Final Draft Fpren 15316-5: European Standard Norme Européenne Europäische Norm

EUROPEAN STANDARD FINAL DRAFT
NORME EUROPÉENNE FprEN 15316-5

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2016
ICS 91.140.10; 91.140.65
English Version
Energy performance of buildings - Method for calculation of

system energy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 5:
Space heating and DHW storage systems (not cooling), M3-7,
M8-7
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Performance énergétique des bâtiments - Méthode de Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden - Verfahren zur
calcul des besoins énergétiques et des rendements des Berechnung der Energieanforderungen und Nutzungsgrade
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systèmes - Partie 5 : Systèmes de stockage pour le der Anlagen - Teil 5: Raumheizung und Speicher für
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chauffage et l'eau chaude sanitaire (sans refroidissement), erwärmtes Trinkwasser (keine Kühlung), Modul M3-7, M8-7
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M3-7, M8-7
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This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for formal vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
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228.
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If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
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stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
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This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
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made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
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Centre has the same status as the official versions.

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CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
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Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
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Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
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Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
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provide supporting documentation.

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Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
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shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

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EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprEN 15316-5:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs
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Single user licence only, copying and networking prohibited
FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................. 10
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 10
4 Symbols and abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
4.2 Subscripts........................................................................................................................................................ 11
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5 Description of the methods ...................................................................................................................... 11
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5.1 Output of the method .................................................................................................................................. 11
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5.2 Extension of the method ............................................................................................................................ 11
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5.3 Technologies covered and schematisation of the hot water storage system ......................... 11
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5.4 Principles for hot water storage systems ............................................................................................ 12
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6 Calculation of storage systems ................................................................................................................ 13
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6.1 Output data ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

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6.2 Calculation time steps ................................................................................................................................ 16

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6.3 Input data ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

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6.3.1 Source of data ................................................................................................................................................ 16

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6.3.2 Product data ................................................................................................................................................... 16

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6.3.3 System design data ...................................................................................................................................... 18

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6.3.4 Control.............................................................................................................................................................. 18
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6.3.5 Operating conditions .................................................................................................................................. 18

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6.3.6 Constants and physical data ..................................................................................................................... 20

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6.4 Calculation procedure ................................................................................................................................ 20

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6.4.1 Applicable time-step ................................................................................................................................... 20

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6.4.2 Operating conditions calculation ........................................................................................................... 20

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6.4.3 Energy calculation (storage modelled with multi volumes – Method A) ................................. 20
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6.4.4 Simplified calculation procedure (storage modelled with a single volume – Method
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B) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
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6.4.5 Thermal losses .............................................................................................................................................. 26

6.4.6 Calculation of the auxiliary energy ........................................................................................................ 27
6.4.7 Recoverable, recovered thermal losses ............................................................................................... 27
7 Quality control .............................................................................................................................................. 27
8 Compliance check......................................................................................................................................... 28
Annex A (informative) Template for input data and choices .................................................................... 29
A.1 Model information ....................................................................................................................................... 29
A.2 Product description data ........................................................................................................................... 29
A.2.1 Storage type.................................................................................................................................................... 29
A.2.2 Type of energy use (services) .................................................................................................................. 29
A.2.3 Storage fuel..................................................................................................................................................... 29

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FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
A.2.4 CE marking ...................................................................................................................................................... 30

A.2.5 Dimension ....................................................................................................................................................... 30
A.2.6 Energy input/output.................................................................................................................................... 30
A.2.7 Multiple energy input/output .................................................................................................................. 31
A.2.8 Stand-by thermal losses ............................................................................................................................. 31
A.2.9 Factors for energy recovery ...................................................................................................................... 32
A.3 Design data...................................................................................................................................................... 33
A.3.1 Localization..................................................................................................................................................... 33
A.3.2 Hydraulic connection .................................................................................................................................. 33
A.3.3 Storage control type..................................................................................................................................... 33
A.3.3.1 Type of control ............................................................................................................................................... 33
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A.3.3.2 Adaptation of thermal losses for monthly or annual step time ................................................... 34
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A.4 Operative conditions for method A – hourly calculation time step............................................ 34
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A.5 Operative conditions for Method B - bin, monthly or annual calculation time step ........... 35
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Annex B (informative) Default Input data ........................................................................................................ 36
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B.1 Model information ....................................................................................................................................... 36
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B.2 Product description data ........................................................................................................................... 36

