ULTRA MEGA COMPI ADONIS SHORT With Rowen PDF

As the pressure decreases in a P-T diagram, it is harder to turn the
vapor state into the liquid state due to the compressive force acting on
the substance. F??
The vapor that enters the condenser of an external combustion engine

releases heat to the surroundings thereby decreasing the temperature
while maintaining the pressure. F??
The Diesel cycle has a higher _________ ratio than Otto cycle due to
the absence of fuel and absence of a spark plug in the compression
stroke. Efficiency
In order for the air-conditioner to cool a room faster, less work should
be done at the compressor. F
The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics

states that it is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device, the
sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a
single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work. T
Oxygen and nitrogen gases at 25oC have different specific volume and density. T
In Carnot cycle, the ideal gas in the system absorbs amount heat from
a heat source at a high temperature, expands and does work on
surroundings. T
n the diesel cycle, the explosion happens at a constant ________ because there is no spark plug and the piston has
already started moving downwards. Pressure
A refrigerant is used as the pure substance for a refrigerator because

low _________ point can receive heat even at low temperature.
Boiling
A pure substance cannot be a heterogeneous mixture. T
Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind is a hypothetical machine which violates the second law of
thermodynamics. T
In an isothermal heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining temperature increases, it is easier to transform the
liquid into vapor because of a higher kinetic energy of the molecules. False
According to the Clausius Statement, it is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cycle and produces
no other effect than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body. TRUE
During the isobaric heating of a pure substance, in the phase change

transition, only the specific volume or volume changes. F
The most efficient heat engine cycle is the _______ cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic
processes. (CARNOT CYCLE)
Below the critical ________, the super critical fluid is in the gaseous
state. Point
It is impossible to convert heat to work 100% due to _________.

Temperature difference
The internal combustion heat engine is in an adiabatic condition
because the cylinder is insulated. T
A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and maintain it at 20°C. On a day when the
outdoor air temperature drops to -2°C, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the heat pump
under these conditions has a COP of 2.5, determine the rate at which heat is absorbed from the cold outdoor air (in
kJ/h). Express your answer in whole number. 48000
Air is compressed by a 12-kW compressor from P1 to P2. The air temperature is maintained constant at 25°C during
this process as a result of heat transfer to the surrounding medium at 10°C. Determine the rate of entropy change of
the air (in kW/K). Express your answer in four decimal places. -0.0403
A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is transferred now to the
refrigerant from a source at 35°C until the pressure rises to 400 kPa. Determine the total entropy change (in kJ/K) for
this process. Express your answer in three decimal places. 0.441
In an isobaric expansion of a substance, as the maintaining pressure

________ (increases or decreases), the subcooled liquid →saturated
liquid transition becomes shorter because the saturated temperature
is higher. INCREASES
In a steam power plant, the water phase that exited the boiler has
a________ (higher or lower) entropy than after exiting the turbine
Higher
A refrigerator violates or reverses the Second Law statement by

transferring _________ from low temperature to high temperature.
Heat
In the diesel cycle, the explosion happens at a constant __________ because

there is no spark plug and the piston has already started moving
downwards.
VOLUME
The vapor that enters the condenser of an external combustion engine releases heat to the surroundings thereby
decreasing the temperature while maintaining the pressure. TRU
The compressor is needed in a refrigerator/air-conditioner in order for

the refrigerant to release heat _________. energy
1. A phase transformation from solid to solid is called a ________ transformation.
Eutectoid
In solids, a heterogeneous phase can comprise two or more homogeneous phases with different
structures.
True
________ are a result of a mismatch of atomic alignments between grains or crystals.
Grain Boundaries
Heterogeneous nucleation is faster than homogeneous nucleation because of its lower temperature of
subjection.
TRUE
For the solidification of pure nickel with Tm = 1455oC, the values for the latent heat of fusion and
surface free energy are -2.53 x 109 J/m3 and 0.255 J/m2, respectively. Supercooling value is 280 K.
Calculate ?G* (in x 10-18 J) if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express your
answer in two (2) decimal places.
1.65
Calculate the critical radius (r*) (in nm) if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC.
Express your answer in two (2) decimal places.
1.24
Metastable phases are formed when you don’t give enough time for atoms to diffuse and so are made
thru quenching of liquid or molten metal.
True
________is an example of simple diffusion dependent transformation wherein a pure solid metal
changes its structure from one crystal structure to another. Ex. Fe changing from FCC to BCC at lower
temperature of subjection (T).
Allotropic Transformation
Calculate ?Gs (in x 10-18 J) if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express your
4.96
Close-packed directions of a unit cell are those with high density of atoms.
True
It is easier to obtain a crystalline structure for solids with two or more kinds of elements.
False
The sign of ÄGS is positive because the atoms on the surface of nuclei have high energy states and it
increases even more as the size of nuclei increases.
True
In reality, impurities present in metals that are still solid above Tm will induce a ________type of
nucleation.
Heterogenous
Quenched molten metals have better ________ properties due to the presence of numerous grain
boundaries that deflect the crack propagation within grains.
________ is much higher in magnitude than ÄGV during the early stage of solildification because more
atoms on surface.
?Gs
Nuclei with r < r* will not grow because _________ will be detached.
there is not enough atoms
The first factor affecting the change in composition of the solid and liquid phases during solidification is
the ________.
Amount
Upon subjection to a temperature below Tm, liquid or molten metal atoms to diffuse to form ________
in order to lower the energy state.
nucleation
Calculate the number of atoms in a nucleus with r* if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol.
Ni is FCC. Express your answer in whole number.
737
As the radius of atomic clusters increases, the energy state with respect to volume increases due to
stable atoms in the bulk of the nuclei.
True
Specific parameters like ã and ÄGõ are the same (do not change) for a metallic element at different
temperature of subjection.
False
The second factor affecting the change in composition of the solid and liquid phases during solidification
is the ________.
Size
It is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. These are 2D defects
in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material.
Smaller r* and ÄG* is needed for a molten metal subjected at a lower temperature because more
________ are formed.
________ is the ‘push’ needed for a spontaneous solidification to occur.
Activation Energy
The total change in Gibbs free energy is not always negative during the solidification process of a metal.
True
Calculate the radius of atomic cluster (in nm) at the point where the change in volume and surface free
energy are equal in magnitude. Express your answer in two (2) decimal places.
1.87
Close-packed directions of a unit cell are those with low density of atoms.
False
Calculate ?Gv (in x 10-18 J) if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express your
-3.31
Calculate the number of unit cells if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express
your answer in whole number.
184
A phase transformation from liquid to solid is called a ________ transformation.
Eutectic
The more crystalline the material, the higher the energy state.
False
A cylinder with a piston contains 0.150 mol of nitrogen at 1.8 × 105 Pa and 300K. The
nitrogen may be treated as an ideal gas. The gas is first compressed isobarically to ½
its original volume. It then expands adiabatically back to its original volume, and finally
it is heated isochorically to its original pressure. Compute the minimum pressure (in
Pa). Express your answer in whole number.
68200
Work is the energy transferred as a force acts on a system through a

distance.
True
False
it is heated isochorically to its original pressure. Compute the temperature (in K) at the
beginning of the adiabatic expansion. Express your answer in whole number.
150 K
Work, like heat, is a __________ form of energy.
Kinetic ??
The energy required to push a unit mass of fluid into or out of a control volume is
called flow work or flow energy.
True
The mechanical energy is defined as the form of energy that can be converted to
mechanical work completely and directly by a mechanical device such as an ideal
turbine.
true
A system containing 2.50 mol of an ideal gas for which CV,m=20.79 J mol–1 K–1 is
taken through the cycle in the following diagram in the direction indicated by the
arrows. The curved path corresponds to PV=nRT, where T=T1=T3. Calculate the
change in enthalpy (in kJ) for segment 2 to 3. Express your answer in one decimal
place.
-139.4
A closed system increases its temperature through isochoric heating, adiabatic
expansion, and isobaric expansion.
??
Any change from one state to another is called a process.
False
Practically speaking a reversible/very slow process like an _________
expansion/compression of a gas can be taken back to its initial state because there
were no losses of heat.
??
In a piston cylinder with gas, the appropriate system would be __________.
??
While you are reading this, static forms of energy enter and exit your system.
False??
arrows. The curved path corresponds to PV=nRT, where T=T1=T3. Calculate the work
(in kJ) for segment 2 to 3. Express your answer in whole number.
0
change in enthalpy (in kJ) for segment nge in Gibbs free ener. Express your answer
in one decimal place.
139.4
A 2.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes isothermal expansion along a single-step
expansion against a constant external pressure of 4.50 bar. Calculate the work (in
J) for this process. Express your answer in whole number.
-19300
arrows. The curved path corresponds to PV=nRT, where T=T1=T3. Calculate the heat
(in kJ) for segment 3 to 1. Express your answer in two decimal places.
-5.35
A system of fixed mass is called a open system.
False ??
change in internal energy (in kJ) for segment 2 to 3. Express your answer in one
decimal place.
-99.6
A process with identical end states is called a cycle.

True
The First Law of Thermodynamics is useful for __________ calculations.
Energy balance
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if
both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.
True
A system of fixed mass is called a control volume.
False
The heat capacity of polymers and ceramics are different but they have the same
specific heat capacity.
False
5.35
it is heated isochorically to its original pressure. Compute the temperature (in K) at the
end of the adiabatic expansion. Express your answer in one decimal place.
113.7
Constant pressure heat capacity, Cp is higher than constant volume heat
capacity, Cv because compared to constant volume heating, gases heat up fast due
to the work done by the system in an isobaric heating process.
True
False
True
A 2.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes isothermal expansion along a two-step

expansion consisting initially of an expansion against a constant external pressure of
11.0 bar until P=Pexternal, followed by an expansion against a constant external
pressure of 4.50 bar until P=Pexternal. Calculate the work (in J) for this process.
Express your answer in whole number.
-12900
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system.
It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and
volume.
True
A closed system at stationary conditions means the kinetic energy and potential
energy are equal to zero.
False ??
A change in temperature can cause a change in the internal energy while a change in
phase cannot.
True ??
There is no energy transfer and transformation for an adiabatic expansion of a gas.
False ?
In terms of the rate of pressure change, which of the following would be highest?
adiabatic, isochoric, or isothermal?
Adiabatic
The sum of all forms of energy of a system is called internal energy, which consists of
internal, kinetic, and potential energy for simple compressible systems.
False
A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called an open system.
True
The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression of the conservation of energy
principle, and it asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.
True ?
A system of fixed mass is called a closed system.

