions work. Information Area, Color Definition, and Color Manipulation
dialogue boxes perform some of the same functionality as in the IMain Seismic and
IMain Grid windows.

GeoViz and GeoViz Explore
GeoViz and GeoViz Explore are started from Charisma IMain - Seismic window
> File menu or from the Geoframe Application Manager > Visualization
Catalog.
GeoViz gives the user the opportunity to interpret and create additional data.
GeoViz Explore gives the user the opportunity to utilize the many visualization
tools available in GeoViz, but none of the interpretation tools.
In this section, we will concentrate on describing procedures utilizing GeoViz rather

than GeoViz Explore. The procedures for utilizing the visualization tools are the
same.
GeoViz is an interactive 3D suite of tools for interpretation, volume rendering, and

displaying various data types, which communicate with other Charisma windows,
as well as other GeoFrame applications. A comprehensive coverage of all Geoviz
functionality is offered as a separate training course and is beyond the scope of this
chapter. Some of the functionality regarding displaying wells, seismic sections, and
horizons will be discussed below. In addition, some basic interpretation techniques
including Voxel picking will also be described.
GeoViz Window
After opening GeoViz, the GeoViz window will display the wireline 3D cube
frame.The user is provided with a number of menus and icons to assist in viewing,
manipulating and interpreting the 2D and 3D data.
Manipulating the 3D Frame
The wireline 3D cube frame can be manipulated using the 3 mouse buttons. MB1
(left) is used for zooming in and out. When selected, the pointer appears as a
modifying lense. MB2 (middle) is used for rotating the cube. The pointer appears
as a small hand. MB3 (right) is used for translation of the cube. The pointer becomes
a four directed arrow when MB3 is selected.

Displaying Wells, Seismic Sections, Horizons, and Well Sections
The Display menu is used to select various data types from Charisma and other
GeoFrame applications. This data can be selected graphically or from a list.
The data listed in the Display menu can be displayed in the GeoViz window without
loading a seismic volume. If too much data or too many different types of data are
displayed, they can be hidden from the GeoViz window based on type of data.
The exercises describes the procedures for displaying and hiding seismic data,
horizons and boreholes.
Procedure: Use Hide Tool
1 From Geoviz window, select Options>Hide Objects. or from IconTool bar, click Hide
Objects icon.
2 Select and highlight desired data type from the list, click OK.
3 Notice in the GeoViz window upon re-display, that the selected data type has been
removed from the view.
Loading Volume into Geoviz
To view the seismic data as a volume, the data needs to be loaded into GeoViz. The
data can be in the Time or Depth domain. The domain can be selected from:
Options > Z Domain, or by clicking on the Z domain button in the lower right
corner of the GeoViz window.
Voxel Pick is an important interpretation tool within GeoViz. Voxel Pick is an

automatic tracker to pick voxel volumes based on user-defined amplitude ranges.
Volumes not surfaces are being picked. This can be useful for delineating seismic
anomalies such as bright spots. Voxel volumes can be displayed and attached to a
horizon.
To pick in the voxel volume, the user specifies a seed point. From this point, all
surrounding voxel values are checked against a range of values allowed by the user.
The process continues generating a picked voxel volume for those voxels meeting
the criteria.

Procedure: Creating a Voxel Volume
1 From GeoViz window, select Interpret > Voxel Pick > Pick to open the Voxel Picking
dialogue box. You must have a volume loaded in the session before you can use the
Pick function
2 Click Sample button, then <Shift> + MB1 on desired location in voxel display. This will
fill in the Sample value parameters.
3 Select Picking Method.
4 Adjust Picking Limits to cease voxel picking beyond a certain percentage or number
of voxels.
5 Set the Picking Parameters.
6 Click Pick to begin auto picking of voxel volume. A voxel volume will be created. The
volume can be best viewed if other data types are turned off for display.
7 A report can be generated by selecting Report.

Chapter 8
2D Interpretation Using Grids
••••••
Overview
This function will not be active for a pure 3D project.
A horizon in Charisma can have a 3D grid, a 2D line interpretation and 2D grid.

These are known to Charisma as Representations. The primary purpose of the 2D
Regridding is to create a 2D grid for already existing horizons in the project. This
gives the ability to work with 2D line data in a grid environment.
A 2D grid can be used to apply grid operations such as interpolation to 2D line

interpretation. Contours can also be manually digitized into the 2D grid. 2D grid
interpolation can be used for developing a quick geological overview on the
gridmap. A 2D grid is also needed when interpreting fault boundaries in a project
with only 2D data.
The user can define and create a new grid library to be used with 2D data. The map
area, orientation, and the row and column spacing can be defined for the grid. If a
new 2D grid is defined, the previous 2D grid interpretation, like fault boundaries
attached to the 2D mother grid, interpolation, and 2D contours will be lost. These
data items may be saved by exporting and reimporting them via GridLoad.
The 2D Regridding function is used to copy and regrid the interpretation from the
2D seismic lines to the 2D mother grid of a horizon. It is also used to go from a 2D
grid interpretation to a 2D line representation.
Exercises
Define New 2D Map Area
Create a 2D Grid

2D Interpretation Using Grids Schlumberger
2D Interpretation
Define a Map Area for Use with 2D Regridding
The first step in the 2D Regridding process is to define a map area and create the
2D grid library for the map area or area of interest.
Selecting Horizons for 2D Grid Representations
A horizon in Charisma can have a 3D grid, a 2D line interpretation and 2D grid.

These are known to Charisma as Representations. The primary purpose of the 2D
Regridding is to create a 2D grid for already existing horizons in the project. This
gives the ability to work with 2D line data in a grid environment. The 2D grids may
be created for both time and depth interpretations.
2D Regridding
The 2D Regridding function is used to copy and regrid the interpretation from the
2D seismic lines to the 2D mother grid of a horizon. It is also used to go from a 2D
grid interpretation to a 2D line representation. When performing 2D regridding, the
interpreted 2d grid interpolation and the 2d manual contours can be saved, if desired.

Chapter 9
Grid Manager, Grid Constructor, Gridding,
and Grid Libraries
••••••
Overview
The IMain - Grid > Functions > Grid Manager menu contains a group of
functions used in manipulating grids or interpretation data in IMain. The menu
consists of the Grid Computation Manager, the Survey AOI Grid Manager,
and the Define Grid Library function
The Survey AOI Grid Manager enables one to interpret on Mother Grids that
cover only a sub-area of a 3D-survey. This provides the user with the ability to
interpret in smaller areas without the associated database overhead of a larger
survey. Multiple users can therefore interpret on the same horizon within different
grid libraries and later combine them together within the original survey grid library.
The Grid Computation Manager contains a group of interactive functions used to

perform logical and arithmetic operations between grids or on a single grid.
The Grid Constructor is used to construct a grid that contains data from several
grids, regardless of which survey they originally belonged to. It is designed to
enable simple gridding and contouring of multiple 3D survey projects. Any grid,
regardless of attribute, may be used in the Grid Constructor. The output grid may
be put into any grid library. The grid may be written to a surface (horizon) already
defined or written to a scratch grid.
The Gridding dialogue provides the main gridding algorithm for IMain. In IMain,
both 2D grid and 3D grid representations are stored in a grid form. For 3D, each
trace interpreted is written into the 3D grid. For 2D data, the 2D line interpretation
is written into a 2D grid, if the grid has been created for that particular horizon
(surface). The interpreted input grid library defines the gridding area and the final
grid interval to be used by the convergent gridding method. Convergent gridding
is a general purpose gridding algorithm, which can model a variety of data types. It