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B.2.1 Storage type .................................................................................................................................................... 36

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B.2.2 Type of energy use (services)................................................................................................................... 36

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B.2.3 Storage fuel ..................................................................................................................................................... 36

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B.2.4 CE marking ...................................................................................................................................................... 36

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B.2.5 Dimension ....................................................................................................................................................... 36

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B.2.6 Energy input/output.................................................................................................................................... 36

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B.2.7 Multiple energy input/output .................................................................................................................. 37

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B.2.8 Stand-by thermal losses ............................................................................................................................. 37

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B.2.9 Factors for energy recovery ...................................................................................................................... 39

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B.3 Design data...................................................................................................................................................... 39

B.3.1 Localization..................................................................................................................................................... 39
B.3.2 Hydraulic connection .................................................................................................................................. 39
B.3.3 Storage control type..................................................................................................................................... 39
B.3.3.1 Type of control ............................................................................................................................................... 39
B.3.3.2 Adaptation of thermal losses for monthly or annual step time ................................................... 39
B.4 Operative conditions for method A – hourly calculation time step............................................ 39
B.5 Operative conditions for Method B - bin, monthly or annual calculation time step ............ 40
Annex C (normative) Selection of methods ...................................................................................................... 41
C.1 Method A - Model based on a representation of stratified temperature in the storage ..... 41

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FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
C.1.1 Applicability of the stratified model ..................................................................................................... 41

C.1.2 Selection of the number of volumes to model the storage unit ................................................... 41
C.2 Method B - Model based on a representation of an homogenous temperature in the
storage ` ........................................................................................................................................................... 41
Annex D (informative) Alternative presentation for Method A ............................................................... 42
D.1 Step 2 - Direct withdrawal of a heat quantity (volume to withdraw) ....................................... 42
D.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 42
D.1.2 Additional ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
D.2 Step 3 - Temperature of the storage after volume withdrawal ................................................... 44
D.3 Step 6 - indirect heat input and output ................................................................................................ 45
D.4 Rearrange temperatures in the storage to a natural state............................................................ 47
D.5 Heat exchanger - additional ..................................................................................................................... 48
D.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 48
D.5.2 Indirect heat input in the storage, using a solar collector loop. .................................................. 48
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D.5.3 Indirect heat output from the storage to the space heating service. ......................................... 48
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Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 50
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FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
European foreword
This document (FprEN 15316-5:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 228
“Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
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FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard is part of a series of standards aiming at international harmonization of the
methodology for the assessment of the energy performance of buildings, called “set of EPB standards”.
All EPB standards follow specific rules to ensure overall consistency, unambiguity and transparency.
All EPB standards provide a certain flexibility with regard to the methods, the required input data and
references to other EPB standards, by the introduction of a normative template in Annex A and Annex B
with informative default choices.
EPB standards deal with energy performance calculation and other related aspects (like system sizing)
to provide the building services considered in the EPBD.
This standard specifies two methods to take into account the energy performance of storage systems
for heating of domestic hot water coupled to generation system(s) producing hot water or using
independent energy input to the storage unit. This standard presents two methods applicable to the
different technologies of water based storage system and related controls systems:
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— method A applies when the hot water is thermally stratified;
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— method B applies when the hot water contained in the storage unit(s) is thermally homogeneous.
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The standard covers typically hourly time-step but can be adapted to different time steps accordingly
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with the scenarios used for energy use and energy delivered.
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The subjects covered by CEN/TC 228 are the following:

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— design of heating systems (water based, electrical etc.);

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— installation of heating systems;

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— commissioning of heating systems;

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— instructions for operation, maintenance and use of heating systems;

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— methods for calculation of the design heat loss and heat loads;
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— methods for calculation of the energy performance of heating systems.