True
(in kJ) for segment 1 to 2. Express your answer in one decimal place.
-39.8
(in kJ) for segment 1 to 2. Express your answer in one decimal place.
139.4
A piston-cylinder with gas set-up is used to represent the different thermodynamic
__________ that occur in a thermodynamic device.
System?
change in enthalpy (in kJ) for segment 3 to 1. Express your answer whole number.
0
A change in phase process causes a change in the __________ of the molecules
while the kinetic energy, temperature, and pressure are held constant
Volume
A system of fixed mass is called a control mass
true
Internal energy represents the molecular energy of a system and may exist in
sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear forms.
True
The conservation of mass principle states that the net mass transfers to or from a
system during a process is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the total
mass of the system during that process.
True
The second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy has quality as well as
quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.
True
molecules/particles have higher molar heat capacities because of different forms of
movement/less translational movement.
Liquid
A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called a control volume.
False
In terms of the rate of pressure change, which of the following would be lowest?
adiabatic, isochoric, or isothermal
Isochoric
A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called a closed system.
False
The same materials of different mass have the same heat capacity.
false
Àir is compressed by a 12-kW compressor from P1 to P2. The air temperature is maintained constant at
25°C during this process as a result of heat transfer to the surrounding medium at 10°C. Determine the
rate of entropy change of the air (in kW/K). Express your answer in four decimal places.
- 0.0403 kW/K
À heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and maintain it at 20°C. On a
day when the outdoor air temperature drops to -2°C, the house is estimated to lose heat at a
rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the heat pump under these conditions has a COP of 2.5, determine the
rate at which heat is absorbed from the cold outdoor air (in kJ/h). Express your answer in whole
number.
48024
À 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is
transferred now to the refrigerant from a source at 35°C until the pressure rises to 400 kPa. Determine
the total entropy change (in kJ/K) for this process. Express your answer in three decimal places
0.441
Ìn a steam power plant, the water phase that exited the boiler has
a________ (higher or lower) entropy than after exiting the turbine.
Higher ? 1st take
À refrigerator violates or reverses the Second Law

statement by transferring _________ from low
temperature to high temperature.
Heat ?? 1st take
Ìn the diesel cycle, the explosion happens at a
constant __________ because there is no spark plug
and the piston has already started moving
downwards.
Pressure
`Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind is a hypothetical machine which violates the
second law of thermodynamics.
True
`Helium and bromine gases at 30oC have same specific volume and density
False ??
The vapor that enters the condenser of an external combustion engine releases heat to the
surroundings thereby decreasing the temperature while maintaining the pressure.
False??
According to the Clausius Statement, it is impossible to construct a device which operates on a

cycle and produces no other effect than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.
True?
In an isothermal heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining temperature increases, it is

easier to transform the liquid into vapor because of a higher kinetic energy of the molecules.
True?
The most efficient heat engine cycle is the _________ cycle, consisting of
two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes.
Carnot
The Second Law of Thermodynamics accounts for

energy transformations and not the direction of a
spontaneous process.
False?
The Diesel cycle has a higher _________ ratio than
Otto cycle due to the absence of fuel and absence of
a spark plug in the compression stroke.
Compression?
In an isochoric heating of a pure substance, as the
maintaining temperature increases, it is easier to
transform the liquid into vapor because of a higher
kinetic energy of the molecules.
False??
In the molecular level, heat engines try to lessen the entropy increase by
doing work due to the organization of _________ in the turbine.
Steam
In order for the air-conditioner to cool a room faster,

less work should be done at the compressor.
False??
In order for the air-conditioner to cool a room faster,
more work should be done at the compressor.
True?
The compressor is needed in a refrigerator/air-
conditioner in order for the refrigerant to release heat
_________.
From the system
Below the critical ________, the super critical fluid is in the gaseous state.
Point ?? haha
2nd take temperature
During the exhaust stroke for both Otto and Diesel cycle, the
compression is at constant volume because the system is _________.
isochoric
In Carnot cycle, the ideal gas in the system absorbs

amount heat from a heat source at a high
temperature, expands and does work on
surroundings.
True?
The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of
thermodynamics states that it is impossible to devise
a cyclically operating device, the sole effect of which
is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single
thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount
of work.
True
The internal combustion heat engine is in an adiabatic
condition because the cylinder is insulated.
False?
The work of the turbine, WT > work of the pump, WP of
a steam power plant because the phase is a vapor
with less _________.
Pressure
Critical
During the isothermal heating of a pure substance, in
the phase change transition, only the specific volume
or volume changes.
False
As the pressure decreases in a P-T diagram, it is

harder to turn the vapor state into the liquid state due
to the compressive force acting on the substance.
True
A refrigerant is used as the pure substance for a
refrigerator because low _________ point can receive
heat even at low temperature.
Boiling
In an isothermal heating process, the superheated
vapor has the same temperature but higher pressure
than saturated vapor.
True
The First Law of Thermodynamics accounts for
energy transformations and not the direction of a
spontaneous process.
True
Above critical point, there is also a continuous change
in specific volume, and there is only a single
_________ involved.
Phase
It is impossible to convert heat to work 100% due to
Heat loss
The liquid that enters the condenser of an external
combustion engine releases heat to the surroundings
thereby decreasing the temperature while maintaining
the pressure.
True
During the isobaric heating of a pure substance, in the

phase change transition, only the specific volume or
volume changes.
False
Oxygen and nitrogen gases at 25oC have different
specific volume and density.
True
A pure substance cannot be a heterogeneous mixture.
True
________ (increases or decreases), the subcooled liquid → saturated liquid
transition becomes shorter because the saturated temperature is higher.
increases
The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression of the conservation of energy principle, and it
asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.
True
The sum of all forms of energy of a system is called internal energy, which consists of internal, kinetic,
and potential energy for simple compressible systems.
True
Oxygen and nitrogen gases at 25oC have different specific volume and density.
True
It is impossible to convert heat to work 100% due to _________.
Heat loss
The energy required to push a unit mass of fluid into or out of a control
volume is called flow work or flow energy.
True
In a steam power plant, the water phase that exited the boiler has a________
(higher or lower) entropy than after exiting the turbine.
lower
For the solidification of pure nickel with Tm = 1455oC, the values for the latent heat of fusion and surface
free energy are -
2.53 x 109 J/m3 and 0.255 J/m2, respectively. Supercooling value is 280 K. Calculate the critical radius
(r*) (in nm) if ρ = 8.902 g/cm3and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express your answer in
two (2) decimal places.
1.24
A pure substance cannot be a heterogeneous mixture.
True
During the exhaust stroke for both Otto and Diesel cycle, the compression is at constant volume because
the system is _________.
Closed
As the pressure decreases in a P-T diagram, it is harder to turn the vapor state into the liquid state due
to the compressive force acting on the substance.
True
According to the Clausius Statement, it is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cycle and
produces no other effect than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.
True
In terms of percent conversion of heat to work, an isothermal process

wins over an isobaric one.
True
Grain Boundaries
A closed system at stationary conditions means the kinetic energy and potential energy are equal to zero.
False
Nuclei with r < r* will not grow because _________ will be detached.
Atoms
Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind is a hypothetical machine which violates the second law of
thermodynamics.
True
For the solidification of pure nickel with Tm = 1455oC, the values for the latent heat of fusion and surface free
energy are -2.53 x 109 J/m3 and 0.255 J/m2, respectively. Supercooling value is 280 K. Calculate the number of unit
cells if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express your answer in whole number.
184
In an isothermal heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining temperature increases, it is easier to transform the
liquid into vapor because of a higher kinetic energy of the molecules.
True
In reality, impurities present in metals that are still solid above Tm will induce a ________type of nucleation.
Heterogeneous
A cylinder with a piston contains 0.150 mol of nitrogen at 1.8 × 10 5 Pa and 300K. The nitrogen may be treated as an
ideal gas. The gas is first compressed isobarically to ½ its original volume. It then expands adiabatically back to its
original volume, and finally it is heated isochorically to its original pressure. Compute the temperature (in K) at the
beginning of the adiabatic expansion. Express your answer in whole number.
150
A system containing 2.50 mol of an ideal gas for which CV,m=20.79 J mol–1 K–1 is taken through the cycle in the
following diagram in the direction indicated by the arrows. The curved path corresponds to PV=nRT, where T=T 1=T3.
Calculate the heat (in kJ) for segment 1 to 2. Express your answer in one decimal place.
139.4
In an isochoric heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining temperature increases, it is easier to transform the
liquid into vapor because of a higher kinetic energy of the molecules.
False
A change in temperature can cause a change in the internal energy while a change in phase cannot.
True
Work is the energy transferred as a force acts on a system through a distance.
False
________ is the ‘push’ needed for a spontaneous solidification to occur.
Activation Energy
A system of fixed mass is called a control mass
true
The compressor is needed in a refrigerator/air-conditioner in order for the refrigerant to release heat _________.
outside
A system containing 2.50 mol of an ideal gas for which CV,m=20.79 J mol–1 K–1 is taken through the cycle in the
following diagram in the direction indicated by the arrows. The curved path corresponds to PV=nRT, where T=T 1=T3.
Calculate the work (in kJ) for segment 1 to 2. Express your answer in one decimal place.
-39.8
In a constant temperature compression of a gas, the internal energy does not change and the pressure decreases.
False
Which of the following compounds is not miscible with water?

e. CCl4
The molality of a solution is
b. the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent.
A 0.1000 m aqueous solution of a weak acid, HA, is 1.5% ionized. At what temperature does it freeze? Kf for water =
1.86°C/m.
e. -0.189°C
At 25°C, 100 g of water will be saturated with 35.7 g of NaCl. Which word below describes the solution of 1.55 mol of
NaCl dissolved in 250 mL of water?
c. supersaturated
Which one of the following statements is false?
e. Apparent percentage ionization of a polar covalent solute in water increases as concentration of

the solute increases.
A solution contains 10.0 g pentane, C5H12, 10.0 g hexane, C6H14 and 10.0 g benzene, C6H6. What is the
mole fraction of hexane?
0.303
Select the most appropriate explanation of the following observation on solubility: "Hydrogen chloride,
HCl, is very soluble in water."
a. Water is a polar solvent, and it promotes the ionization of many polar molecules.
If the mole fraction of methanol in a solution (with only water) is 0.28, what is the mole fraction of the
water?
b. 0.72
Sucrose is a nonvolatile, nonionizing solute in water. Determine the vapor pressure lowering, at 27°C, of
a solution of 75.0 grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, dissolved in 180. g of water. The vapor pressure of pure
water at 27°C is 26.7 torr. Assume the solution is ideal.
0.571

b. The solvation process usually absorbs heat.
If the concentration of CO2 is 2.90 g of CO2 per 1.00 L of soft drink when bottled under 2.0 atm of
CO2 pressure, what will be the concentration of the CO2 in the drink after it has been opened and left to
come to equilibrium with the atmosphere which has a CO2 partial pressure of 3.0 ´ 10-4 atm?
a. 4.4 ´ 10-4 g CO2/L
A solution is made by mixing 52.1 g of propyl chloride, C3H7Cl, and 38.4 g of propyl bromide, C3H7Br.
What is the vapor pressure of propyl chloride in the solution at 25°C? The vapor pressure of pure propyl
chloride is 347 torr at 25°C and that of pure propyl bromide is 133 torr at 25°C. Assume that the solution
is an ideal solution.
236 torr
If 4.27 grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, are dissolved in 15.2 grams of water, what will be the boiling point of
the resulting solution? Kb for water = 0.512°C/m.
a. 100.42°C
The freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 15 g of a nonelectrolyte in 150 mL water is -5.4°C.
What is the molecular weight of the compound? Kf = 1.86°C/m for water.
34.4
Consider the dissolution of KCl in water, an endothermic process. Which of the following is true?
a. The solubility of KCl increases as temperature increases.
The freezing point of a solution of 1.048 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte dissolved in 36.21 g of benzene
is 1.39°C. Pure benzene freezes at 5.48°C and its Kf value is 5.12°C/m. What is the molecular weight of
the compound?
36.3
The compound X2Y is only partially dissociated in water solution to form X+ and Y2- ions. A
0.0100 m solution is found to freeze at -0.040°C. Calculate the apparent percent dissociation of
X2Y. Kf for water = 1.86°C/m.
b. 58%
The change in energy accompanying the process below is the ____ of MX.
M+(g) + X-(g) ® MX(s)
c. crystal lattice energy of MX

Which of the following terms is not generally used in describing the dissolution of solids and gases in
liquids?
c. miscibility
Which one of the following statements about soaps and soap molecules is false?
a. The hydrophilic end of a soap molecule is attracted by grease.