Grid Manager, Grid Constructor, Gridding, and Grid Libraries Schlumberger
can be used for modeling random or clustered data such as 2D data, or scatter data.
Creation of a Fault Plane grid after it has been triangulated is also performed under
the Gridding option of the Grid Computation Manager.
Exercises
Using Grid Computation Manager
Using Gridding, Grid Libraries, and Grid Constructor
Survey AOI Grid Manager

Schlumberger Grid Manager, Grid Constructor, Gridding, and Grid Libraries
Grid Computation Manager
The Charisma Grid Manager main dialogue box (IMain - Grid > Functions >
Grid Manager > Grid Computation Manager) consists of Single Grid
Operations, Two Grid Operations, Equation Operations, Gridding, and Grid
Constructor operations. These are a group of interactive functions used to perform
logical and arithmetic operations between grids or operations on a single grid.
The Grid Computation Manager is used by selecting a function, assigning the

necessary parameters and then executing the function. The result can be stored
directly to a sub grid by specifying a reference grid, or temporarily in a Scratch Grid
and it is then up to the user to decide whether to save it or not. If not saved, the
scratch grid will be overwritten by the next grid operation.
Operations on grids require input and output. A input grid is referred to as the
Source Grid. In all cases, except Copy or Save, the default destination grid is always
the Scratch Grid. The Scratch grid can be saved as a sub-grid under a Reference
Grid. Two Grids Operations requires a first source and a second source as the input
grids.

Figure 10.1 Grid Computation Manager dialogue box
Description of some Grid Computation Manager Functions
Single Grid Operations
Add/Subtract Constant will apply a bulk shift up or down to any selected grid
(time, depth, amplitude etc.). In addition to this, you have Multiply by constant
and Divide by constant.
Filter offers the user a choice of two filters: Hamming and Biharmonic. This will
have the effect of reducing highs, filling lows, and smoothing small features.

Absolute Value converts all grid values to positive values. Input may be a grid of
any type.
Create constant Grid generates a grid with the same value in all grid cells. The user
can define different Grid types, so that when the grid is saved it has specific
attributes. The different grid types are: Time, Isotime, Depth, Isopach, Interval
Velocity, Average Velocity, and Amplitude Map.
Copy will copy the contents from one existing grid to another. Grids of different
types cannot be mixed. An amplitude grid cannot be copied into a time grid. If the
source is of type time, a primary grid can be used for the destination.
Grid Regenerate will regenerate all the subgrids connected to the source grid. For
example, the subgrids may have been deleted to save disk space; Grid Regenerate
will allow them to be recreated. If the interpretation in the Mother Grid has changed,
all the subgrids created from this Mother Grid will be incorrect. Grid Regenerate
is also very useful in this specific situation.
Statistics and Volume Calculations are other operations that can be performed
under the Single Grid Operations.
Two Grid Operations
The following set of functions are accessed by setting the function to two grids
operations in the Grid Computation Manager dialogue box.
Merge / OR will merge two grids together. The First Source will have the highest
priority in areas where the two grids overlap. This is a very useful tool and can be
used to bring together different sides of fault blocks that have been interpreted
separately, if the user wishes to map them together. This can also be used for
merging nonconforming layers with overlying layers.
And will keep the values from the First Source in all overlapping areas, and leave
all other values blank.
Exclusive OR will blank out all the areas that do overlap, leaving only the non-
overlapping areas displayed.
Add will simply add two grids and their values together. Fault information can be
carried from either one, both, or none of the grids.

Subtract will subtract the Second Source from the First Source. The grids can be of
any subgrid type. Fault information can be carried from either one, both, or none of
the grids.
Multiply allows the user to multiply two grids together, for simple calculations
within IMain.
Differences will compute the differences between two grids.
Grid Constructor
The Grid Constructor is used to construct a grid that contains data from several
grids, regardless of which survey they originally belonged to. This can be used to
merge 2D grid interpretation with 3D interpretation and to combine 3D
interpretations from multiple surveys. Any grid, regardless of attribute (i.e.,
TimeInterpretation, depth, or amplitude) may be used in the Grid Constructor.
Boundaries may be copied, if desired. The output grid (constructed grid) may be put
into any grid library. The grid may be written to a surface already defined or be
written to a scratch grid.

Figure 10.2 Grid Computation Manager dialogue box
Survey AOI Grid Manager
The Survey AOI Grid Manager is used to copy interpretation from Mother Grids
of one survey consistent grid library to Mother Grids of another survey consistent
grid library. The Survey AOI Grid Manager can be accessed through the
Functions > Grid Manager menu in the IMain - Grid window. The Survey AOI

Grid Manager provides the user with the ability to interpret in smaller areas
without the associated database overhead of a larger survey. Multiple users can
therefore interpret on the same horizon within different grid libraries and later
combine them together within the original survey grid library.
Within the Survey AOI Grid Manager, the user can create and define survey
consistent grid libraries, select which survey consistent grid library to use and copy
interpretation between 3D survey grid libraries and survey consistent grid libraries.
Description of Survey AOI Grid Manager Parameters
The Survey AOI Grid Manager dialogue box (Figure 10.3) is divided into two
main sections:
1. Set Grid Library
2. Copy Data

Figure 10.3 Survey AOI Grid Manager - Copy Interpretation

Set Grid Library
This is the part of the dialogue box where you select the 3D Seismic Survey,
create/select/activate Grid Libraries for use when using the Survey AOI Grid
Manager.
The user can select among grid libraries that are survey consistent with the selected
3D survey. This selection will be used for exporting from or importing to depending
on the copy choice made in the Copy Data section of the dialogue box.
••••••
NOTE: The survey grid library selected here will appear in the Representations.
dialogue box (IMain Grid > Selections > Representations). Only one 3D
grid survey library can be active (interpretable) at one time for one single
survey even, if there are several existing survey grid libraries for that
particular survey.
Copy Data
The user selects Import to or Export from the Mother Grids of the 3D Survey Grid
Library by toggling on one of the radio buttons in Figure 10.4. The icons describe
the copy-direction between the Mother Grid of the 3D Survey Grid, and Mother
Grids of other survey consistent grids. The default radio button is Export.
Export is used to copy interpretation from a larger grid library to one or more
smaller grid libraries. Import is used to copy interpretation from one or more
smaller grid libraries to a larger grid library.
Select which mother grid libraries you want to copy to and from, from the AOI Grid
Libraries list. If you want to copy mother grids to and from more than one grid
library, you can set the copy order in the Selection list. The top selection will be
copied last and be the top layer in an import. Fault boundaries and Contacts may
also be copied. You can copy for time and/or depth domain. The interpretation to
copy is made by selecting Horizon/Surface entries from the Horizons list.
Import Toggle and Icon
Export Toggle and Icon
Figure 10.4 Import and Export Icons

No Value Transparency, similar to the one in Grid Constructor, defines how the
copy will work. If it is toggled on (default), no values will be copied from the source
grid where it contains no interpretation in the grid cell (CDP). In other words; if the
toggle is on for an Export to where the source grid contains no interpretation in the
grid cell, the resulting output grid will take the values from the Selection grid
libraries. Toggling this button off will make the Survey AOI Grid Manager use
what ever values it first encounters, whether no-value or not.
If the grids we are copying from (import) contain no values in the grid cells, the
value copied into the larger grid will be dependant on the priority order in the
Selection listing, if there is any survey overlap. The upper most selection has the
highest priority, if it contains values. However, if the upper most grid has no values,
then the values from the next grid down in the selection list will be used.