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For the correct use of this standard, Annex A is to be used to specify the choices with the required input
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data for use with method A (hourly calculation time step) or Method B (other calculation time steps).
Default values for use of the Method A and B monthly and annual methods are provided in Annex B. In
case the standard is used in the context of national or regional legal requirements, mandatory choices
may be given at national or regional level for such specific applications, in particular for the application
within the context of EU Directives transposed into national legal requirements. These choices can be
made available as National Annex or as separate (e.g. legal) document. It is expected, if the default
values and choices in Annex A are not followed due to national regulations, policy or traditions, that:
— either the national standardization body will consider the possibility to add or include a National
Annex in agreement with the template of Annex A.
— or the national or regional authorities will, in the building regulations, reference the standard and
prepare data sheets containing the national or regional choices and values, in agreement with the
template of Annex A.
Heating systems also include the effect of attached systems such as hot water production systems.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
All these standards are systems standards, i.e. they are based on requirements addressed to the system
as a whole and not dealing with requirements to the products within the system.
Where possible, reference is made to other European or International Standards, a.o product standards.
However, use of products complying with relevant product standards is no guarantee of compliance
with the system requirements.
The requirements are mainly expressed as functional requirements, i.e. requirements dealing with the
function of the system and not specifying shape, material, dimensions or the like.
The guidelines describe ways to meet the requirements, but other ways to fulfil the functional
requirements might be used if fulfilment can be proved.
Heating systems differ among the member countries due to climate, traditions and national regulations.
In some cases, requirements are given as classes so national or individual needs may be accommodated.
In cases where the standards contradict with national regulations, the latter should be followed.
Table 1 shows the relative position of this standard within the EPB standards.
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FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard covers energy performance calculation of water based storage sub-systems
used for heating, for domestic hot water or for combination of these.
This standard does not cover sizing or inspection of such storage systems.
Table 1 shows the relative position of this standard within the set of EPB standards in the context of the
modular structure as set out in prEN ISO 52000-1.
NOTE 1 In prCEN ISO/TR 52000-2 the same table can be found, with, for each module, the numbers of the
relevant EPB standards and accompanying technical reports that are published or in preparation.
NOTE 2 The modules represent EPB standards, although one EPB standard may cover more than one module
and one module may be covered by more than one EPB standard, for instance a simplified and a detailed method
respectively. See also Clause 2 and Tables A.1 and B.1.
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FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table 1 — Position of EN 15316–5 within the modular structure

Building
Overarching Technical Building Systems
(as such)
Humidification
Dehumidificati
Descriptions
Descriptions
Descriptions
automation
Ventilation
production
Electricity
Hot water
& control
Domestic
Building
Lighting
Heating
Cooling
on
sub1 M1 sub1 M2 sub1 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
1 General 1 General 1 General 15316–1 15316–1

Common terms and
Building Energy
2 definitions; symbols, units 2 2 Needs 12831–3 ?
Needs
and subscripts
(Free) Indoor
Maximum
Conditions
3 Applications 3 3 Load and 12831–1 12831–3
without
Power
Systems
Ways to
Ways to Express
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Ways to Express Energy Express
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4 4 Energy 4 15316–1 15316–1
Performance Energy
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Performance
Performance
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Building Functions and Heat Transfer by Emission and 15316
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5 5 5 15316–2
Building Boundaries Transmission control –2
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Heat Transfer by
Building Occupancy and Distribution 15316
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6 6 Infiltration and 6 15316–3 15316–3
Operating Conditions and control –3
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Ventilation
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Aggregation of Energy
Internal Storage and 15316–5
7 7 7 15316–5
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Services and Energy

Heat Gains control 15316–4-3
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Carriers
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8 Building Partitioning 8 Solar Heat Gains 8 Generation

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Combustion
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8–1 15316–4-1 15316–4-1

boilers
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8–2 Heat pumps 15316–4-2 15316–4-2

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Thermal solar 15316–

8–3 15316–4-3 15316–4-3
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Photovoltaics 4-3
On-site 15316–
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8–4 15316–4-4 15316–4-4

cogeneration 4-4
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District
15316 15316–
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8–5 heating and 15316–4-5 15316–4-5

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–4-5 4-5
cooling
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Direct
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8–6 electrical 15316–4-9 15316–4-6

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heater
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15316–
8–7 Wind turbines 15316–4-10
4-7
Radiant
8–8 15316–4-8
heating, stoves
Load
Building
Calculated Energy dispatching
9 9 Dynamics 9
Performance and operating
(thermal mass)
conditions
Measured Measured Measured
10 Energy 10 Energy 10 Energy 15378–3 15378–3
Performance Performance Performance
11 Inspection 11 Inspection 11 Inspection 15378–1 15378–1
Ways to Express Indoor
12 12 – 12 BMS
Comfort
External Environment
13
Conditions
1545
14 Economic Calculation
9–1