Nuclei with r < r* will not grow because _________ will be detached. (Atoms)?
Work, like heat, is a __________ form of energy. (Complex)?
The work of the turbine, WT > work of the pump, WP of

a steam power plant because the phase is a vapor
with less _________. (Pressure)
The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression of the conservation of energy
principle, and it asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property. (True)
Calculate the number of atoms in a nucleus with r* if ? = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol.
Ni is FCC. Express your answer in whole number. (737)
________ is the ‘push’ needed for a spontaneous solidification to occur. (Activation

Energy)?
In terms of the rate of pressure change, which of the following would be highest?
adiabatic, isochoric, or isothermal? (isothermal)
___________ molecules/particles have higher molar heat capacities because of
different forms of movement/less translational movement.
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system.
It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and
volume. (True)
Helium and bromine gases at 30oC have same specific volume and
density. (True)
The mechanical energy is defined as the form of energy that can be converted to
mechanical work completely and directly by a mechanical device such as an ideal
turbine. (True)
In reality, impurities present in metals that are still solid above Tm will
induce a ________type of nucleation. (heterogeneous)
Heterogeneous nucleation is faster than homogeneous nucleation because of its
lower temperature of subjection. (True)
Close-packed directions of a unit cell are those with low density of atoms. (False)
The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics
states that it is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device, the
sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a
single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work.
(True)
The energy required to push a unit mass of fluid into or out of a control volume is
called flow work or flow energy. (True)
________ (increases or decreases), the subcooled liquid → saturated liquid
transition becomes shorter because the saturated temperature is higher.
(Increases)
The sign of ÄGS is positive because the atoms on the surface of nuclei have high
energy states and it increases even more as the size of nuclei increases. (True)
(in kJ) for segment 3 to 1. Express your answer in two decimal places. (0)
A system of fixed mass is called a open system. (False)
A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called a control mass.
(False)
A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40
percent quality. Heat is transferred now to the refrigerant from a source at
35°C until the pressure rises to 400 kPa. Determine the total entropy change
(in kJ/K) for this process. Express your answer in three decimal places.
(0.441)
The heat capacity of polymers and ceramics are different but they have the same
specific heat capacity. (True)?
In terms of the rate of pressure change, which of the following would be lowest?
adiabatic, isochoric, or isothermal? (Isochoric)
expansion/compression of a gas can be taken back to its initial state because there
were no losses of heat. (compression)
A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called a control volume.
(True)
The First Law of Thermodynamics is useful for __________ calculations. (energy
balance)
The compressor is needed in a refrigerator/air-conditioner in order for
the refrigerant to release heat _________. (from the system)
The vapor that enters the condenser of an external combustion engine
releases heat to the surroundings thereby decreasing the temperature
while maintaining the pressure. (True)
Calculate the osmotic pressure associated with 50.0 g of an enzyme of molecular weight 98,000
g/mol dissolved in 2600. mL of benzene at 30.0C.
If the van't Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.88, what is the freezing point of a 0.50 molal NaCl solution in
water? Kf = 1.86C/m for water.
All of the following describe detergents except: (Detergents do precipitate the ions of hard water.)
Which of the following statements about gas solubility in liquids is false?
If the concentration of CO2 is 2.90 g of CO2 per 1.00 L of soft drink when bottled under 2.0 atm
of CO2 pressure, what will be the concentration of the CO2 in the drink after it has been opened
and left to come to equilibrium with the atmosphere which has a CO2 partial pressure of
3.0  10−4 atm?
A solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane, C5H12, and 0.250 mole of cyclopentane, C5H10.
What is the vapor pressure of pentane in this solution at 25C? The vapor pressure of the pure
liquids at 25C are 451 torr for pentane and 321 torr for cyclopentane. Assume that the solution
is an ideal solution.
What is the molality of an aqueous solution that is 10.0% ethanol, C2H5OH, by mass?
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 112. grams of copper (II) sulfate in
450. mL of water at 25C.
What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 10.0 grams of methylamine, CH3NH2, in
50.0 mL of ethanol, C2H5OH? The specific gravity of ethanol is 0.789.
The use of detergents containing ____ is now discouraged because they can cause
eutrophication. (Sulfates)
The dissolution process is exothermic if the amount of energy released in bringing about ____
interactions exceeds the sum of the amounts of energy absorbed in overcoming ____ and ____
interactions.
Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 70.0 g of naphthalene, C10H8 (a
nonvolatile nonelectrolyte), in 220.0 g of benzene, C6H6. The Kb for benzene = 2.53C/m. The
boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1C.
What is the vapor pressure of a aqueous solution containing 10 %(by weight) ethylene glycol
(62 g/mol) at 25C. PH2O = 24.3 torr at 25C.
Which one of the following solutes is most likely to have low water solubility due to the
dissolution process being highly endothermic?
Which of the following solutions would not be expected to exist?
A 0.0490 molal aqueous NaBr solution freezes at −0.173C. What is its apparent
percent dissociation in this solution? Kf = 1.86C/m for water.
NaBr → Na+ + Br−
Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH, in a solution that contains 230. grams of
C2H5OH and 312 grams of benzene, C6H6.
Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 51.2 g of naphthalene, C10H8, in 500. mL of
carbon tetrachloride. The density of CCl4 is 1.60 g/mL.
If 8.32 grams of methanol, CH3OH, are dissolved in 10.3 grams of water, what is the mole
fraction of methanol in the solution?
The molality of a solution is (the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent.)
1. Calculate the osmotic pressure associated with 50.0 g of an
enzyme of molecular weight 98,000 g/mol dissolved in 2600. mL
of benzene at 30.0°C.
A:3.71 torr
2. Select the most appropriate explanation of the following

observation on solubility: "Hydrogen chloride, HCl, is very soluble
in water."
A:Water is a polar solvent, and it promotes the ionization of
many polar molecules.
3. Which numbered response lists all of the following statements

that are true, and no false statements?
I. Many solids that dissolve in endothermic processes have
solubilities that increase as temperature increases.
II. The solubility in water of a gas that does not react with
water increases as the partial pressure of that gas above the
surface of the solution increases.
III. Most gases that are reasonably soluble in water are polar or
else they react with water or ionize in water.
A: I, II, AND III
4.Consider the following pairs of liquids. Which numbered

response contains all the pairs that are miscible and none that
are immiscible?
A: I, II
5. Which aqueous solution would have the lowest vapor pressure

at 25°C?
A: 1 M K3PO4
6. If the mole fraction of methanol in a solution (with only water)

is 0.28, what is the mole fraction of the water?
A: 0.72
7. All of the following statements apply to supersaturated

solutions. Which one is false?
A: Supersaturated solutions are created by reaching
saturation, then heating the solution.
8. Which of these aqueous solutions would be expected to have

the highest boiling point?
A: 0.075 m K2SO4
9. Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 30.0 g

of urea, CH4N2O, in 200. g of water. Urea is a nonvolatile
nonelectrolyte. Kf for H2O = 1.86°C/m.
A: -4.65
10. The process of ____ involves adhesion of species onto the

surface of colloid particles.
A: adsorption
11. What is the molality of an aqueous solution that is 10.0%

ethanol, C2H5OH, by mass?
A: 2.42 m
12. Which one of the following statements is false?

A: The solvation process usually absorbs heat
13. At 25°C, 100 g of water will be saturated with 35.7 g of NaCl.

Which word below describes the solution of 1.55 mol of NaCl
dissolved in 250 mL of water?
A: Supersaturated
14. How many grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, must be dissolved in

750. mL of water to prepare a 0.250 molal solution?
A: 64.1g
15. What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 10.0

grams of methylamine, CH3NH2, in 50.0 mL of ethanol, C2H5OH?
The specific gravity of ethanol is 0.789.
A: 8.18 m
16. Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 51.2 g of
naphthalene, C10H8, in 500. mL of carbon tetrachloride. The
density of CCl4is 1.60 g/mL.
A: 0.500 m
17. A solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane, C5H12, and

0.250 mole of cyclopentane, C5H10. What is the vapor pressure of
pentane in this solution at 25°C? The vapor pressure of the pure
liquids at 25°C are 451 torr for pentane and 321 torr for
cyclopentane. Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
A: 290 torr
18. What is the mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH, in a solution of

47.5 g of C2H5OH in 850. g of water?
A: 0.021
19. When 20.0 grams of an unknown compound are dissolved in

500. grams of benzene, the freezing point of the resulting
solution is 3.77°C. The freezing point of pure benzene is 5.48°C,
and Kf for benzene is 5.12°C/m. What is the molecular weight of
the unknown?
A: 120 g/mol
20. Which of the following compounds is not miscible with water?

A: CCl4
21. The conservation of mass principle states that the net mass
transfers to or from a system during a process is equal to the net
change (increase or decrease) in the total mass of the system
during that process.
A: True
22. The second factor affecting the change in composition of the

solid and liquid phases during solidification is the ________.
A: Size
23. Work is the energy transferred as a force acts on a system

through a distance.
A: True
24. The Second Law of Thermodynamics accounts for energy
transformations and not the direction of a spontaneous process.
A: False
25. Any change from one state to another is called a process.

A: True
26. The liquid that enters the condenser of an external

combustion engine releases heat to the surroundings thereby
decreasing the temperature while maintaining the pressure.
A: True
27. The First Law of Thermodynamics is useful for __________

calculations.
A: Energy balance
28. The mechanical energy is defined as the form of energy that
can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by a
mechanical device such as an ideal turbine.
A. True
29. Heterogeneous nucleation is faster than homogeneous

nucleation because of its lower temperature of subjection.
A: False
30. A system containing 2.50 mol of an ideal gas for which

CV,m=20.79 J mol–1 K–1 is taken through the cycle in the following
diagram in the direction indicated by the arrows. The curved path
corresponds to PV=nRT, where T=T1=T3. Calculate the change in
internal energy (in kJ) for segment 2 to 3. Express your answer in
one decimal place.
A:-99.6 kJ
31. Below the critical ________, the super critical fluid is in the
gaseous state.
A: temperature
32. A system of fixed mass is called an open system.

A: False
33. Upon subjection to a temperature below Tm, liquid or molten

metal atoms to diffuse to form ________ in order to lower the
energy state.
A: ground-state
34. A pure substance cannot be a heterogeneous mixture.