Chapter 10
Attribute Generator including Volume
Reflection Spectrum (VRS), Correlation
Mapping, and Variance Cube
••••••
Overview
Map attributes can be generated for any time or depth horizon at the click of a
button. The attributes are used to enhance the time/depth seismic interpretation by
extracting specific characteristics of the reservoir or zone of interest. Additional
geological information can be obtained by tieing well data with the attribute
generation to aid interpretation and qualitative analysis. Interpretation can be
performed in any attribute map when the attribute is displayed as a seismic section.
A more detailed discussion of each attribute follows. Tools including Volume
Reflection Spectrum analysis (VRS), Correlation Mapping, Variance Cube and
Trace Reconstruction allow the interpreter to manipulate seismic data easily and
efficiently, yielding graphic displays interpretable by all.
The use of color is very important in attribute displays. When an attribute is made,
the display will automatically use a pre-defined color bar. The color bar, located in
the lower right corner of the Seismic and Grid window, is always available for
identification of the scale and color range.
The VRS (Volume Reflection Spectrum) analysis tool is a feature used in

conjunction with the Trace Reconstruction function, VRS allows the user to make
a window guided spectral analysis of the seismic data. The VRS output are maps
indicative of geologic and lithology variations. Once calibrated using well data, the
maps provide strong lateral information, such as sand/shale interfaces, fluid
contacts, subtle discontinuities, etc.

Attribute Generator including Volume Reflection Spectrum (VRS), Correlation Mapping, and Variance Cube Schlumberger
The Correlation Mapping function generates an attribute map with values derived
from computing the cross-correlation of each trace against a number of adjacent
traces. This attribute is useful in detecting changes in the seismic signature caused
by faults or other structural or stratigraphic features.
The Variance cube can be created and used to highlight faults and subtle
stratigraphic features in a 3D seismic volume. The variance cube algorithm is a
direct measurement of dissimilarity rather than a measurement of similarity
Exercises
Generate a Surface Based Attribute
Generate a Volume Based Attribute
Generate a Dip map
Generate a Correlation Map
Generate a Variance Cube

Schlumberger Attribute Generator including Volume Reflection Spectrum (VRS), Correlation Mapping, and Variance Cube
Attribute Map Generator
Four types of attribute maps can be generated: Surface Based mapping, Volume
Based Attribute mapping, Grid Based Attribute mapping and VRS (Volume
Reflection Spectrum) Attribute mapping. Surface Based Attribute maps extract
information from the seismic data near the picked horizon; a minimum window of
one data sample is used. For example, an amplitude map, which shows variations in
amplitude along a particular surface. Volume Based Attribute maps describe
changes within or over a specified interval. The interval may be defined as a time or
depth window around a horizon or the interval between two horizons. Both the depth
and time domain calculations use trace and interpreted horizon data as input for the
calculations. Grid Based Attributes use only interpreted horizon as input and show
variations between grid cells. For example, the Dip Map very effectively highlights
faults. The Attribute Maps are extremely powerful as subtle geologic, structural and
stratigraphic features are readily seen and enhanced via the manipulation of the
seismic data through the computations.
VRS attributes, used in conjunction with Trace Reconstruction, are used to

quantify the total volume reflectivity within two fully or partially interpreted
horizons. By performing a spectral analysis of the reflection response for each
seismic trace over the zone of interest, a spectral representation for individual layers
in the subsurface can be derived. The results: the ability to delineate and extract
information such as facies and fluid distributions across the interest area,
identification of shales vs sands and other similar type of contrasting lithologies.
VRS is a required predecessor to SeisClass.
The complete list of attribute maps follows.
Surface based attributes include:

• Seismic Amplitude
• Quadrature Amplitude
• Apparent Polarity
• Instantaneous Phase
• Instantaneous Frequency
• Reflection Strength
• Cosine of Phase
• Response Phase

• Response Frequency
• Response Strength
• 1. derivative - Seismic Amplitude
• 2. derivative - Seismic Amplitudes
Volume related attributes include:

• Integrated - Seismic Amplitude
• Integrated - Apparent Polarity
• Integrated - Instantaneous Frequency
• Integrated - Reflection Strength
• Integrated - Cosine of Phase
• Integrated - Magnitude Seismic Amplitude
• Heterogeneity - Seismic Amplitude
• Heterogeneity - Instantaneous Phase
• Heterogeneity - Instantaneous Frequency
• Heterogeneity - Reflection Strength
• Heterogeneity - Cosine of Phase
• Minimum Value - Seismic Amplitude
• Minimum Value - Instantaneous Frequency
• Maximum Value - Seismic Amplitude
• Maximum Value - Magnetic Seismic Amplitude
• Maximum Value - Instantaneous Frequency
• Maximum Value - Reflection Strength
• RMS - Seismic Amplitude
• Vertical Position - Maximum Amplitude
• Vertical Position - Minimum Amplitude
Grid related attributes include:

• Dip
• Azimuth
• Artificial Illumination
• Median Filter
• Curvature
• Edge Enhancement

VRS (Volume Reflection Spectrum) related attributes include:

• Coefficient based grid outputs
• RMS Error outputs

The Attribute Map Generator (Figure 11.1) is accessed from the IMain - Grid
window within the Functions menu (IMain - Grid > Functions >
AttributeMapGenerator). General input controls need to be defined to perform the
various attribute calculations and display.
Surface Based Attributes Input Control Options
For all the surfaced based attributes, the user has a set of control buttons available
from the Attribute Map Generator. With the selected survey, version and grid
library as the reference, the control options will define the exact location of the data
to be used as input for the attribute calculation.
Select type of attribute
Select the grid to use
Activate and set adjustment

parameters
Select where to save the attribute
Delete scratch area
Execute the calculation
Figure 11.1 Attribute Map Generator

Figure 11.2 Shows where the horizon will be snapped if Minimum is set and
one of the choices Nearest, Shallower or Deeper is selected.
Surface Based Attributes
Seismic Amplitude
This function creates a sample level attribute at the horizon, where the samples are
given the value of the amplitude. Amplitude maps can help to identify bright spots,
dim spots, and faults
Quadrature Amplitude
The Quadrature Amplitude function creates a sample level attribute at the horizon,
where the samples are given the amplitude value from the imaginary part of the
complex seismic trace.
Quadrature Amplitude is used together with other attributes to identify bright

spots, dim spots and faults. This attribute may also be used in conjunction with AVO
analysis.

Apparent Polarity
Apparent polarity is extracted from each sample at the picked horizon. The color
gradation of the display will vary with the magnitude of the reflection strength.
Apparent Polarity is the sign of the seismic trace (positive or negative) when the
Reflection Strength has its maximum value.
Since Apparent Polarity is proportional to the Acoustic Impedance contrast, it

may be useful as a bright spot indicator. Bright spots associated with gas
accumulations may have lower acoustic impedance than the surrounding beds. It
may show negative polarity for reservoir top reflections and positive polarity for
reflections from gas/oil or gas/water interfaces.
Instantaneous Phase
Instantaneous Phase is the description of the phase angle at any instant along the
trace extracted from each sample at the picked horizon. It is measured in degrees (-
180 to +180).
It is an effective identifier of subtle sedimentary and tectonic features such as

channels, downlaps, pinchouts, subtle faulting, offlap, onlap, and zones of
thickening or thinning. Hydrocarbons can cause local phasing.
Instantaneous Frequency
Instantaneous Frequency is the first derivative of the Instantaneous Phase. It is a

single number describing how quickly the phase of the complex trace changes
display on a grid. A frequency map is measured in hertz (Hz).
Rapid changes in Instantaneous Frequency can help identify: Pinchouts or edges

of hydrocarbon/water contacts. A shift towards lower frequencies is often observed
from reflectors below gas sands, condensate, and oil reservoir.
Reflection Strength
Reflection Strength is a description of the waveform shape and corresponds to the

total envelope of energy at any given instant (sample) along a seismic trace. It is
measured in decibels (dB).