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 15316-1, Energy performance of buildings - Method for calculation of system energy requirements and
system efficiencies - Part 1: General and Energy performance expression, Module M3-1, M3-4, M3-9, M8-1,
M8-4
EN 15316-3, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Method for calculation of
system energy requirements and system efficiencies — Part 3: Space distribution systems (DHW, heating
and cooling)
EN ISO 7345:1995, Thermal insulation - Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 7345:1987)
prEN ISO 52000-1:2015, Energy performance of buildings - Overarching EPB assessment - Part 1: General
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framework and procedures (ISO/DIS 52000-1:2015)
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3 Terms and definitions
2 01
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 7345:1995,
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prEN ISO 52000-1:2015 and the following apply.
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electric storage water heater

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storage water heater powered with electricity and used for domestic hot water energy use
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double service storage water heater

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storage water heater used for both heating and domestic hot water energy use
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heat exchanger storage water heater

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HESWH
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storage water heater using internal heat exchanger to store the energy provided by an external
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generation system (solar, boiler, heat pump,…)

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3.4
multi energy storage water heater
MESWH
storage water heater using different energy sources to store the energy
3.5
thermodynamic storage water heater
TSWH
storage water heater using attached heat pump system to produce and store hot water
4 Symbols and abbreviations

4.1 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in prEN ISO 52000-1 apply
FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
4.2 Subscripts
For the purposes of this document, the subscripts given in prEN ISO 52000-1 and the specific subscripts
listed in Table 2 apply.
Table 2 —Subscripts
Bu Back-up stby Stand-by

Ref Reference cold Cold
5 Description of the methods

5.1 Output of the method
This method covers the calculation of energy delivered to the storage system, energy delivered from the
storage systems to the domestic and hot water distribution system, auxiliary energy and thermal losses
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(recoverable or not) of storage systems used for heating and/or domestic hot water.
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The time step of the output can be
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— hourly;
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— bin; m
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— yearly;
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— monthly,
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according with the scenarios used to determine the thermal load.

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5.2 Extension of the method

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The method which is presented in the standard can be extended to storage systems with multiple
storage units.
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The adaptation depends of the hydraulic schema used for the design of the storage system:
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— serial mounting – the storage units are hydraulically linked as the output of the storage unit 'n'
become the input of the storage unit 'n+1'. The equations as identical as the calculation procedure
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will consider a loop for all storage unit to calculate the total energy stored, the energy used and
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delivered and the corresponding volume of hot water delivered to the system;
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— parallel mounting – the regulation systems sets the priority for the storage units that are
considered independently.
5.3 Technologies covered and schematisation of the hot water storage system
The following storage units and control systems are covered:

Storage units (with or without primary circuit).
Control system of the output water:
— based on availability of energy delivered to the storage unit(s);
— priority given to domestic hot water, then heating (default);
— type of power unit (direct, heat exchanger, …) and position in the storage unit.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
5.4 Principles for hot water storage systems
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Key
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1 layer 1
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2 energy input
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3 energy input
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i layer i
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i+1 layer i+1

n-1 layer n-1
n layer n – number of layers
4 mixing valve
Figure 1 — General model of the storage unit

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Key
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1 layer i
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2 Energy exchange due to thermal conduction with the upper layer
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3 Energy exchange with ambient – contribution of layer I to thermal losses
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4 Energy exchange due to thermal conduction with the lower layer i-1
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5 Energy input into volume i
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6 Energy exchange due to mass transfer
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Figure 2 — Energy balance for layer i

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The energy balance for layer i is calculated by Formula (1):

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miCp (ϑt+1,i- ϑt,i) = Qt+1,i +Δmt .cw,p (ϑt,i-1 -ϑi) + HTR, i+1.ai (ϑt,i+1- ϑt,i) - Qsto,ls(i) - HTR, i(ϑt,i- ϑt,i-1) (1)
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where
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Key 1 miCp;w (ϑt+1,i- ϑ,i) is the variation of the enthalpy of the layer i;
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Key 5 Qt+1,i: is the energy input to the layer i;