A: False
35. The sign of ÄGS is positive because the atoms on the surface
of nuclei have high energy states and it increases even more as
the size of nuclei increases.
A: True
36. The Carnot cycle is an irreversible cycle that is composed of

four reversible processes, two isothermal and two adiabatic.
A: True
37. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two bodies are
in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading
even if they are not in contact.
A: True
38. Oxygen and nitrogen gases at 25oC have different specific

volume and density.
A: False
internal energy (in kJ) for segment 1 to 2. Express your answer in
one decimal place.
A: 99.6 kJ
40. The most efficient heat engine cycle is the _________ cycle,
consisting of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic
processes.
A: carnot

internal energy (in kJ) for segment 3 to 1. Express your answer
whole number.
A: 0
42. ________ is much higher in magnitude than ÄGV during the

early stage of solildification because more atoms on surface.
A: ΔGs
43. During the exhaust stroke for both Otto and Diesel cycle, the
compression is at constant volume because the system
is _________.
A: Closed
44. While you are reading this, static forms of energy enter and
exit your system.
A: True
45. In terms of the rate of pressure change, which of the following

would be lowest? adiabatic, isochoric, or isothermal?
A: isochoric
46. Metastable phases are formed when you don’t give enough
time for atoms to diffuse and so are made thru quenching of liquid
or molten metal.
A: True

corresponds to PV=nRT, where T=T1=T3. Calculate the heat (in kJ)
for segment 1 to 2. Express your answer in one decimal place.
A: 139.4 kJ
48. The energy required to push a unit mass of fluid into or out of
a control volume is called flow work or flow energy.
A: True

enthalpy (in kJ) for segment 3 to 1. Express your answer whole
number.
A: 0
50. More heat is needed to cause the same change in temperature

for an __________ heating than an isochoric heating of a gas.
A: Isobaric
1.For the solidification of pure nickel with Tm = 1455oC, the values

for the
latent heat of fusion and surface free energy are -2.53 x 109 J/m3
and 0.255
J/m2, respectively. Supercooling value is 280 K. Calculate the
critical radius
(r*) (in nm) if ƒÏ = 8.902 g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol.
Ni is FCC.
Express your answer in two (2) decimal places. Ans. 1.09 nm
2. solid to solid Ans. eutectoid
3.The work of the turbine, WT > work of the pump, WP of a steam
power plant because
the phase is a vapor with less Ans. temperature
4.A substance is called super critical fluid above its _______ point.
critical
5.1->2 internal energy ans 99.6kj
6.The First Law of Thermodynamics accounts for energy
transformations
and not the direction of a spontaneous process. true
7. enthalpy 3 to 1 ans. 0
8.In an isothermal heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining
temperature
increases, it is easier to transform the liquid into vapor because of
a higher
kinetic energy of the molecules. true
9.A pure substance cannot be a heterogeneous mixture. false
10.Close-packed directions of a unit cell are those with high density
of atoms. true
11.In the molecular level, heat engines try to lessen the entropy
increase
by doing work due to the organization of _________ in the
turbine. ans. atoms
12.A 2.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes isothermal expansion
along a two-step expansion
consisting initially of an expansion against a constant external
pressure of 11.0 bar
until P=Pexternal, followed by an expansion against a constant
external pressure of 4.50
bar until P=Pexternal. Calculate the work (in J) for this process.
Express your answer in whole number. ans.-12900
13.A change in phase process causes a change in the __________
of the molecules while the
kinetic energy, temperature, and pressure are held constant. ans.
potential energy
14.A cylinder with a piston contains 0.150 mol of nitrogen at 1.8
•~ 105 Pa and 300K. The
nitrogen may be treated as an ideal gas. The gas is first
compressed isobarically to ?
its original volume. It then expands adiabatically back to its original
volume, and finally
it is heated isochorically to its original pressure. Compute the
temperature (in K) at the
end of the adiabatic expansion. Express your answer in one
decimal place. ans 113k
15.Close-packed directions of a unit cell are those with low density
of atoms. false
16.________is an example of simple diffusion dependent
transformation wherein a pure solid
metal changes its structure from one crystal structure to another.
Ex. Fe changing from FCC
to BCC at lower temperature of subjection (T). Phase
transformation
17.The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium if both
have the same temperature reading even if they are not in
contact. true
18.The pressure is held constant in an isobaric heating process
even when the volume increases
due to the increase in __________ of the molecules. ans. number
19.Calculate the change in internal energy (in kJ) for segment 2 to
3.
Express your answer in one decimal place. -99.6
20.Work is the energy transferred as a force acts on a system
through a distance. true
21.A system of fixed mass is called a open system. false
22.Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total
heat content of a system.
It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of
pressure and volume. ans. true
23.A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is
called an open system. true
24.It is easier to obtain a crystalline structure for solids with two
or more kinds of elements. true
25.Metastable phases are formed when you don•ft give enough
time for atoms to diffuse and so
are made thru quenching of liquid or molten metal. true
26.________ is the •epush•f needed for a spontaneous
solidification to occur.Undercooling
27.In an isochoric heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining
temperature increases, it is easier
to transform the liquid into vapor because of a higher kinetic
energy of the molecules. true
28.The Second Law of Thermodynamics accounts for energy
transformations and not the direction
of a spontaneous process. false
29.Smaller r* and AG* is needed for a molten metal subjected at
a lower temperature because more
________ are formed. molecules
30.Helium and bromine gases at 30oC have same specific volume
and density. false
31.Calculate the molality of a 10.0% H3PO4 solution in water. 1.13
32.Which of the following statements regarding a 1 M sucrose
solution is not correct? ans.The freezing point is lower than that of
a 1 M NaCl solution.
33.Which aqueous solution would have the lowest vapor pressure
at 25•‹C? 1 M K3PO4
34.At 40•‹C, the vapor pressure of heptane is 92 torr. If a solution
is made of naphthalene in heptane
and has a vapor pressure of 82 torr, what is the mole fraction of
naphthalene? Assume ideal solution behavior. 0.109
35.What is the mole fraction of CH3OH in a 3.50 m aqueous
solution of CH3OH? 0.0592
36.Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH, in a solution
that contains 230.
grams of C2H5OH and 312 grams of benzene, C6H6. 0.56
37.If 41.6 g of acetic acid, CH3COOH, are dissolved in 65.0 g of
water, what is the mole fraction of acetic acid? 0.161
38.The dissolution process is exothermic if the amount of energy
released in bringing about ____ interactions exceeds
the sum of the amounts of energy absorbed in overcoming ____
and ____ interactions.solvent-solute; solute-solute; solvent-
solvent
39.If the mole fraction of CH3OH in a solution with only water is
0.0250, what is the molality of the CH3OH? 1.42.
40.The compound X2Y is only partially dissociated in water solution
to form X+ and Y2- ions. A 0.0100 m
solution is found to freeze at -0.040•‹C. Calculate the apparent
percent dissociation of X2Y.
Kf for water = 1.86•‹C/m. 58%
41.Select the most appropriate explanation of the following
observation on solubility:
"Hydrogen chloride, HCl, is very soluble in water." Water is a polar
solvent, and it promotes the ionization of many polar molecules.
42.The use of detergents containing ____ is now discouraged
because they can cause eutrophication.. phosphates
43.Which of the following compounds is not produced by fractional
distillation of crude oil? ethanol
44.Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving
70.0 g of naphthalene, C10H8 (a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte),
in 220.0 g of benzene, C6H6. The Kb for benzene = 2.53•‹C/m.
The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1•‹C. 86.4
45.Estimate the molecular weight of a biological macromolecule if
a 0.100-gram sample dissolved
in 50.0 mL of benzene has an osmotic pressure of 9.76 torr at
25.0•‹C. 3.8x103
46.Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution that contains 1.22
g of sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved
in 100. g of water at 25•‹C. (Assume the volume of the solution
is 100. mL.) 663 torr
47.The boiling point of pure water in Winter Park, CO ( elev. 9000
ft), is 94•‹C. What is the boiling point of a solution
containing 11.3 g of glucose (180 g/mol) in 55 mL of water in
Winter Park? Kb for water = 0.512•‹C/m. 94.6
48.What is the mass % solute of a 2.00 molal H2SO4 solution in
water? 16.4
49.When 20.0 grams of an unknown compound are dissolved in
500. grams of benzene,
the freezing point of the resulting solution is 3.77•‹C. The
freezing point of pure
benzene is 5.48•‹C, and Kf for benzene is 5.12•‹C/m. What is
the molecular weight of the unknown? 120g/mol
50.Consider the following pairs of liquids. Which numbered
response contains all the pairs that are miscible and none that are
immiscible? I and II
The work of the turbine, W T > work of the pump, WP of a steam power
plant because the phase is a vapor with less _________.
Liquid
A substance is called super critical fluid above its _________ point.

Critical
Work, like heat, is a __________ form of energy.

Kinetic
Smaller r* and ÄG* is needed for a molten metal subjected at a lower temperature
because more ________ are formed.
Liquids
Above critical point, there is also a continuous change

in specific volume, and there is only a single
_________ involved.
Phase
In order for the air-conditioner to cool a room faster, less work should be
done at the compressor.
False
In an isothermal heating process, the superheated vapor has the same

temperature but higher pressure than saturated vapor.
False
À 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is
transferred now to the refrigerant from a source at 35°C until the pressure rises to 400 kPa. Determine
the total entropy change (in kJ/K) for this process. Express your answer in three decimal places
0.441
The pressure is held constant in an isobaric heating process even when the volume
increases due to the increase in __________ of the molecules.
Number
More heat is needed to cause the same change in temperature for an __________
heating than an isochoric heating of a gas.
Isobaric
Constant pressure heat capacity, Cp is higher than constant volume heat capacity,
Cvbecause compared to constant volume heating, gases heat up fast due to the work
done by the system in an isobaric heating process.
True
The conservation of mass principle states that the net mass transfers to
or from a system during a process is equal to the net change (increase or
decrease) in the total mass of the system during that process.
True
place.
-139.4
5.35
The heat capacity of polymers and ceramics are different but they have
the same specific heat capacity.
False
For the solidification of pure nickel with Tm = 1455oC, the

values for the latent heat of fusion and surface free energy
are -
2.53 x 109 J/m3 and 0.255 J/m2, respectively. Supercooling value is
280 K. Calculate the number of unit cells if ρ = 8.902 g/cm3 and
atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express your
answer in whole number.
185
A 2.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes isothermal expansion along a reversible

expansion from Pi = 25.0 bar and Vi =4.50 L to Pf = 4.50 bar. Calculate the work (in J)
for this process. Express your answer in whole number.
-19300
As the radius of atomic clusters increases, the energy state with respect to
volume increases due to stable atoms in the bulk of the nuclei.
True
In a piston cylinder with gas, the appropriate system would be __________.

Closed
Heterogeneous nucleation is faster than homogeneous nucleation because of its

lower temperature of subjection.
False
For the solidification of pure nickel with Tm = 1455oC, the values for the latent
heat of fusion and surface free energy are -2.53 x 109 J/m3 and 0.255 J/m2,
respectively. Supercooling value is 280 K. Calculate ΔGv (in x 10-18 J) if ρ = 8.902
g/cm3 and atomic weight = 58.68 g/mol. Ni is FCC. Express your answer in two (2) decimal places.
-3.31
The most efficient heat engine cycle is the _________ cycle, consisting of two
isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes.
Carnot
In reality, impurities present in metals that are still solid above Tm will
induce a ________type of nucleation.
Homogeneous
The second factor affecting the change in composition of the solid and
liquid phases during solidification is the ________.
Amount
During the isobaric heating of a pure substance, in the phase change

transition, only the specific volume or volume changes.
False
While you are reading this, static forms of energy enter and exit your
system.
False
A closed system increases its temperature through isochoric heating,

adiabatic expansion, and isobaric expansion.
False
The process of ____ involves adhesion of species onto the surface of colloid particles.
Suspension

d. Gas, liquid dissolutions are always endothermic.
All of the following statements apply to supersaturated solutions. Which one is false?
Supersaturated solutions are created by reaching saturation, then heating the solution
Which response contains only true statements about hydrophobic colloids?