High Reflection Strength is often associated with major lithologic changes

between adjacent rock layers such as: unconformities, sequence boundaries, gas
accumulations, and gross porosity.
Cosine of Phase
This is the cosine of the Instantaneous Phase. The Cosine of Phase is scaled from
-1 to +1. It provides help for fault interpretation.
Response Phase
Response Phase is the description of the phase angle at any instant along the trace.
Response Phase is the average weighted display of the Instantaneous Phase. The
weighted average is a function of the Reflection Strength. The Response Phase is
measured in degrees from -180 to +180.
Response Phase can be used to show continuity of events, particularly weak events.
It can also be used for identification of subtle sedimentary and tectonic features like
channels, downlaps, and pinchouts.

Figure 11.3 Six different surface based grid attributes.
Figure 11.3 shows Six different surface based grid attributes. From top left: Seismic
Amplitude AZ, Quadrature Amplitude BA, Apparent Polarity BB, Instantaneous
Phase BC, Instantaneous Frequency BD, and Reflection Strength BE.

Figure 11.4 Six different surface-based grid attributes. From top left: Cosine
of Phase BF, Response Phase BG, Response Frequency BH,
Response Strength BI, 1. derivative - Seismic Amplitude BJ and
2. derivative - Seismic Amplitude BK.
Response Frequency
Response Phase is a single number describing how quickly the phase of the
complex trace changes. It is then a sample-by-sample estimate of the trace’s
dominant frequency at the picked horizon. Response Frequency is the
Instantaneous Frequency using the display method described under Response
Phase. It is measured in hertz.

Rapid changes of Response Frequency can help identify pinchouts and edges of
hydrocarbon/water. High frequencies are attenuated by gas and condensate
reservoirs. The result is that directly beneath a reservoir horizon one may find a
characteristically low frequency anomaly.
Response Strength
Response Strength is an attribute of the waveform measured at the nearest

maximum of the reflection strength (amplitude envelope). This will in some cases
give a less scattered appearance than the instantaneous attributes. It is measured in
dB (decibels).
High Response Strength can be an indicator of high gross porosity. It may also be
associated with major lithologic changes between adjacent rock layers,
unconformities, sequence boundaries and gas accumulations.
Derivative Maps
The First Derivative Seismic Amplitude calculates the slope of the tangent
between the two nearest samples to the picked horizon. Figure 11.5 gives a overview
of the tangent and what values it will have depending on where the horizon is picked.
The result of the first derivative is a negative or positive number depending on the
slope of the tangent.
A derivative map is a quality check of the reflector and interpretation. A constant

value (i.e., if the attribute value = 0, it indicates the pick is made at maximum or
minimum amplitude) will indicate a good steady reflector and that the interpretation
only follows one reflector. It indicates that the interpretation is done at the same
amplitude and is a complement to phase and frequency maps.

Figure 11.5 Illustration of calculated tangent between the two nearest

samples to the horizon
The Second Derivative measures the variation in the tangents (slope) of the selected
horizon from 3 sample points directly above and below the picked horizon. The
tangent value is given as a negative or positive number depending on the slope.
High values (negative or positive) of the Response Phase (slope) indicates that the
trace has a rapid shift from peak to trough (short wavelength). This indicates that the
interval between the samples have a high dominant frequency. Values near zero of
the 2nd derivative (slope) indicates that the trace has a slow change from peak to
trough (long wavelength). This indicates that the interval between the samples is
dominated by low frequency values.

Volume Based Map Attributes
Figure 11.6 Relation between the parameters in a volume-based attribute
Volume Based Attribute Types
Volume attributes calculate the attribute in each sample in an interval between a

horizon and a set time (Volume Window) or between two horizons. The attribute
samples calculated are then added together using different mathematical formulas.
The Volume based attributes can be separated in two groups: Integrated attributes
and Heterogeneity attributes. In general, Integrated attribute computation will
sum the attribute value for all the samples between two horizons or a time/depth
window. Heterogeneity attribute computation will sum the absolute difference in
attribute value from sample to sample.
Integrated - Seismic Amplitude
This is a volume driven attribute that sums all amplitude values between two
horizons or a constant time/depth window. It helps to identify bright spots and
faults.

Integrated - Apparent Polarity
This is a volume driven attribute that sums all apparent polarity values inside a
volume. Apparent polarity is the polarity of the reflection strength multiplied by
reflection strength.
Polarity reveals the sign of the reflection coefficient, and therefore indicates factors
that would change it, such as lithology and unconformities. It can also be a bright
spot indicator. Bright spots associated with gas accumulations may have lower
acoustic impedance than the surrounding beds. It may also show negative polarity
for top of reservoir reflections and positive polarity for reflections from gas/oil or
gas/water interfaces.
Integrated - Instantaneous Frequency
This is a volume driven attribute that sums all instantaneous frequency values inside
a volume.
Rapid changes of Instantaneous Frequency can help identify pinchouts,

hydrocarbon/ water interfaces. A shift towards lower frequencies is often observed
in reflections from seismic events below gas, condensate, and oil reservoirs.
Integrated - Reflection Strength
This is a volume driven attribute that sums all reflection strength values inside a
volume.

between adjacent rock layers like unconformities, sequence boundaries, gas
accumulations and gross porosity.
Integrated - Cosine of Phase
This is a volume driven attribute that sums all the cosine of phase values inside a
volume. It may help in structural delineations when used together with
Instantaneous Phase.

Integrated- Magnitude Seismic Amplitude
This is a volume driven attribute that calculates the sum of the absolute values of the
amplitudes along a seismic trace for a given volume of data.
The changes in amplitude within an interval may indicate changes in lithology over
an interval. Integrated-Magnitude Seismic Amplitude is useful in detection of
subtle faults and buried channels. It may also helpful in bright spot analysis and
locating thin beds.
Figure 11.7 Six different volume-based attribute maps. Starting from top left:
Integrated - Seismic Amplitude BL, Integrated - Apparent polarity
BM, Integrated - Instantaneous Frequency BN, Integrated -
Reflection Strength BO, Integrated - Cosine of Phase BP and
Integrated- Magnitude Seismic Amplitude BQ.

Reflection Heterogeneity
It displays changes in the internal reflection patterns within a specified volume.

Mathematically, the heterogeneity sums the amplitude changes from sample to
sample, thus producing a map that represents the distribution of the wiggle trace
variance. An important application of Reflection Heterogeneity is the detection of
shale layers in sand bodies; a zone of high heterogeneity may be interpreted with
more shale than a low one.
Heterogeneity - Seismic Amplitude
It calculates the amplitude values in each sample inside the defined volume and adds
together the absolute value of the samples.
Reflection heterogeneity is designed to show the heterogeneity of any internal

reflector pattern in a given volume segment. This feature aids in detection of shale
layers in sand bodies. A zone of high heterogeneity may be interpreted as being
more shaley than that of lower heterogeneity.
Heterogeneity - Instantaneous Phase
It calculates the Instantaneous values in each sample inside the defined volume and
adds together the absolute value of the samples. It can be an effective identifier of
subtle sedimentary and tectonic features, such as, channels, downlaps, and
pinchouts.
Heterogeneity - Instantaneous Frequency
It calculates the instantaneous values in each sample inside the defined volume and
adds together the absolute value of the samples.
The interpretational value of Instantaneous Frequency is that higher frequencies

are attenuated by gas and condensate reservoirs. The result is that directly beneath
a reservoir horizon one may find a low frequency anomaly.
Rapid changes of Instantaneous Frequency can help identify pinchouts and

hydrocarbon/water contacts.