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Key 6 Δmt .cp (ϑt,i-1 -ϑt;i) is the variation of enthalpy due to mass transfer with temperature of
the underlying layer;
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Key 2 HTR, i(ϑ,i- ϑt,i-1) is the energy exchange due to conduction with the lower layer;
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Key 4 HTR, i+1.ai (ϑt,i+1- ϑt,i) is the energy exchange due to conduction with the upper layer;
Key 3 Qsto,ls(i) is the contribution of the layer i to the thermal losses of the storage
unit.
NOTE HTR is not characterized in the standardized tests and is neglected in the calculation. Consequences for
neglecting conduction transfer between layers will result to suppress the thermal interaction between the
different volumes used in the method A; these thermal transfers impact the temperatures as the thermal
stratification is reduced. The energy balance at the storage level is respected.
6 Calculation of storage systems

6.1 Output data
The output data of this method are listed in Table 3.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table 3a — Output data of this method (hourly method)
Name Symbol Computed Unit Intended

symbol destinatio
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Energy flow data
Energy input for the storage from the QH;sto;X;in Q_H_sto_X_in kWh M3–1
generation system (expressed per energy M8–1
carrier X)
Type of energy List List -
Type of energy for back up List List -
Heat losses (recoverable) QH;sto;ls;rbl Q_H_sto_ls_rbl kWh M2–2
Heat losses (non recoverable) QH;sto;ls;nrbl Q_H_sto_ls_nrbl kWh M2–2
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Total auxiliary energy WH;sto;aux W_sto_aux kWh M3–1
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Operating condition data
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Temperature input from generation ϑsto;gen;flw ϑsto;gen;flw °C M3–8
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Temperature output to generation ϑsto;gen;ret
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ϑsto;gen;ret °C M3–8
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Temperature (s) of the volume (s) of the storage ϑsto;V,i theta_sto_V_i °C M8–7
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unit
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Temperature at the output of the heat ϑsto;gen;dist;flw,i Theta_sto_g °C M3–8

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exchanger (return to generation) en_ret

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FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table 3b — Output data of this method (monthly method)
Name Symbol Computed Unit Intended

symbol destinatio
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Energy flow data
Energy input for the storage from the QH;sto;X;in Q_H_sto_X_in kWh M3–1
generation system (expressed per energy M8–1
carrier X)
Type of energy List List -
Back-up energy QH;sto;bu;in Q_H_sto_bu_in kWh M3–1
M8–1
Type of energy for back up List List -
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Heat losses (recoverable) QH;sto;ls;rbl Q_H_sto_ls_rbl kWh M2–2
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Heat losses (non recoverable) QH;sto;ls;nrbl Q_H_sto_ls_nrbl kWh M2–2
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Total auxiliary energy WH;sto;aux W_sto_aux kWh M3–1
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Operating condition data st
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Temperature output for DHW ϑW;sto;out theta_W_sto_o °C M8–6

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Temperature output for Heating ϑH;sto;out theta_H_sto_ou °C M3–6

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Energy delivered for Domestic Hot service to Qsto;W;out Q_sto_W_out kWh M8–6
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the distribution system

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Energy delivered for Heating service to the Qsto;H;out Q_sto_H_out kWh M3–6
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distribution system
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Temperature (s) of the volume (s) of the storage ϑsto;V,i theta_sto_V_i °C M8–7
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unit
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Temperature at the output of the heat ϑsto;gen;dist;flw,i Theta_sto_g °C M3–8

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exchanger (return to generation) en_ret

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NOTE The difference in the output data between the hourly and the monthly method is due to the fact that
the hourly calculation method direction goes from the needs to the primary energy.
In order to avoid iteration it is assumed that the storage can always provide the requested output
temperature and the requested energy. If at the end of a calculation step the generators cannot provide
the requested energy the missing energy is either reported to the next calculation step or the
calculation is stopped.
In a monthly method, as the calculation steps are independent, it might be possible to calculate e.g. the
temperature output due to missing energy provided by the generators for information.
Energy output Q sto;H;out and Q sto;W,out are the thermal energies provided by the storage system to
the distribution for heating or domestic hot water in the calculation interval.
Recoverable heat Q sto;H;ls;rbl is the recoverable heat for heating in the calculation interval.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
6.2 Calculation time steps
The methods described in Clause 6 are suitable for the following calculation time steps:
— yearly (Method B for single volume model);
— monthly (Method B for single volume model);
— bin (Method B for single volume model);
— hourly (Method A or Method B).
Annex C precises guidance for selection of the method for the hourly time-step.
For these methods, the output time step is the same as the input time-step.
This method does not take into account any dynamic effect.
If the input data are available with a shorter time step than the output,
8
-0
12
— the sum is taken for extensive properties like energy;
6-
01
— the time averaged value is taken for intensive properties like temperature
2
st
6.3 Input data m
ko
6.3.1 Source of data

en
je
The input data corresponding to the physical characteristic (volume, type of energy input, power of the
bi
ie
unit(s), and characterization of the heat exchanger) of the storage unit are obtained from the
at
description of the manufacturer.