I and II
At 25C a solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane, C5H12, and 0.250 mole of cyclopentane,
C5H10. What is the lowering of the vapor pressure of pentane in this solution? The vapor
pressure of the pure liquids at 25C are 451 torr for pentane and 321 torr for cyclopentane.
Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
161 Torr
Select the most appropriate explanation of the following observation on solubility: "Hydrogen
chloride, HCl, is very soluble in water."
Water is a polar solvent, and it promotes the ionization of many polar molecules.
Calculate the molality of a 10.0% H3PO4 solution in water.

1.13m
When 35.0 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 220.0 g of benzene, the solution boils
at 83.2C. Calculate the molecular weight of the unknown nonelectrolyte. The Kb for benzene =
2.53C/m. The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1C.
130 g/mol
A 0.0490 molal aqueous NaBr solution freezes at −0.173C. What is its apparent percent
dissociation in this solution? Kf = 1.86C/m for water.
a. 89.8%

What is the mole fraction of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, in an aqueous solution that is 20.0% ethanol
by mass?
0.0892
crystal lattice energy of MX
Estimate the molecular weight of a biological macromolecule if a 0.100-gram sample dissolved

in 50.0 mL of benzene has an osmotic pressure of 9.76 torr at 25.0C.
3.8 × 103 g/mol
Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 8.0 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in 100. g of
H2O. Kf for H2O = 1.86C/m.
-0.44 C
the hydrophilic end of a soap molecule is attracted by grease.
If 41.6 g of acetic acid, CH3COOH, are dissolved in 65.0 g of water, what is the mole fraction of
acetic acid?
0.161
Consider the dissolution of KCl in water, an endothermic process. Which of the following
is true?
The solubility of KCl increases as temperature increases.
A solution is made by mixing 52.1 g of propyl chloride, C3H7Cl, and 38.4 g of propyl bromide,
C3H7Br. What is the lowering of the vapor pressure of propyl chloride at 25C in this solution?
The vapor pressure of pure propyl chloride is 347 torr at 25C and that of pure propyl bromide is
133 torr at 25C. Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
111 torr