Heterogeneity - Reflection Strength
This calculates the Reflection Strength values in each sample inside the defined
volume and adds together the absolute value of the samples.
Reflection Strength may have different maximum or minimum values than the
amplitude minimum or maximum values. This can be an indicator of lithologic
changes, hydrocarbon/water contacts and other local factors that relate to sequence
boundaries. These changes will vary in significance depending on the area and the
data, but the relative value of the change should not go unnoticed or un-investigated.
between adjacent rock layers, unconformities, sequence boundaries, gas
accumulations, and gross porosity

Figure 11.8 Five different volume-based attribute maps. Staring from top left:
Heterogeneity- Seismic Amplitude BV, Heterogeneity -
Instantaneous Phase BW, Heterogeneity - Instantaneous
Frequency BX, Heterogeneity - Reflection Strength BY and
Heterogeneity - Cosine of Phase BZ
Heterogeneity - Cosine of Phase
It calculates the Cosine of Phase values in each sample inside the defined volume
and adds together the absolute value of the samples.
Heterogeneity Cosine of Phase may help in structural delineations and should be

used together with Instantaneous Phase.

Minimum Value - Seismic Amplitude
It finds the lowest Seismic Amplitude for each trace in the defined volume
(time/depth), and displays that amplitude value in the corresponding grid cell. No
value is returned if only positive amplitudes exist in the defined volume. Minimum
Value - Seismic Amplitude can be used to detect negative amplitude bright spots
the may be a direct indicator of hydrocarbons.
Minimum Value - Instantaneous Frequency
It calculates the lowest Instantaneous Frequency value for each trace in the
defined volume (time/depth), and displays that value in the corresponding grid cell.
Minimum Value - Instantaneous Frequency may be used as a hydrocarbon
indicator. Higher frequencies are attenuated by gas and condensate reservoirs. The
result is that directly beneath a reservoir horizon one may find a low frequency
anomaly. Rapid changes of instantaneous frequency can help identify pinchouts and
edges of hydrocarbon/water contacts.
Maximum Value - Seismic Amplitude
This attribute finds the highest amplitude for each trace in the defined volume
(time/depth), and displays that value in the corresponding grid cell. No value is
returned if only negative amplitudes exist in the defined volume. Maximum Value
- Seismic Amplitude can be used to detect positive amplitude bright spots the may
be a direct indicator of hydrocarbons.
Maximum Value - Magnetic Seismic Amplitude
This attribute finds the highest absolute amplitude value for each trace in the defined
volume (time/depth), and displays that value in the corresponding grid cell.
Maximum Value - Magnetic Seismic Amplitude may also be used as a direct
indicator of hydrocarbons. Use this attribute to map the strongest direct hydrocarbon
indicator within a zone.

Maximum Value - Instantaneous Frequency
It calculates the highest Instantaneous Frequency value for each trace in the
defined volume (time/depth) and displays that value in the corresponding grid cell.
The interpretational value of Instantaneous Frequency is that higher frequencies
are attenuated by gas and condensate reservoirs. Rapid changes of Instantaneous
Frequency can help identify pinchouts and edges of hydrocarbon/water contacts.
Maximum Value - Reflection Strength
It calculates the highest Reflection Strength value for each trace in the defined
volume (time/depth) and displays that value in the corresponding grid cell.
Maximum Value - Reflection Strength can be an indicator of major lithologic
changes associated with unconformities and sequence boundaries. It may also be
used to delineate hydrocarbon/water contacts and overall gross porosity.
RMS - Seismic Amplitude
This attribute calculates the square root of the integral of the squared seismic
amplitude, divided by the number of samples, for each trace in the defined volume
(time/depth), and displays that value in the corresponding grid cell. RMS - Seismic
Amplitude is a measure of the reflectivity within a time window. This attribute can
be used as an indicator of hydrocarbons within a zone.
Grid Based Attributes
Grid Based Attributes are calculated from the grid values. No seismic data is used.
Grid Based Attributes can be useful in detecting anomalies in interpretation due to
acquisition, processing, mis-picks in the interpretation itself, and highlighting very
subtle faults and flexures.
To get the best result for a grid based attribute, It is suggested to interpolate and snap
the input grid prior to running these attributes. This is done by using the Adjust to
Event function from the Attribute Map Generator. The grid created from this
operation will be used when generating Dip and Azimuth maps.

Dip
Dip uses a refinement grid to calculate dip changes from trace to trace to the order
of one millionth of a second (microsecond). The Dip attribute enhances, very
clearly, indications of even subtle faults and flexures to further delineate faulting
patterns. Dip is measured in ms/meter or ms/ft.
Azimuth
Azimuth maps are created to indicate the direction of dip orientation. Azimuth
creates a map of the angle between the dip and Grid North or True North. The
results can vary from a detailed azimuth map (2x2) to a general trend azimuth map
(7x7) based on the grid array size. These values are set independent of the x and y
directions. The scale can range from -180 degrees to +180 degrees (where 0 degrees
is North).
Artificial Illumination
It is possible to illuminate any horizon grid created in Charisma. The Artificial

Illumination attribute enhance a fault plane as a dark or light plane depending on
where the light source is placed.
Artificial illumination helps to identify faults and to evaluate the direction (azimuth)
and dip of the fault plane. The unit is the same as Dip.
Median Filter
Median Filter is a filter, which smooths the selected source grid. Prior to generating
a dip/azimuth map it is often advisable to run the median filter. This will help to
remove outlines and reduce noise in the interpretation.

Curvature
Curvature is the ratio of the change in the angle of a tangent that moves over a given
arc to the length of the arc. The measurement has no units. It is used to define small
faults and other subtle features in the same way as Dip and Azimuth.
There are five different types of curvature calculation.

• Iso: Calculates the curvature along isotimes of a horizon.
• Gaussian: Calculates the curvature where the main direction is the direction
which gives the main value a normal distribution of curvature values.
• Mean: Calculates the curvature where the main direction is the direction
which gives the mean value of curvature values.
• Principal:1 Calculates the curvature in the k1 direction (parallel to
isotimes) (Figure 11.9).
• Principal 2: Calculates the curvature in the k2 direction (perpendicular to
isotimes) (Figure 11.9).
Figure 11.9 Parameters for the curvature formula

Edge Enhancements
It is designed for the detection of edges and corners while preserving the structure
and reducing the noise level. It calculates abrupt changes in the grid elevation.
Trace Reconstruction and VRS Attributes
VRS (Volume Reflection Spectrum) attributes are used to quantify the volume
reflectivity in a layer defined by two horizons. By performing a spectral analysis of
the reflectivity response for each seismic trace in the interval of interest, a spectral
representation for individual layers in the subsurface my be derived. The spectral
analysis uses an orthogonal base consisting of polynomials.
The process works in the following: each seismic trace is characterized in terms of
its Eigan value (spectral attribute) and the associated Eigan vector (orthogonal
polynomial) to approximate the reflection amplitudes along the trace in a least
square sense. The spectral attribute map defined as C0 (coefficient 0) is the bias of
the trace. C! is the linear trend and following (C2, C3, etc.) up to the exact
mathematical reconstruction of the observed trace; note that the basis is the
mathematical reconstruction and not an inversion of the trace. The VRS values in
the grid reflects the strength of the selected coefficient(s) for the particular trace. A
key point is that the trace is reconstructed on the basis of multiple coefficients; the
additional coefficient responses provide details of the theoretical reflection response
over the interval computed and not for a specific sample value. The respective
lateral coefficient response is indicative of laterally varying lithology changes:
sand/shale variations, hardness contrasts, porosity and permeability variations, etc.,
but are not directly measurable. To determine what the computed coefficient
responses indicate, a direct measurement such as a well, is necessary. Calibrate the
response to the well(s) and then extend the calibrations using the VRS outputs.
Trace Reconstruction is used as an analytical precursor for VRS. As described