rm
The expression of the standby losses is expressed commonly in this standard in W/K. This information
fo
in
is derived from the results of the standby obtained in the different product standards. Annex A (A.2.7)
de
gives provision to calculate the corresponding value in W/K according with the different type of
storage.
or
vo
6.3.2 Product data

T
EP
6.3.2.1 Product description data (qualitative)

C
N
The product description data of storage unit are described in Table 4.

O
C
Table 4 — Process design data
Name Description
STO_H_TYPE Identification of the storage unit
STO_H_USE identify the type of use of the output heat (heating, domestic hot
water, combined heating and domestic hot water)
STO_H_FUEL Fuel type (electricity, heat exchanger, gas,..)
and are identified by the conventional strings defined in A.1.

6.3.2.2 Product technical data
Required technical data for this calculation procedure are listed in the Table 5.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table 5 — Product technical input data list
Characteristics Symbol Catalogue Validity Ref. Varying

unit interval
Type of use STO_USE List - A.2.2 NO
CE Marking STO_CE Yes/No A.2.4
Volume total Vsto;tot L - A.2.5 NO
Standby losses coefficient Hsto;ls W/K [0:+∞] A.2.8 NO
Stand-by losses correction fsto;dis;ls - [1–5] A.2.8 NO
factor
Type of fuel STO_FUEL List - A.2.3 NO
Energy Input (Main) -
8
Type of fuel STO_FUEL List - A.2.3 NO
-0
12
Type of control STO_CTRL List A.3.3.1 NO
6-
01
Set temperature ϑsto;set;on °C 0…110 A.4 NO
2
st
Position in the storage unit i Integer
m 1-N_vol A.2.6 NO
ko
Power Psto;H,i kW [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO
en
Heat exchanger Hsto;H;exh W/K [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO

je
bi
Auxiliary (pump) power Psto;pmp,1 kW [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO

ie
at
Auxiliary mass flow (pump) ΔVsto,pmp,i - [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO

m
r
fo
Energy Input (Back up) - - NO

in
Type of fuel STO_FUEL_BU

de
List - A.2.3 NO
or
Type of control STO_CTRL_POW_BU List A.3.3.1 NO

vo
Set temperature ϑsto;bu,set;on °C 0…110 A.4 NO

T
EP
Position in the storage unit i Integer 1-N_vol A.2.6 NO

C
N
Power Psto,H,bu,i kW [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO

O
C
Heat exchanger Hsto;H;bu;exh W/K [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO

Auxiliary (pump) power Psto;bu;pmp,i kW [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO
Auxiliary mass flow (pump) ΔVsto;bu;pmp,i - [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO
Energy output - - NO
Output Direct STO_TYPE_STND List - A.2.1 NO
Output: Heat exchanger STO_TYPE_EXH List A.2.1
Position of the output j Integer 1-N_vol A.2.6
Heat exchanger Hsto;H;exh;out,j W/K [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO
Auxiliary (pump) power Psto;exh;pmp;out,j kW [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO
Auxiliary mass flow (pump) ΔVsto;exh;pmp;out,j - [0:+∞] A.2.6 NO

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Default data are given in Annex B.

NOTE 1 Set point for the temperature is defined for each time steps.
NOTE 2 Set point for temperature is defined for each heating unit (one heating unit is defined in Table 5).
6.3.3 System design data
The process design data are given in Table 6.