Apparent percentage ionization of a polar covalent solute in water increases as concentration of the
solute increases.
What is the mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH, in a solution of 47.5 g of C2H5OH in 850. g of
water?
0.021
Search
Create
Log inSign up
120 terms
Andrew_Schaer
Chapter 14
STUDY
LEARN
FLASHCARDS
WRITE
SPELL
TEST
PLAY
MATCH
GRAVITY
Which of the following is not considered to occur if metallic sodium is placed in water?
a. Sodium would dissolve.
b. Sodium would react.
c. Hydrogen gas would be produced.
d. If evaporated to dryness, solid sodium hydroxide would be obtained.
e. An oxidation state change would occur.
a. Sodium would dissolve.
The dissolution process is exothermic if the amount of energy released in bringing about
____ interactions exceeds the sum of the amounts of energy absorbed in overcoming
____ and ____ interactions.
a. solute-solute; solvent-solvent; solvent-solute
b. solvent-solvent; solute-solute; solvent-solute
c. solvent-solute; solute-solute; crystal lattice
d. solute-solute; crystal lattice; solvent-solvent
e. solvent-solute; solute-solute; solvent-solvent
e. solvent-solute; solute-solute; solvent-solvent
M+(g) + X−(g) → MX(s)
a. heat of hydration
b. heat of solution
d. heat of ionization
e. heat of dissociation
Consider the three statements below. Which numbered response contains all the
statements that are true and no false statements?
I. Hydration is a special case of solvation in which the solvent is water.
II. The oxygen end of water molecules is attracted toward Ca2+ ions.
III. The hydrogen end of water molecules is attracted toward Cl− ions.
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. I and II
e. I, II, and III
e. I, II, and III
a. AlF3
b. RbF
c. CaF2
d. AgCl
e. FeCl2
a. AlF3
a. All ions are hydrated in aqueous solution.
b. All cations are hydrated in aqueous solution.
c. All anions are hydrated in aqueous solution.
d. Hydration is generally highly endothermic for ionic compounds.
e. The heats of hydration of cations increases as their charge-to-radius ratios increase.
d. Hydration is generally highly endothermic for ionic compounds.
Which of the following solutions would not be expected to exist?
a. MgCl2 in CCl4
b. NaCl in water
c. Pentane, C5H12, in CCl4
d. methanol, CH3OH, in water
e. Vegetable oil in mineral oil
a. MgCl2 in CCl4
Which of the following compounds is not miscible with water?
a. (CH3CH2)2NH
b. CH3COOH
c. CCl4
d. CH3CN
e. HOCH2CH2OH
c. CCl4
Which of the following compounds is not miscible with CCl4, carbon tetrachloride?
a. gasoline
b. pentane, C5H12
c. H2O
d. CH3CH2OCH2CH3
e. freon-12, CCl2F2
c. H2O
Which of the following pairs are not miscible?
a. pentane, C5H12, and hexane, C6H14
b. ethanol, CH3CH2OH, and water
c. benzene, C6H6, and hexane, C6H14
d. hexane, C6H14, and water
e. methanol, CH3OH, and water
d. hexane, C6H14, and water
Consider the following pairs of liquids. Which numbered response contains all the pairs
that are miscible and none that are immiscible?
I. benzene, C6H6, and hexane, C6H14
II. water, H2O, and methanol, CH3OH
III. water, H2O, and hexane, C6H14
a. I
b. I and II
c. II and III
d. II
e. I, II, and III
b. I and II
Select the most appropriate explanation of the following observation on solubility:
"Hydrogen chloride, HCl, is very soluble in water."
b. Opposites attract, that is, polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents and vice-versa.
c. Water promotes the dissociation of many ionic solids.
d. Gases that interact only slightly with solvents dissolve freely.
e. Relatively light molecules are generally more soluble in water than heavier
molecules.
Which of the following terms is not generally used in describing the dissolution of solids
and gases in liquids?
a. miscibility
b. saturation
c. molality
d. molarity
e. % solute by mass
a. miscibility
At 25°C, 100 g of water will be saturated with 35.7 g of NaCl. Which word below
describes the solution of 1.55 mol of NaCl dissolved in 250 mL of water?
a. saturated
b. unsaturated
c. supersaturated
d. metasaturated
e. none of these apply
c. supersaturated
All of the following statements apply to supersaturated solutions. Which one is false?
a. Supersaturated solutions contain higher-than-saturated concentrations of solute.
b. Supersaturated solutions are metastable.
c. Supersaturated solutions produce crystals rapidly if disturbed.
d. Crystals will precipitate from a supersaturated solution until the solution is saturated.
e. Supersaturated solutions are created by reaching saturation, then heating the
solution.
e. Supersaturated solutions are created by reaching saturation, then heating the
solution.
a. The effects of lattice energies and hydration energies oppose each other in the
dissolution of solids in liquids.
c. Nonpolar solids do not dissolve appreciably in polar solvents.
d. The solubility of a gas that does not react with the solvent decreases as temperature
increases.
e. The separation of solute particles from a crystal requires energy.
Consider the dissolution of KCl in water, an endothermic process. Which of the following
is true?
b. The solubility of KCl does not depend on temperature.
c. The solubility of KCl increases as temperature increases, but only if pressure also
increases.
d. The solubility of KCl increases if pressure increases.
e. None of these is true.
Which numbered response lists all of the following statements that are true, and no
false statements?
I. Many solids that dissolve in endothermic processes have solubilities that increase as
temperature increases.
II. The solubility in water of a gas that does not react with water increases as the partial
pressure of that gas above the surface of the solution increases.
III. Most gases that are reasonably soluble in water are polar or else they react with
water or ionize in water.
e. I, II, and III
a. Most gases that are soluble in water are polar or react with water.
b. Gas, liquid dissolutions are always endothermic.
c. Gases are more soluble under high pressure than under low pressure.
d. Gas solubility decreases with increasing temperature.
e. A carbonated beverage will go flat more slowly in the refrigerator.
b. Gas, liquid dissolutions are always endothermic.
If the concentration of CO2 is 2.90 g of CO2 per 1.00 L of soft drink when bottled under
2.0 atm of CO2 pressure, what will be the concentration of the CO2 in the drink after it
has been opened and left to come to equilibrium with the atmosphere which has a CO2
partial pressure of 3.0 × 10−4 atm?
a. 2.2 × 10−3 g CO2/L
b. 2.0 × 10−4 g CO2/L
c. 1.0 × 10−4 g CO2/L
d. 4.4 × 10−4 g CO2/L
e. 4.6 × 10−2 g CO2/L
d. 4.4 × 10−4 g CO2/L
a. Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, is more miscible with hexane, C6H14, than it is with a
polar solvent like methanol, CH3OH.
b. Gases are generally more soluble in water under high pressures than under low
pressures.
c. The solubilities of solids in liquids may either increase or decrease as temperature
increases.
d. Apparent percentage ionization of a polar covalent solute in water increases as
concentration of the solute increases.
e. A supersaturated solution can be described as being metastable.
d. Apparent percentage ionization of a polar covalent solute in water increases as
concentration of the solute increases.
The molality of a solution is
a. the mass of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent.
b. the moles of solute divided by the liters of solvent.
c. the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent.
d. the mass of solute divided by the moles of solution.
e. the moles of solute divided by the liters of solution.
c. the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent.
Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 25 g of H2SO4 dissolved in 40. g of
H2O.
a. 3.2 m
b. 4.4 m
c. 6.4 m
d. 13 m
e. 14 m
c. 6.4 m
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 112. grams of copper (II)
sulfate in 450. mL of water at 25°C.
a. 1.56 m
b. 1.97 m
c. 0.00197 m
d. 3.92 m
e. 1.86 m
a. 1.56 m
What is the molality of an aqueous solution that is 10.0% ethanol, C2H5OH, by mass?
a. 1.38 m
b. 1.77 m
c. 2.17 m
d. 2.42 m
e. 2.66 m
d. 2.42 m
Calculate the molality of a 10.0% H3PO4 solution in water.
a. 0.380 m
b. 0.760 m
c. 1.13 m
d. 1.51 m
e. 1.89 m
c. 1.13 m
How many grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, must be dissolved in 750. mL of water to
prepare a 0.250 molal solution?
a. 64.1 g
b. 114 g
c. 85.5 g
d. 78.2 g
e. 96.4 g
a. 64.1 g
What mass of water must be used to dissolve 20.0 grams of ethanol, C2H5OH, to
prepare a 0.0500 molal solution of ethanol?
a. 3.76 kg
b. 4.00 kg
c. 8.70 kg
d. 6.35 kg
e. 7.18 kg
d. 6.35 kg
What is the mass % solute of a 2.00 molal H2SO4 solution in water?
a. 1.1 %
b. 9.8 %
c. 19.6 %
d. 2.0 %
e. 16.4 %
e. 16.4 %
Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 51.2 g of naphthalene, C10H8, in 500.
mL of carbon tetrachloride. The density of CCl4 is 1.60 g/mL.
a. 0.250 m
b. 0.500 m
c. 0.750 m
d. 0.840 m
e. 1.69 m
b. 0.500 m
What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 10.0 grams of methylamine,
CH3NH2, in 50.0 mL of ethanol, C2H5OH? The specific gravity of ethanol is 0.789.
a. 6.30 m
b. 8.18 m
c. 4.26 m
d. 5.16 m
e. 3.87 m
b. 8.18 m
A solution contains 10.0 g pentane, C5H12, 10.0 g hexane, C6H14 and 10.0 g benzene,
C6H6. What is the mole fraction of hexane?
a. 0.303
b. 0.116
c. 0.333
d. 0.362
e. 0.335
a. 0.303
If the mole fraction of methanol in a solution (with only water) is 0.28, what is the mole
fraction of the water?
a. 0.28
b. 1.28
c. 0.62
d. 0.72
e. 0.36
d. 0.72
What is the mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH, in a solution of 47.5 g of C2H5OH in
850. g of water?
a. 0.021
b. 0.18
c. 0.032
d. 0.98
e. 0.028
a. 0.021
If 8.32 grams of methanol, CH3OH, are dissolved in 10.3 grams of water, what is the
mole fraction of methanol in the solution?
a. 0.61
b. 0.31
c. 0.11
d. 0.43
e. 0.36
b. 0.31
If 41.6 g of acetic acid, CH3COOH, are dissolved in 65.0 g of water, what is the mole
fraction of acetic acid?
a. 0.200
b. 0.275
c. 0.161
d. 0.192
e. 0.840
c. 0.161
Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH, in a solution that contains 230. grams
of C2H5OH and 312 grams of benzene, C6H6.
a. 0.44
b. 0.56
c. 0.57
d. 1.8
e. 2.3
b. 0.56
What is the mole fraction of CH3OH in a 3.50 m aqueous solution of CH3OH?
a. 0.0630
b. 0.0679
c. 0.650
d. 0.350
e. 0.0592
e. 0.0592
If the mole fraction of CH3OH in a solution with only water is 0.0250, what is the molality
of the CH3OH?
a. 12.4 m
b. 3.82 m
c. 1.42 m
d. 5.76 m
e. 0.0256 m
c. 1.42 m
What is the mole fraction of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, in an aqueous solution that is 20.0%
ethanol by mass?
a. 0.150
b. 0.144
c. 0.0980
d. 0.0892
e. 0.208
d. 0.0892
Which of the following is not a colligative property?
a. osmotic pressure
b. vapor pressure raising
c. boiling point elevation
d. freezing point depression
e. All of these are colligative properties
b. vapor pressure raising
Physical properties that depend on the ____ but not the ____ of solute particles in a
given amount of solvent are called colligative properties.
a. number; kind
b. polarity; number
c. number; polarity
d. kind; number
e. polarity; concentration
a. number; kind
Sucrose is a nonvolatile, nonionizing solute in water. Determine the vapor pressure
lowering, at 27°C, of a solution of 75.0 grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, dissolved in 180.
g of water. The vapor pressure of pure water at 27°C is 26.7 torr. Assume the solution is
ideal.
a. 0.585 torr
b. 0.058 torr
c. 0.571 torr
d. 5.62 torr
e. 0.548 torr
c. 0.571 torr
Which aqueous solution would have the lowest vapor pressure at 25°C?
a. 1 M NaCl
b. 1 M K3PO4
c. 1 M sucrose, C12H10O11
d. 1 M MgCl2
e. 1 M glucose, C6H12O6
b. 1 M K3PO4
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 70.0 g of naphthalene,
C10H8 (a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte), in 220.0 g of benzene, C6H6, at 20°C. Assume
the solution is ideal. The vapor pressure of pure benzene is 74.6 torr at 20°C.
a. 62.5 torr
b. 14.5 torr
c. 40.8 torr
d. 60.1 torr
e. 12.1 torr
a. 62.5 torr
A solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane, C5H12, and 0.250 mole of cyclopentane,
C5H10. What is the vapor pressure of pentane in this solution at 25°C? The vapor
pressure of the pure liquids at 25°C are 451 torr for pentane and 321 torr for
cyclopentane. Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
a. 80.2 torr
b. 188 torr
c. 203 torr
d. 290 torr
e. 306 torr
d. 290 torr
What is the vapor pressure of a aqueous solution containing 10 %(by weight) ethylene
glycol (62 g/mol) at 25°C. PH2O = 24.3 torr at 25°C.
a. 25.1 torr
b. 21.9 torr
c. 23.5 torr
d. 18.9 torr
e. 0.761 torr
c. 23.5 torr
A solution is made by mixing 52.1 g of propyl chloride, C3H7Cl, and 38.4 g of propyl
bromide, C3H7Br. What is the vapor pressure of propyl chloride in the solution at 25°C?
The vapor pressure of pure propyl chloride is 347 torr at 25°C and that of pure propyl
bromide is 133 torr at 25°C. Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
a. 236 torr
b. 128 torr
c. 136 torr
d. 147 torr
e. 155 torr
a. 236 torr
At 25°C a solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane, C5H12, and 0.250 mole of
cyclopentane, C5H10. What is the lowering of the vapor pressure of pentane in this
solution? The vapor pressure of the pure liquids at 25°C are 451 torr for pentane and
321 torr for cyclopentane. Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
a. 115 torr
b. 138 torr
c. 161 torr
d. 187 torr
e. 206 torr
c. 161 torr
A solution is made by mixing 52.1 g of propyl chloride, C3H7Cl, and 38.4 g of propyl
bromide, C3H7Br. What is the lowering of the vapor pressure of propyl chloride at 25°C
in this solution? The vapor pressure of pure propyl chloride is 347 torr at 25°C and that
of pure propyl bromide is 133 torr at 25°C. Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
a. 192 torr
b. 200 torr
c. 111 torr
d. 219 torr
e. 171 torr
c. 111 torr
At 40°C, the vapor pressure of heptane is 92 torr. If a solution is made of naphthalene in
heptane and has a vapor pressure of 82 torr, what is the mole fraction of naphthalene?
Assume ideal solution behavior.
a. 0.891
b. 0.435
c. 0.487
d. 0.109
e. 1.109
d. 0.109
At 25°C a solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane, C5H12, and 0.250 mole of
cyclopentane, C5H10. What is the mole fraction of cyclopentane in the vapor that is in
equilibrium with this solution? The vapor pressure of the pure liquids at 25°C are 451
torr for pentane and 321 torr for cyclopentane. Assume that the solution is an ideal
solution.
a. 0.284
b. 0.551
c. 0.716
d. 0.643
e. 0.357
a. 0.284
Crude oil is a complex solution of liquids, and some gases and solids. The components
are commonly separated from each other by utilizing a technique called fractional
distillation. A physical property of the components upon which this technique is not
dependent is ____.
a. condensation point
b. density
c. volatility
d. boiling point
e. vapor pressure
b. density
Which of the following compounds is not produced by fractional distillation of crude oil?
a. heating oil
b. diesel
c. kerosene
d. gasoline
e. ethanol
e. ethanol
Which of these aqueous solutions would be expected to have the highest boiling point?
a. 0.100 m KCl
b. 0.100 m NaOH
c. 0.075 m K2SO4
d. 0.050 m Al2(SO4)3
e. 0.200 m CH3OH
c. 0.075 m K2SO4
If 4.27 grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, are dissolved in 15.2 grams of water, what will
be the boiling point of the resulting solution? Kb for water = 0.512°C/m.
a. 101.64°C
b. 100.42°C
c. 99.626°C
d. 100.73°C
e. 101.42°C
b. 100.42°C
The boiling point of pure water in Winter Park, CO ( elev. 9000 ft), is 94°C. What is the
boiling point of a solution containing 11.3 g of glucose (180 g/mol) in 55 mL of water in
Winter Park? Kb for water = 0.512°C/m.
a. 94.6°C
b. 95.1°C
c. 98.6°C
d. 100°C
e. 93.4°C
a. 94.6°C
Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 70.0 g of naphthalene,
C10H8 (a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte), in 220.0 g of benzene, C6H6. The Kb for benzene
= 2.53°C/m. The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1°C.
a. 87.8°C
b. 73.8°C
c. 83.2°C
d. 86.4°C
e. 106.3°C
d. 86.4°C
Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 8.0 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in
100. g of H2O. Kf for H2O = 1.86°C/m.
a. −0.044°C
b. −0.22°C
c. −0.39°C
d. −0.44°C
e. 0.04°C
d. −0.44°C
Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 68.4 g of sucrose (table sugar) in
300. g of water. One mole of sucrose is 342 g. Kf for H2O = 1.86°C/m.
a. −0.186°C
b. −0.372°C
c. −0.558°C
d. −0.744°C
e. −1.24°C
e. −1.24°C
Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 30.0 g of urea, CH4N2O, in 200.
g of water. Urea is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Kf for H2O = 1.86°C/m.
a. −1.86°C
b. −2.79°C
c. −3.72°C
d. −4.23°C
e. −4.65°C
e. −4.65°C
Which of the following statements regarding a 1 M sucrose solution is not correct?
a. The boiling point is greater than 100°C.
b. The freezing point is lower than that of a 1 M NaCl solution.
c. The freezing point is less than 0.0°C.
d. The boiling point is lower than that of a 1 M NaCl solution.
e. The vapor pressure at 100°C is less than 760 torr.
b. The freezing point is lower than that of a 1 M NaCl solution.
The freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 15 g of a nonelectrolyte in 150 mL
water is −5.4°C. What is the molecular weight of the compound? Kf = 1.86°C/m for
water.
a. 121 g/mol
b. 2.78 g/mol
c. 34.4 g/mol
d. 41.2 g/mol
e. 53.8 g/mol
c. 34.4 g/mol
When 1.150 grams of an unknown nonelectrolyte dissolves in 10.0 grams of water, the
solution freezes at −2.16°C. What is the molecular weight of the unknown compound?
Kf for water = 1.86°C/m.
a. 88.6 g/mol
b. 116 g/mol
c. 74.2 g/mol
d. 99.1 g/mol
e. 132 g/mol
d. 99.1 g/mol
A 4.305-gram sample of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 105 grams of water. The
solution freezes at −1.23°C. Calculate the molecular weight of the solute. Kf for water =
1.86°C/m.
a. 39.7 g/mol
b. 58.4 g/mol
c. 46.2 g/mol
d. 62.0 g/mol
e. 74.2 g/mol
d. 62.0 g/mol
When 20.0 grams of an unknown compound are dissolved in 500. grams of benzene,
the freezing point of the resulting solution is 3.77°C. The freezing point of pure benzene
is 5.48°C, and Kf for benzene is 5.12°C/m. What is the molecular weight of the
unknown?
a. 120 g/mol
b. 80.0 g/mol
c. 100 g/mol
d. 140 g/mol
e. 160 g/mol
a. 120 g/mol
The freezing point of a solution of 1.048 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte dissolved in
36.21 g of benzene is 1.39°C. Pure benzene freezes at 5.48°C and its Kf value is
5.12°C/m. What is the molecular weight of the compound?
a. 59.2 g/mol
b. 54.0 g/mol
c. 61.4 g/mol
d. 42.4 g/mol
e. 36.3 g/mol
e. 36.3 g/mol
When 35.0 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 220.0 g of benzene, the
solution boils at 83.2°C. Calculate the molecular weight of the unknown nonelectrolyte.
The Kb for benzene = 2.53°C/m. The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1°C.
a. 130 g/mol
b. 20.3 g/mol
c. 183 g/mol
d. 156 g/mol
e. 194 g/mol
a. 130 g/mol
A 0.1000 m aqueous solution of a weak acid, HA, is 1.5% ionized. At what temperature
does it freeze? Kf for water = 1.86°C/m.
a. −0.0764°C
b. −0.189°C
c. −0.372°C
d. −0.564°C
e. −0.721°C
b. −0.189°C
A 0.0490 molal aqueous NaBr solution freezes at −0.173°C. What is its apparent
percent dissociation in this solution? Kf = 1.86°C/m for water.
a. 89.8%
b. 84.2%
c. 96.4%
d. 77.0%
e. 68.9%
a. 89.8%
If the van't Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.88, what is the freezing point of a 0.50 molal NaCl
solution in water? Kf = 1.86°C/m for water.
a. −0.93°C
b. 1.86°C
c. −1.75°C
d. 1.75°C
e. −1.86°C
c. −1.75°C
The compound X2Y is only partially dissociated in water solution to form X+ and Y2−
ions. A 0.0100 m solution is found to freeze at −0.040°C. Calculate the apparent
percent dissociation of X2Y. Kf for water = 1.86°C/m.
a. 42%
b. 56%
c. 58%
d. 79%
e. 85%
c. 58%
Osmotic pressure ____.
a. occurs only in ionic solutions.
b. is lower with 1 M NaCl than 1 M sucrose.
c. is created using detergents.
d. is the hydrostatic pressure produced on the surface of a semi-permeable membrane
by osmosis.
e. is greater in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere.
d. is the hydrostatic pressure produced on the surface of a semi-permeable membrane
by osmosis.
A 1.0 g sample of a molecular compound having a molecular weight of 100,000 g/mol is
dissolved in 100. g of water. Calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution in torr at a
temperature of 27°C. (Assume the volume of the solution is 100. mL.)
a. 1.9 torr
b. 2.9 torr
c. 3.9 torr
d. 4.9 torr
e. 5.9 torr
a. 1.9 torr
Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution that contains 1.22 g of sucrose
(C12H22O11) dissolved in 100. g of water at 25°C. (Assume the volume of the solution
is 100. mL.)
a. 6.32 torr
b. 108 torr
c. 249 torr
d. 497 torr
e. 663 torr
e. 663 torr
Calculate the osmotic pressure associated with 50.0 g of an enzyme of molecular
weight 98,000 g/mol dissolved in 2600. mL of benzene at 30.0°C.
a. 0.484 torr
b. 1.68 torr
c. 1.96 torr
d. 2.48 torr
e. 3.71 torr
e. 3.71 torr
Estimate the molecular weight of a biological macromolecule if a 0.100-gram sample
dissolved in 50.0 mL of benzene has an osmotic pressure of 9.76 torr at 25.0°C.
a. 3.8 × 103 g/mol
b. 4.2 × 104 g/mol
c. 5.6 × 104 g/mol
d. 6.7 × 104 g/mol
e. 8.3 × 103 g/mol
a. 3.8 × 103 g/mol
What is the molecular weight of a polymer if 1.55 g of it dissolved in 100 mL of water
generates osmotic pressure equal to 15.2 torr at 25°C?
a. 24,100 g/mol
b. 24.3 g/mol
c. 624 g/mol
d. 19.0 g/mol
e. 19,000 g/mol
e. 19,000 g/mol
Estimate the molecular weight of a polymer if a 100.-mL solution of 6.5 g of the polymer
in toluene has an osmotic pressure of 0.044 atm at 27°C.
a. 62,000
b. 45,000
c. 22,000
d. 5500
e. 36,000
e. 36,000
Colloids are described by all of the following except:
a. The particles in a colloid are so small that settling is negligible.
b. The mixture appears cloudy.
c. Only combinations of liquids and gases can form colloids.
d. Colloids are not suspensions or homogeneous mixtures.
e. Mayonnaise, whipped cream and fog are all examples of colloids.
c. Only combinations of liquids and gases can form colloids.
Which one of the following combinations must be a colloid?
dispersed phase / dispersing medium