above, a spectral analysis is done utilizing the Eigan values and the number of
coefficients. The Trace Reconstruction tool is used to visualize the “reconstructed”
trace depending on the chosen number of coefficients compared to the observed
trace, assuming a minimum theoretical error. The error trace, coupled with the
maximum number of necessary coefficients needed to minimize the error and
correctly recreate the trace, is displayed on the seismic section. Trace
Reconstruction requires a minimum of two interpreted horizons; the interpretation
may be done by conventional “line by line” interpretation, ASAP, Interpolation,
gridding, or other means of completing the horizon. The horizon does not have to
be completely interpreted although Trace Reconstruction results are generally better

with completed horizons. As the maximum number of coefficients used is fifty (50),
results generally are realistic over shorter windows (200 - 300 milliseconds) than
those achieved using long windows (1000 milliseconds).
Figure 11.10 Trace Reconstruction (wiggle in green) showing percent Error

and Coefficient variable number
Trace Reconstruction’s primary use is to determine the number of coefficients to

use in VRS. Setting the Coefficient Limit to 50 and then moving the cursor through
the desired area will show the actual number of coefficients, in the Label, necessary
to reduce the error to zero. Once this number is known, use that value as input to
VRS.

Procedure: Trace Reconstruction
1 In IMain - Seismic, select Functions > Reconstruct Trace. The Trace

Reconstruction dialogue box will open. Note that all Components are toggled on
(red), that the Coefficient Limit is set to 10, and that the Gain is set to 23. If the Trace
Reconstruction window parameter settings do not match as described above, set the
parameters accordingly.
2 From the dialogue box, click on the Reconstruct Trace with MB1. Place the cursor in
the Seismic window between the two horizons of interest.
3 Press and hold MB1 and move the cursor within the zone between the two horizons.
The reconstructed trace should appear. As you move the cursor, the trace should move
also. Note that the display shows: an Error label which changes values as you move
the cursor. The Error label displays the overall error percentage as well as the
maximum number of Coefficients used to achieve the error. The Error shown is the
smallest error possible to compute using the maximum number of Coefficients set by
you.
4 A white line is also visible. The white line is the Zero Line.
5 The yellow trace that you may see is the Observed Trace (actual seismic trace which
the cursor is over).
6 The green trace, that is visible, is the Reconstructed Trace.
7 The red trace which may or may not be visible is the Error Trace.
8 As you move the cursor, observe the values displayed in the white Label; the Label is
displayed directly above the traces described. If the Error is greater than 10%,
increase the Coefficient Limit by moving the slider bar to the right. Experiment with
the Coefficient Limit values until you reduce the Error to or less than 10 percent.
9 Note that as you move the Coefficient Limit slider control, the values shown in the
Label change. When you have successfully reduced the Error to less than 10 percent,
using MB1 move the cursor around the seismic section and verify that the Error
remains low. If acceptable, make a note of the approximate number of Coefficients
necessary to maintain the Error percentage.
Procedure: VRS Attributes
1 In IMain - Grid, select Functions > Attribute Map Generator. The Attribute
Map Generator dialogue box will open.
2 If you wish to use an AOI (Area of Interest) toggle ON the “Use AOI” and click on
Define AOI (Area Of Interest) with MB1 to define the area.

3 Click the VRS Attributes tab.
4 The Shallow Source grid defines the upper bounding area for the VRS computation. To
select the Shallow Source grid, place the pointer on the cascade menu to the right of
Shallower Source and press MB1. A list of grids is displayed. Select the desired grid
with MB1.
5 Similarly, the Deeper Source grid defines the lower bounding area for the VRS
computation. Again, to select the Deeper Source grid, place the pointer on the cascade
menu to the right of Deeper Source and press MB1. A list of grids is displayed. Select
the desired grid with MB1.
6 Under Destination is a list of Volume Reflection Spectrum Coefficients. The list ranges
from C_0 to C_49. Based on the acceptable error value you determined earlier from
Trace Reconstruction, select the number of Volume Reflection Spectrum Coefficients.
For example, if you determined that 22 Coefficient Limits adequately described the
trace, using MB1 click, hold and drag from C_0 to C_21 ensuring that these are now
highlighted. Don’t forget that the Coefficients start at ZERO so selecting the first 22
coefficients is actually choosing 0 - 22!
7 The Output should be selected for at least the Grids. Press MB1 so that Grids is now
toggled on (red). If you wish to also output a set of corresponding sub-grids for the RMS
Error press MB1 so that RMS Error is now toggled on (red).
8 Store to must be set. Assuming you want to store the new sub-grids to the shallow
source, with MB1 select and activate the Shallower Source so that it is toggled on
(red).
9 Enter appropriate Remarks.
10 Press with MB1 the Generate button. The process will take a minute or two depending
on how many Coefficients you wish and the specific CPU you are using.
11 Display the results using Multiframe.

Correlation Mapping
The Correlation Mapping function generates an attribute map with values derived
from computing the cross-correlation of each trace against a number of adjacent
traces. The computed attribute value provides a measure of how low or high the
cross-correlation of a trace in relation to one or more of its neighbor traces. This
attribute is useful in detecting changes in the seismic signature caused by faults or
other structural or stratigraphic features.
The correlation process is performed by using an interpreted horizon (grid) or a

constant time, as a guiding surface. For each grid cell location, a cross-correlation
function against a user specified number of neighboring traces is computed over a
depth window centered around the guiding surface. Since more than one extremum
of the correlation function can be found in the correlation search window, you can
select the value to extract relative to the guiding surface. The attribute value
(correlation factor) finally assigned to a given grid cell is based on either the
minimum, maximum, or average of the correlation values derived from the adjacent
traces.
Parameters
IMain - Grid > Functions > Correlation Map > Parameters opens the
Correlation Map Parameters dialogue box, which contains the necessary input
and constraint parameters required to generate a Correlation Map. Any selections
made in this dialogue box must be registered by clicking either the OK or Apply
button prior to executing the computation.

Figure 11.11 Correlation Map menu and Correlation Map Parameters

dialogue box

Figure 11.12 Correlation Map (IMain - Grid)

Variance Cube
Variance Cube can be used to highlight faults and subtle stratigraphic features in a
3D seismic volume. In the output cube, incoherent areas are displayed in high
contrast (high values in the color scale).
The Variance Cube algorithm is a direct measurement of dissimilarity rather than

a measurement of similarity. It is a weighted moving variance (dissimilarity) that is
calculated at each time or depth sample within the volume of interest. Variance is
calculated using both horizontal and vertical components.


Chapter 11
Processing Tool Box
••••••
Overview
The Processing Tool Box (PTB) consists of selected modules designed to perform
post-stack processing on 2D or 3D data. Synthetic well traces can be reprocessed
using the processing tools available in the Charisma Synthetics package. Use of
the various processors within PTB can enhance the data quality in the following
ways:
• Scale and apply filters to raw stack data
• Vintage matching
• Improve resolution of older data
• Determine new parameters for reprocessing
• Matching of seismic data and synthetic well traces
• Apply filters to remove noise
Exercises
Temporary Processing
Create Multiversion

Processing Tool Box Schlumberger
Seismic Processing Tool Box
The options within the Processing Tool Box are the same for 2D and 3D surveys.
The results of a processing job can be saved as multiversions of the original 2D and
3D data.
There are two different modes of processing:

• Temporary Image processing - is done interactively and the image is
available for display after completion of the processing. The image is only
stored in memory during the current IMain session. Temporary processing
can only be done interactively, while the multiversion processing can be
done interactively and in batch.
• Multiversion Image processing - requires creating a new version of the
input seismic on disk. This can be done interactively or in batch mode.
Batch processing can be used when many seismic lines are processed or if
a big 3D cube is being processed.
Temporary Image Processing
Temporary Image processing will submit and run the job as soon as you select Run
Now on the Processing Toolbox dialogue box (Figure 12.1). The temporary image
processing option directs the system to only process the number of traces set for the
display in the Preference Editor (normally 1024). PTB will actually process the
traces in this display setting regardless of the zoom settings or size of section. The
results of the processing is stored in scratch image files in the PTB sub directory;
one image file for each processing function. The image files are overwritten each
time the same function is used.