Table 6 — Process design data
Name Description
STO_LOC Location of the storage unit(s) (heating space, boiler room,
external
STO_CONNECT Identify if the storage unit uses a specific generation unit
(embedded), or part of the energy provided for heating or
8
-0
domestic hot water use, or both
12
STO_N Number of storage units
6-
2 01
st
m
6.3.4 Control
ko
en
The process control options are given in Table 7.

je
bi
Table 7 — Process control option

ie
at
Name Description
rm
fo
GEN_CTRL_PRIO Order of priority for multiple storage units

in
de
GEN_CRTL_YES_NO Authorization to operate the internal heating element

considered from an external signal
or
vo
GEN_CTRL_BU Type of control applicable to the back-up energy input

T
EP
DHW_STRG_CTRL_EL Control of the heating element powered by electricity

C
DHG_STRG_CTRL_G Control of heating powered from external unit

N
O
DHG_STRG_CTRL_SOL Control of heating powered from solar system

C

6.3.5 Operating conditions
Required operating conditions data for this calculation procedure are listed in Table 8.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table 8 — Operating conditions data list
Name Symbol Unit Range Origi Varyi

n ng
Modu
le
Operating conditions data QH;sto;out NO
Energy use (storage, use for heating - List - M3–6 NO
/DHW)
Calculation interval tci h 0..876 M1–9 NO
0
Energy required for heating QH;out;min kWh 0...∞ M3–6 NO
Temperature required for heating ϑH;out;min °C 0…10 M3–6 NO
0
8
-0
12
Energy required for domestic hot QW;out;min kWh 0...∞ M8–6 NO
6-
water
01
Temperature required for domestic ϑW;out;min °C 0–100 M8–6 NO
2
st
hot water m
QH;sto;X;in
ko
(Potential) input from generation kWh 0...∞ M3–6 YES
en
Temperature input from generation ϑsto;gen;flw °C 0–100 M3–6 NO

je
bi
Temperature output to generation ϑsto;gen;ret °C 0–100 M3–6 NO

ie
at
Ambient temperature ϑsto;amb °C 0–100 M1–9 NO

m
r
fo
Temperature input for DHW (cold ϑW;cold °C 0–100 M8–2 NO

in
water)
de
Availability of electrical power STO_EL_ON - Y/N M10– NO

or
7
vo
T
Temperature volume 1 b ϑsto;vol,1 °C 0–100 Local YES

EP
ϑsto;vol,2
C
Temperature volume 2 °C 0–100 Local YES

N
O
Temperature volume 3 ϑsto;vol,3 °C 0–100 Local YES

C
Temperature volume 4 (output to ϑsto;vol,4 °C 0–100 Local YES

generation)
Part of the auxiliary energy frvd,aux - [0–1] Local NO
transmitted to the medium
Part of the thermal losses fsto;m - [0–1] Local NO
transmitted to the room
Standby losses adaptation factor fsto;bac;acc - [0–1] Local NO
Thermal losses factor for fsto;dis;ls - [1–5] Local NO
connecting pipes
Note: In the hourly method the (potential) input from generation, the temperature input from
generation; the temperature output to generation are input data. In the monthly method these data are
maintained because the model needs to know the potential energy available in order to check if all
FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
energy available or only part of it has been used. These data are also used for the calculation of the
auxiliary energy as default. The values are recalculated at each intermediate time step for convergence
in the solar model.
6.3.6 Constants and physical data
Table 9 — Constants and physical data
Name Symbol Unit Value

Water specific heat C,p;w Wh/(kg·K) 1,16
6.4 Calculation procedure

6.4.1 Applicable time-step
This procedure can be used with the following time-steps:
8
-0
— hourly (Method A or Method B);
12
6-
— bin (Method B);
2 01
— monthly (Method B);
st
m
— annual (Method B).
ko
en
Details for using Method A or B are described in Annex B. For hourly calculation Method B can be used
je
bi
when the storage is controlled with a constant temperature during the time-step. No stratification
ie
effects are considered in this case.

at
m
Shorter time steps can be used for adaptation to the tapping patterns. No dynamic effects are explicitly
r
fo
taken into account because there are no significant time constants.

in
6.4.2 Operating conditions calculation

de
or
Energy input QH;sto;X;in shall be calculated in accordance to prEN 15316-1.

vo
Energy delivered to the distribution system for heating and domestic hot water is obtained in
T
EP
accordance to prEN 15316-3 (distribution for heating systems and domestic hot water systems).
C
The information obtain from the control system will state the priority given for energy storage, energy
N
O
delivery or combination of both.