a. solid / solid
b. liquid / gas
c. gas / gas
d. gas / liquid
e. liquid / liquid
c. gas / gas
Which one of the following is an example of an emulsion?
a. shaving cream
b. fog
c. mayonnaise
d. styrofoam
e. white gold (an alloy)
c. mayonnaise
The Tyndall effect describes ____.
a. precipitation of colloidal particles using electrically charged plates
b. the adsorption of positive ions onto the surface of a hydrophilic solid
c. hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar molecules
d. the scattering of light by colloidal particles
e. the bending of light by particles dissolved in solution
d. the scattering of light by colloidal particles
a. adsorption
b. absorption
c. dispersion
d. precipitation
e. suspension
a. adsorption
eutrophication.
a. phosphites
b. sulfites
c. nitrates
d. phosphates
e. sulfates
d. phosphates
All of the following describe detergents except:
a. Detergents may contain sulfonate.
b. Detergents do precipitate the ions of hard water.
c. Detergents contain carboxylate groups.
d. Detergents don't leave bathtub ring.
e. Detergents can be used as soap substitutes.
c. Detergents contain carboxylate groups.
Which of the following statements about soaps and detergents is false?
a. The polar end is attracted to grease and oil.
b. They have a polar and a nonpolar end.
c. They are emulsifiers for grease and oil.
d. Phosphate detergents can produce pollution problems.
e. They can be described as surfactants.
a. The polar end is attracted to grease and oil.
Which response contains only true statements about hydrophobic colloids?
I. They cannot exist in water without an emulsifier.
II. Milk and Mayonnaise are examples.
III. Grease and oil are attracted to the hydrophilic end of soap molecules.
a. II, III
b. I, II
c. II
d. III
e. I, II, III
b. I, II
a. They have a polar end.
b. They have a hydrophobic end.
c. They are often sodium salts of long chain fatty acids.
d. The hydrophilic end of a soap molecule is attracted by grease.
e. They precipitate in water that contains Fe3+ ions.
d. The hydrophilic end of a soap molecule is attracted by grease.
Which of the following is not a colligative property?
a. boiling-point elevation
b. osmotic pressure
c. lattice energy
d. freezing-point lowering
e. vapor-pressure lowering
c. lattice energy
What mass of a(n) 29.3% sucrose solution contains 62.8 g of water?
a. 26.0 g
b. 74.0 g
c. 37.2 g
d. 18.4 g
e. 62.8 g
a. 26.0 g
What is the mass percent of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in which the mole
fraction of NaOH is 0.231? The density of the solution is 1.4339 g/mL.
a. 40.0%
b. 6.21%
c. 68.9%
d. 33.1%
e. 6.44%
a. 40.0%
What is the mass percent of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in which the molality
of NaOH is 25.0 m? The density of the solution is 1.5290 g/mL.
a. 0.0612%
b. 68.9%
c. 1.76%
d. 50.0%
e. 0.654%
d. 50.0%
What is the vapor pressure at 20°C of an ideal solution prepared by the addition of 4.60
g of the nonvolatile solute urea, CO(NH2)2, to 50.2 g of methanol, CH3OH? The vapor
pressure of pure methanol at 20°C is 89.0 mmHg.
a. 4.15 mmHg
b. 76.0 mmHg
c. 81.5 mmHg
d. 84.9 mmHg
e. 13.0 mmHg
d. 84.9 mmHg
What is the freezing point of a 0.24 m solution of glucose, C6H12O6, in water? (Kf for
water is 1.858°C/m.)
a. 0.22°C
b. 0.45°C
c. -0.45°C
d. -0.22°C
e. -0.89°C
c. -0.45°C
For a dilute solution of NH4NO3, the van't Hoff factor (i) would be approximately
a. 2.
b. 3.
c. 4.
d. 1.
e. 5.
a. 2.
Which of the following solutes in aqueous solution would be expected to exhibit the
largest freezing-point lowering (assuming ideal behavior)?
a. 0.1 m MgCl2
b. 0.1 m CH3COH
c. 0.05 m Al2(SO4)3
d. 0.1 m KCl
e. 0.25 m NH3
a. 0.1 m MgCl2
Which of the following solutions has the lowest osmotic pressure?
a. 0.10 M Al(NO3)3
b. 0.20 M NH3
c. 0.15 M Ba(NO2)2
d. 0.10 M MgCl2
e. 0.15 M NaCl
b. 0.20 M NH3
Trimellitic acid is an organic acid that has a composition of 51.44% C, 2.88% H, and
45.68% O by mass. A 8.55-g sample of trimellitic acid dissolved in 20 g of acetone,
CH3COCH3, has a boiling point of 59.68°C. What is the molecular formula of trimellitic
acid? (Kb for acetone is 1.71°C/m, and pure acetone has a boiling point of 56.20°C.)
a. CH2O
b. C9H6O6
c. C3HO2
d. C18HO16
e. C6H2O4
b. C9H6O6
Which of the following factors help determine whether or not a solution forms?
a. The densities of the solute and solvent
b. The polarities of the solute and solvent
c. The energy of solvation (ΔHsolv)
d. Two of the above
e. All of the above
d. Two of the above
When acetone is dissolved in water, the resulting solution becomes warm. Is this an
endothermic or exothermic process?
a. Endothermic
b. Exothermic
c. Cannot tell from the information provided
b. Exothermic
Which of the following correctly states the relationship between the solubility of a
substance in water and the temperature of the solution?
a. The solubility of a substance in water always increases as the temperature rises
b. The solubility of a substance in water always decreases as the temperature rises
c. The solubility of a solid substance in water cannot be accurately predicted as
temperature rises
d. The solubility of a gaseous substance in water decreases as the temperature
decreases
e. Two of the above are correct
C. The solubility of a solid substance in water cannot be accurately predicted as
temperature rises
Which of the following liquids would you predict to be the most soluble in water?
a. CCl4
b. CH3OH
c. CH3(CH2)4OH
d. CH3(CH2)4NH2
e. CH3(CH2)4CH3
b. CH3OH
An aqueous solution is 22.0% by mass silver nitrate (AgNO3) and has a density of
1.22g/mL. What is the molality of this solution?
a. 0.282m b. 1.06m c. 1.47m d. 1.66m e. 2.05m
d. 1.66m
Hexane (C6H14) and octane (C8H18)
a. Negative deviation
b. Positive deviation
c. Ideal
d. More information is needed
c. Ideal
Water (H2O) and chloroform (CHCl3)
a. Negative deviation
c. Ideal
d. More information is needed
Which of the following would have the highest freezing point?
a. 0.14m Na2CO3
b. 0.13m MnBr2
c. 0.11m ZnI2
d. 0.36m C6H12O6
e. Pure water
e. Pure water
Select the one best completion to the statement: Boiling point elevation ______.
a. occurs only for molecular solutes.
b. occurs only when ionic solids are present.
c. is the change in boiling point observed when one goes to a higher elevation.
d. results from a reduction in the vapor pressure of the solution.
e. occurs only at sea level.
d. results from a reduction in the vapor pressure of the solution.
How many grams of nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4 (molar mass = 154.8g/mol) must be
dissolved in 288.0g of water to raise the boiling point by 0.350oC? (Kb = 0.51oC.kg/mol)
a. 10.19g b. 15.3 g c. 19.2 g d. 30.6 g e. 36.9 g
b. 15.3 g
In a laboratory experiment, students synthesized a new compound and found that when
11.75g of the compound was dissolved to make 256.2mL of an ethanol solution, the
osmotic pressure generated was 4.12atm at 25oC. Assuming the compound is
nonvolatile and a non-electrolyte, what is the molar mass of the compound?
a. 178.7 g/mol
b. 272.2 g/mol
c. 326.2 g/mol
d. 14,570 g/mol
e. 27,580 g/mol
b. 272.2 g/mol
Calculate the heat of solution, ΔHsoln, if the lattice energy of the ionic solid is -155
kJ/mol and the heat of hydration is -130. kJ/mol.
a. -25 kJ/mol
b. +25 kJ/mol
c. -130 kJ/mol
d. -285 kJ/mol
e. +285 kJ/mol
b. +25 kJ/mol
An aqueous solution is 36.0% by mass potassium bromide, KBr, and has a density of
1.33g/mL. Calculate the molality of the solution:
a. 2.27m b. 3.03m c. 3.50m d. 4.02m e. 4.73m
e. 4.73m
Which of the following would you predict to have the greatest solubility in water?
a. hexanol
b. propanol
c. pentane
d. ethyl methyl ketone
e. cyclobutane
b. propanol
What would happen to the solubility of a gas in solution if the temperature is increased?
a. solubility increases
b. solubility decreases
c. solubility remains the same
d. it is impossible to predict what will happen to the solubility of a particular gas, since
solubility varies from substance to substance
What would happen to the solubility of a gas in solution if the pressure above the
solution is increased?
c. solubility remains the same
d. it is impossible to predict what will happen to the solubility of a particular gas, since
solubility varies from substance to substance
The vapor pressure of diethyl ether is 463.57 mmHg at 25oC. Calculate the vapor
pressure of the solution that forms when 10.33g of aspirin, C9H8O4 (Molar Mass =
180.1g/mol) is dissolved in 242.1 g of diethyl ether, C4H10O (Molar Mass = 74.12
g/mol).
a. 80.00 mmHg
b. 386.1 mmHg
c. 420.0 mmHg
d. 444.6 mmHg
e. 455.6 mmHg
e. 455.6 mmHg
The boiling point of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is 78.500oC at 1atm. When 14.10g of an
unknown, non-electrolyte compound was dissolved in 282.0g of ethanol, the solution
was found to have a boiling point of 78.833oC. What is the molar mass of the unknown
compound?
(Kb for ethanol = 1.22 oC.kg/mol)
a. 68.65 g/mol
b. 84.40 g/mol
c. 145.68 g/mol
d. 174.46 g/mol
e. 183.18 g/mol
e. 183.18 g/mol
Which of the following solutions would have the highest boiling point?
a. 0.15m Zn(CH3COO)2
b. 0.16m BaI2
c. 0.10m Cr2(SO4)3
d. 0.35m CH4N2O
e. pure water
c. 0.10m Cr2(SO4)3
Which of the following solutions would have the highest freezing point?
b. 0.16m BaI2
c. 0.10m Cr2(SO4)3
d. 0.35m CH4N2O
e. pure water
e. pure water
Which of the following solutions would have the highest osmotic pressure?
b. 0.16m BaI2
c. 0.10m Cr2(SO4)3
d. 0.35m CH4N2O
e. pure water
c. 0.10m Cr2(SO4)3
Want to learn this set quickly?
Use Quizlet’s activities and games to make studying easy, effective and fun!
FLASHCARDS
LEARN
MATCH
Features
Quizlet Live
Quizlet Learn
Diagrams
Flashcards
Mobile
Verified Creators
Help
Sign up
Help Center
Honor Code
Community Guidelines
Students
Teachers
About
Company
Press
Jobs
Testimonials
Privacy
Terms
Follow us
Language
© 2018 Quizlet Inc.