Schlumberger Processing Tool Box
Set processing Set parameters

function. for selected
processes.
Select processing
mode: temporary
or new seismic
Select seismic
version. multiversion to
process.
Create new Select seismic

line to process
seismic multi- when several
version for stor- sections are
age of processed displayed.
seismic.
Cube Extent
sets the inline/
crossline time
range for 3D
processing.
Calculates
available disk
space for storage
of seismic
Displays the multiversion.
processed seismic.
Lists contents of
the batch queue
and the information
about each
processing job.
Figure 12.1 Processing Toolbox dialogue box
Multiversions Image processing
In the Processing ToolBox Job Type (Figure 12.1) the user is presented with five
(5) options:
• Temporary Image

Processing Tool Box Schlumberger
• 3D Cube
• 2D Section
• Active 2D survey
• All Selected 2D Surveys.
Selecting Temporary Image processes the image displayed in the Seismic

window. Use the Display Image function to display the latest results of the
processing function selected
The 3D Cube option enable the user to process the entire (or sub-cube of) 3D
survey. Once selected, the cube extent button will be activated where the input
inline, cross-line, time ranges and increments may be specified
The 2D Section option processes the currently active (displayed) line. This option
applies only to 2D sections.
The Active 2D Survey processes all lines belonging to the active 2D survey.
All Selected 2D Surveys processes all lines belonging to all surveys selected in
the Imain session.
All of these options except Temporary Image will process the selected lines,
surveys, and cubes regardless of size, and save the results permanently on disk. Use
the function New Version to define destinations (multiversion names) for the
processing results.

Chapter 12
MapPlot, MapEdit, CGM Preview, and Scaled
Hardcopy Plot
••••••
Overview
The Charisma MapPlot system is integrated into the GeoFrame database

environment and is able to produce project related maps. It offers functionality for
the generation of the following types of maps:
• Posted Maps: Basemaps, Contour, and Segment Set Maps
• Colored Grid Raster Maps
• Contour Maps from grids
• Color-filled Contour Maps
• Colored Seismic Slice Maps
• Color coded Scattered Point Maps
MapEdit is a utility offering functions for interactive editing of various data types
stored in the Charisma database.
The horizon interpretation grids from Charisma has to be shared from GeoFrame
using Surface Share in other to make them available for use in MapEdit and
MapPlot.
HardCopy Plot is designed to rasterize window displays such as seismic sections,

horizons, attribute maps, and generate plot files.
All plots are output in a standard binary CGM metafile format. The CGMPreview
module provides an integrated metafile administration system including preview,
and color scale, and label editing subsequent to metafile generation.
Exercises

MapPlot, MapEdit, CGM Preview, and Scaled Hardcopy Plot Schlumberger
Surface Share
Generate a Basemap
Generate a Grid Contour Map
Generate a Color Contour Map
Generate a Map with Contour Segment Set
Generate a Grid Raster Map with Contour Overlay
Generate a Seismic Slice Map
Make Scaled Hardcopy Plots

Schlumberger MapPlot, MapEdit, CGM Preview, and Scaled Hardcopy Plot
MapPlot
All components have convenient default parameter handling as well as extensive

plot parameter selection. The complete map is designed by these parameters before
plotting. Default parameters are saved within the project database and are stored
automatically whenever a map generation procedure is initialized with the Start
plot button. The system keeps several different default parameter sets for Basemap,
Posted Map, Contour Map and Posted Point Map. Therefore, it is possible to start
map generation without any parameter manipulation. Plot generation is available in
on line and batch mode. In batch mode, interactive job status control is available.
Additionally, it is possible to plot 2D line locations and/or a 3D inline/crossline grid,

as well as cultural information, well locations, contour sets, posted well
measurements and posted scattered points as overlay on the MapPlot maps.
All plots are output in a standard binary CGM metafile format. The CGMPreview
module provides an integrated metafile administration system including preview,
and color scale, and label editing subsequent to metafile generation.
Posted Maps - Basemap
All options available for Basemap Generation are also available for all other plot
functions. Basemap functions include:
• Display of 2D basemap lines with various attributes and different attributes
in several line classes.
• 3D basemap frame with inline and crossline markers and annotation.
• Geographical and rectangular coordinate nets as overlay.
• Cultural data plot from the database.
• Well locations, deviation lines, and posting of well measurements.
• Posting of scattered point data.
• Display of 2D basemap lines with various attributes and different attributes
in several line classes.
• 3D basemap frame with inline and crossline markers and annotation.
• Geographical and rectangular coordinate nets as overlay.
• Cultural data plot from the database.
• Well locations, deviation lines, and posting of well measurements.

• Posting of scattered point data.
Posted Maps - Contour Set Map
The Contour Set Map function enables the generation of maps with contour
segment sets from the project database. You must have a Contour Set already
generated and stored in the database. These segments are generated and stored when
running a Grid Contour Map. Multiple contour sets may be selected for plotting
on the same map. The contours may be smoothed prior to posting. Contour sets can
also be displayed as overlays on maps generated within any other MapPlot
function.
Posted Maps - Segment Set Map
The Segment Set Map function enables the generation of a posted (interpretation)
segment distribution map with segments stored as segment sets in the database. A
typical example is digitized 2D time interpretation. The following map display
options are available:
• Segment extension map display for lines selected in the 2D line map and 3D
map frame dialogues. Segment display with different line styles, colors, and
thicknesses
• Posted value display with various marker symbols indicating their location
along a line
• Posted data value display in fixed CDP (location) intervals
• Posted data value display in fixed time (depth) intervals
• Digitized segment point display
• Absolute mistie value display
• Delta mistie value display
• Intermediate Time Level (ITL) correction (only available if an ITL horizon
has been generated in the current project)
• Fault segment tie point display (only available if the segment set is a horizon
and segments are available in the project database)

Posted Maps - Grid Raster Maps
The Grid Raster Map function enables quick generation of colored grid raster
maps. Every grid point will be displayed as a color filled rectangle; the grid point is
located at the center of the rectangle and the color indicates the grid value at each
location.
Grid Contour Map
Grid Contour Map enables the generation of a map with contours calculated from
a grid within the project database. If there are fault boundaries or ridge lines
assigned to a grid, they will be honored properly as border lines for contours. In
addition, contouring can be controlled very well by the attributes of gridding and
contouring boundaries, fault zone polygons, no data area polygons, etc., if such
segments are available within an associated boundary set. The contouring function
in MapPlot tries to honor precisely all values input from a grid. Therefore, a better
quality contour map can usually be achieved after applying a gridding or smoothing
operation to the grid. For example, grid smoothing options are available in Grid
Utility under Functions>Gridding.
Additional Grid Contour Map options are:

• Plot of posted grid values.
• Plot of high / low indicators.
• Storage of the calculated contours (in smoothed or original form) as contour
sets within the project database. Then subsequent editing of those contours
is possible. They can be selected for Posted Contour Map generation.
• Color-filled contour plot preparation.
In order to generate a Color Contour Map, it is first necessary to have generated a

Grid Contour Map with the Color plot preparation option activated in the
Contour lines menu. This will generate a metafile entry in the database for
subsequent colored contour plotting. The contours generated within this Grid
Contour Map function will be stored on disk and are automatically associated with
the Color Contour Map metafile entry when calling up the MapPlot Color
Contour Map function later on. By default, the Color plot preparation option is
always disabled.

Color Contour Map
The Color Contour Map function enables the generation of high quality color filled
contour maps. The color areas are calculated by means of the associated grid and
contour segments evaluated previously. The color area boundaries will honor the
contours and associated fault boundaries and ridge lines very well. When calling up
the Color Contour Map function, a Metafile Selector window is displayed and it
is necessary to select a color map metafile. Such a color map metafile entry is
created during a previous generation of a Grid Contour Map for the grid using the
option, Color plot preparation under Contour Lines The contours calculated
within the contour map generation procedure are stored on disk and they are
automatically associated to this Color Contour Map metafile entry. In addition, the
contour file keeps information about the grid mesh reduction selected for the
previous Grid Contour Map generation, because the grid resolution for the colored
contour map cannot be higher than for the corresponding contours.
Evaluation of the colored contour areas is performed by triangulation within the grid
cells and against the fault, boundary and contour segments, so that a unique color
can be assigned to every triangle. This procedure ensures a high quality of the color
maps, even if the fault and contour segments do not properly enclose closed contour
areas, i.e. they may be split up or disconnected by means of insufficient grid data.
Seismic Slice Map
The Seismic Slice Map function is only available within 3D projects. It enables
generation of a map, which displays a colored seismic timeslice; i.e. it enables
seismic amplitude mapping of a seismic 3D cube. This is a map where every seismic
sample is displayed as a color filled rectangle. The sample is located at the center of
the rectangle and the color indicates the amplitude value at this location. In this way,
the map layout is quite similar to a colored grid raster map. Calling up this function
will present a selector where the seismic version and the slice value to be displayed
have to be defined. The slice value selected must match an existing level of seismic
samples (timeslice). You must generate timeslices using Genloc before running this
MapPlot option. If not, a dialogue box will pop up and say that there are no seismic
slices available for the project.

Scattered Point Map
A scattered point set is a surface representation of data points, which are arbitrarily
distributed in the general case. The Scattered Point Map function enables the
generation of a map of a scattered point set with a color coded point value display.
This is a map where every point location is displayed as a color filled symbol; the
colors being assigned to a color scale indicating the point value. The point locations
can be displayed with marker symbols and value annotation. Scattered points can
also be displayed with markers and annotation in maps generated within any other
MapPlot function; however, color coded display is only possible within the
Scattered Point Map function. The location symbols to be used can be selected by
the user or they may vary depending on a point key saved in the database. Their
colors always indicate the main point value, whereas additionally posted point
annotation can also show point z-values or uncertainties.
The scattered point data can be loaded into the database using Seismic Catalog >
Input and Output > Interpretation Data > Grid Load > Import. The option,
Scatter, should be used when importing the data points. Scatter point data are also
created in InDepth.

Making Hardcopy Plots
HardCopy Plot is designed to rasterize window displays such as seismic sections,

horizons, attribute maps, and generate plot files. These can be immediately output
to a user-specified plotter or stored in a plot queue for plotting at a later time after
exiting IMain. Plot files in the queue are sent to the plotters using the Submit Plot
function. There is also a re-plot facility, which re-plots or deletes existing plot files
(previously submitted to a plotter). HardCopy Plot is found under the File menu
and is available in all three windows (Seismic, Gridmap, and Basemap). The
dialogue box parameters are active only if they are related to that window.
For seismic lines (3Dline, 2Dline, randomline or any compose of those lines) there
is the option to make a hardcopy plot of a screen dump, whole section and part
section. If a seismic attributes is selected as display hardcopy can plot a screen dump
or the whole section.

Set Plot Name and Plot Type.
Set the Horizontal Scale and the Depth Scale.

The plot size will reflect the selection.
Set the Annotation Parameters.
Set the Plot Parameters.
Set the plotter from the menu.
Set the number of copies required,

if more than one.
Set the seismic parameters, if plotting a
seismic section.
Set the time frame.
When finished with settings, click OK.
Figure 14.1 Scaled Hardcopy dialogue box

Select plot size

Select display type
Manually set the plot size
Set the wiggle parameters
Select amplitude fill
Toggle on and set and select rulers
Figure 14.2 Seismic Parameters dialogue box

Using CGMPreview
CGMPreview was developed to preview, edit, and plot a binary structured

Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM), which is a standard file developed for
storing data. It does not store information about the structure of the data, such as
how the data was built, but is primarily a graphic image. CGM is a standard
collection of elements that make up an image such as polyline, polygon, line color,
and other elements. Most often the CGM is used to store an image for later
modification, viewing, or queuing the image for spooled plotting. CGMPreview is
used in conjunction with various different modules; among them are MapPlot, and
Synthetics. The following features are available:
• Binary CGM interpreter
• Color scale editing
• Label editing
• Output of an edited CGM file
• Hardcopy device interface connection

MapEdit
MapEdit is a utility offering functions for interactive editing of various data types
stored in the Charisma database. With this program, the user can display one or
more windows for viewing or editing purposes.

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Seismic Interpretation

© December 12, 2001 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.

No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or translated

Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement. Schlumberger makes no

GeoFrame™, StratLog™ WellPix™, WellEdit™, WellSketch™, and CPS-3™

OSF/Motif® is a registered trademark of Open Software Foundation.

PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.

SPARCstation ™, Solaris™ , Ultra™ and SunOS™ are trademarks of Sun

UNIX® is a registered trademark of X/Open Company Limited.

X Window System™ is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

About this Course

Hardware and Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

How to Use the Training Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii

Course Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Charisma

Using IMain Menus - Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3

GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide iii

Chapter 2 Data Selection and Display Techniques

Creating Random Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Borehole Selection, Display, and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

Color Definition and Manipulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

Wiggle Trace Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16

Squash Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18

Multiframe Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19

Seismic Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20

iv GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Chapter 3 Mistie Analysis

Horizon Mistie Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

Chapter 4 Horizon Creation and Manual Seismic Interpretation

Selecting and Activating Horizons and Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Horizon Display from the Seismic Interpretation

Basic Horizon Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

Horizon Flattening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

Seismic Correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

Chapter 5 Automated Horizon Interpretation and Map Editing Tech-

Editing Map Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

ASAP (Automatic Seismic Area Picker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

Chapter 6 Fault Interpretation

vi GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Fault Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14

Contact Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19

Fault Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25

Chapter 7 GeoCube and GeoViz

GeoViz and GeoViz Explore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

Chapter 8 2D Interpretation Using Grids

vii GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Chapter 9 Grid Manager, Grid Constructor, Gridding, and Grid Li-

Chapter 10 Attribute Generator including Volume Reflection Spec-

viii GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Heterogeneity - Instantaneous Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17

Correlation Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-28

Variance Cube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-31

Chapter 11 Processing Tool Box

Chapter 12 MapPlot, MapEdit, CGM Preview, and Scaled Hardcopy

ix GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Posted Maps - Grid Raster Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5

Making Hardcopy Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8

Using CGMPreview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11

Exercises are in Volume 2

x GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

Activate Cursor Tracking in IMain - Grid and IMain - Seismic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide xiii

xiv GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide

GeoFrame Charisma Seismic Interpretation Training & Exercise Guide xv