Grain boundaries
A 2.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes isothermal expansion along a reversible

expansion from Pi = 25.0 bar and Vi =4.50 L to Pf = 4.50 bar. Calculate the work (in J)
for this process. Express your answer in whole number.
-19300
While you are reading this, static forms of energy enter and exit your system.
False
The second factor affecting the change in composition of the solid and liquid phases
during solidification is the ________.
size
In the molecular level, heat engines try to lessen the entropy increase by doing work due to the
organization of _________ in the turbine.
Steam
During the isothermal heating of a pure substance, in the phase

change transition, only the specific volume or volume changes.
False

expansion/compression of a gas can be taken back to its initial state because
there were no losses of heat.
isothermal
In an isobaric expansion of a substance, as the maintaining pressure ________ (increases or decreases),

the subcooled liquid à saturated liquid transition becomes shorter because the saturated temperature is
higher.
Increases
A refrigerator violates or reverses the Second Law statement by

transferring _________ from low temperature to high temperature.
Heat
Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind is a hypothetical
machine which violates the second law of thermodynamics.
True
In an isothermal heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining

temperature increases, it is easier to transform the liquid into vapor
because of a higher kinetic energy of the molecules.
True
Specific parameters like ã and ÄGõ are the same (do not change) for a metallic
element at different temperature of subjection.
False
More heat is needed to cause the same change in temperature for an isobaric
heating than an __________ heating of a gas.
Isochoric
The sign of ÄGS is positive because the atoms on the surface of nuclei have high
energy states and it increases even more as the size of nuclei increases.
True
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in
contact.
True
Below the critical ________, the super critical fluid is in the gaseous state.
Point
It is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline

material. These are 2D defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the
electrical and thermal conductivity of the material.
Grain boundary
As the pressure decreases in a P-T diagram, it is harder to turn the vapor state
into the liquid state due to the compressive force acting on the substance.
True
Helium and bromine gases at 30oC have same specific volume and density.
False
-5.35
A system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called a control
volume.
False
The first law of thermodynamics is essentially an expression of the

conservation of energy principle, also called the mass balance.
False
For the solidification of pure nickel with Tm = 1455oC, the

values for the latent heat of fusion and surface free energy
are -2.53 x 109 J/m3 and 0.255 J/m2, respectively.
Supercooling value is 280 K. Calculate the radius of
atomic cluster (in nm) at the point where the change in
volume and surface free energy are equal in
magnitude. Express your answer in two (2) decimal
places.
1.87
There is no energy transfer and transformation for an adiabatic expansion of a

gas.
False
The Second Law of Thermodynamics accounts for energy transformations and

not the direction of a spontaneous process.
False
During the isobaric heating of a pure substance, in the phase change transition,
only the specific volume or volume changes.
False
place.
139.4
In thermodynamics, an __________ process is one that occurs without transfer

of heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
Adiabatic
A 0.1000 m aqueous solution of a weak acid, HA, is 1.5% ionized. At what temperature does it
freeze? Kf for water = 1.86C/m.
−0.189C
Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 30.0 g of urea, CH4N2O, in 200. g of
water. Urea is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Kf for H2O = 1.86C/m.
−4.65C
Which of the following statements regarding a 1 M sucrose solution is not correct?
The freezing point is lower than that of a 1 M NaCl solution.

Hydration is generally highly endothermic for ionic compounds.
When 35.0 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 220.0 g of benzene, the solution boils
at 83.2C. Calculate the molecular weight of the unknown nonelectrolyte. The Kb for benzene =
2.53C/m. The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1C.
130 g/mol
The freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 15 g of a nonelectrolyte in 150 mL water

is −5.4C. What is the molecular weight of the compound? Kf = 1.86C/m for water.
41.2 g/mol
Which of the following statements about soaps and detergents is false?
The polar end is attracted to grease and oil.
Which of the following pairs are not miscible?

hexane, C6H14, and water
Which of the following terms is not generally used in describing the dissolution of solids and
gases in liquids?
miscibility
eutrophication.
phosphates
Which one of the following is an example of an emulsion?

mayonnaise
AlF3
Which of the following compounds is not produced by fractional distillation of crude oil?
ethanol
The compound X2Y is only partially dissociated in water solution to form X+ and Y2− ions. A
0.0100 m solution is found to freeze at −0.040C. Calculate the apparent percent dissociation of
X2Y. Kf for water = 1.86C/m.
58%
adsorption
A 1.0 g sample of a molecular compound having a molecular weight of 100,000 g/mol is

dissolved in 100. g of water. Calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution in torr at a
temperature of 27C. (Assume the volume of the solution is 100. mL.)
1.9 torr
Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 51.2 g of naphthalene, C10H8, in 500. mL of
carbon tetrachloride. The density of CCl4 is 1.60 g/mL.
0.500 m
Colloids are described by all of the following except:

Only combinations of liquids and gases can form colloids.
Consider the three statements below. Which numbered response contains all the statements
that are true and no false statements?
I, II, and III
If 4.27 grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, are dissolved in 15.2 grams of water, what will be the boiling
point of the resulting solution? Kb for water = 0.512C/m.
100.42C

ULTRA MEGA COMPI ADONIS SHORT With Rowen PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

ULTRA MEGA COMPI ADONIS SHORT With Rowen PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

As the pressure decreases in a P-T diagram, it is harder to turn the

The vapor that enters the condenser of an external combustion engine

The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics

A refrigerant is used as the pure substance for a refrigerator because

During the isobaric heating of a pure substance, in the phase change

It is impossible to convert heat to work 100% due to _________.

In an isobaric expansion of a substance, as the maintaining pressure

A refrigerator violates or reverses the Second Law statement by

In the diesel cycle, the explosion happens at a constant __________ because

The compressor is needed in a refrigerator/air-conditioner in order for

________ are a result of a mismatch of atomic alignments between grains or crystals.

there is not enough atoms

________ is the ‘push’ needed for a spontaneous solidification to occur.

A phase transformation from liquid to solid is called a ________ transformation.

Work is the energy transferred as a force acts on a system through a

A process with identical end states is called a cycle.

A 2.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes isothermal expansion along a two-step

A system of fixed mass is called a closed system.

`A refrigerator violates or reverses the Second Law

According to the Clausius Statement, it is impossible to construct a device which operates on a

In an isothermal heating of a pure substance, as the maintaining temperature increases, it is

The Second Law of Thermodynamics accounts for

In order for the air-conditioner to cool a room faster,

2nd take temperature

In Carnot cycle, the ideal gas in the system absorbs

As the pressure decreases in a P-T diagram, it is

During the isobaric heating of a pure substance, in the

It is impossible to convert heat to work 100% due to _________.

A pure substance cannot be a heterogeneous mixture.

In terms of percent conversion of heat to work, an isothermal process

Which of the following compounds is not miscible with water?

Which one of the following statements is false?

e. Apparent percentage ionization of a polar covalent solute in water increases as concentration of

Which one of the following statements is false?

a. 4.4 ´ 10-4 g CO2/L

a. The solubility of KCl increases as temperature increases.

M+(g) + X-(g) ® MX(s)

c. crystal lattice energy of MX

a. The hydrophilic end of a soap molecule is attracted by grease.

The work of the turbine, WT > work of the pump, WP of

________ is the ‘push’ needed for a spontaneous solidification to occur. (Activation

2. Select the most appropriate explanation of the following

3. Which numbered response lists all of the following statements

4.Consider the following pairs of liquids. Which numbered

5. Which aqueous solution would have the lowest vapor pressure

6. If the mole fraction of methanol in a solution (with only water)

7. All of the following statements apply to supersaturated

8. Which of these aqueous solutions would be expected to have

9. Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 30.0 g

10. The process of ____ involves adhesion of species onto the

11. What is the molality of an aqueous solution that is 10.0%

12. Which one of the following statements is false?

13. At 25°C, 100 g of water will be saturated with 35.7 g of NaCl.

14. How many grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, must be dissolved in

15. What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 10.0

17. A solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane, C5H12, and

18. What is the mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH, in a solution of

19. When 20.0 grams of an unknown compound are dissolved in

20. Which of the following compounds is not miscible with water?

22. The second factor affecting the change in composition of the

23. Work is the energy transferred as a force acts on a system

25. Any change from one state to another is called a process.

26. The liquid that enters the condenser of an external