C
NOTE The calculation is solely based on the thermal transfers due to identified inputs and outputs of energy
in the storage as well as the energy losses due to the characteristics of the thermal insulation of the storage. The
heat transfer due to counter-current circulation is not accounted in the calculation. Use of heat traps at the input
and output of the storage will prevent these potential thermal losses.
6.4.3 Energy calculation (storage modelled with multi volumes – Method A)
6.4.3.1 General
The flowchart of the calculation procedure is presented in the corresponding Technical Report
(Figure A-1).
In some cases the thermal status of the storage influences the valuation of the input (e.g. heat
generation provided from thermal solar system). The consequence is the necessity to proceed to
iterative calculation for convergence of the solution for the time step considered. Conditions for
convergence are expressed in the input module

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Q ( ;sto;X ;in ( n ) − Q ( ;sto;X ;in ( n − 1)

≤ 5% (2)
Q ( ;sto;X ;in ( n − 1)
Where
QH;sto;X;in [kWh] is the heat from the collector loop accepted by the storage module.
In the case of a solar collector ‘gen’ is equal to ‘sol’ (EN 15316-4-3)
6.4.3.2 Step 0 Initialisation
For initial conditions all temperatures in the thermal storage unit(s) are equal to the set point
temperature.
6.4.3.3 Step 1
The energy stored is calculated, for information, accordingly to the limit value of temperature for
8
domestic hot water and/or heating using Formula (3).
-0
12
Energy stored for domestic hot water service.
6-
For ϑi > ϑ sto ,W
01
2
NB _ vol
QW ( t=
0) ∑ ρ w × C p;w × V sto ,i × (ϑ sto;vol ,i − ϑW ;out ;min ) st
m (3)
ko
i =1
en
je
Energy stored for heating service.

bi
ie
For ϑi > ϑ sto ,H

at
m
NB _ vol
r
fo
Q sto= ∑ ρ w × C p;w × V sto ,i × (ϑ sto;vol ,i − ϑ ( ;out ;min ) (4)

in
;(
i =1
de
or
6.4.3.4 Step 2 Volume to be withdrawn from the storage (domestic hot water service)
vo
T
The calculation of the volume to be withdrawn is made accordingly with the energy to be delivered to
EP
the distribution system with a threshold value for the minimum available temperature according to the
C
scenarios for domestic hot water.

N
O
The priority between service for domestic hot water and heating service is made accordingly with
C
information provided by the control system.

NOTE In the following priority is given to domestic hot water when double service is required.
The volume of water withdrawn is based on the contribution of the homogenous volumes (4 volumes in
this example) of the storage unit, from the volume connected to the water output to the volume
connected to the water input.
If QW ;dis ;out ;req ≤ ρ w × V sto;vol ,4 × C p;w × (ϑ sto;vol ,4 − ϑW ;out ;min ) and (ϑ sto;vol ,4 ≥ ϑ sto;W ;in )
then
QW ;dis ;out ;req
V sto;use ;W = (5)
(
ρ W × C p;w × ϑ sto;vol ,4 − ϑW ;out ;min )
if not V sto;use;W = 0
FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
If not, the iterative process continue to the lower calculation volume with a value of the energy demand
to the lower level reduced with the contribution of all upper layers until the condition is achieved or the
lowest calculation volume is used.
If
QW ;dis ;out ;req − ρ W × V sto;vol ,4 × C p;w × (ϑ sto;vol ,4 − ϑW ;out ;min ) ≤ ρ W × V sto;vol ,3 × C p;w × (ϑ sto;vol ,3 − ϑW ;out ;min )
and ϑ sto;vol ,3 ≥ ϑW ;out ;min (6)
Then
V sto
(
QW ;dis ;out ;req − ρ W × C p;w × ϑ sto;vol ,4 − ϑW ;out ;min )
= ;use ;W V sto;vol ,4 +
ρ W × C p;w × (ϑ sto;vol ,3 − ϑW ;out ;min )
and
Q sto;W ;dis = QW ;dis ;out ;req (7)
If not
8
-0
( ) [kwh]
12
Q sto;W ;dis =ρ w × V sto;vol ,4 × C p;w × ϑ sto;vol ,4 − ϑW ;out ;min (8)
6-
01
Results of step 2: V sto;use;W or Q sto;W;dis if the condition for delivering the required quantity of hot
2
st
water is not obtained. m
6.4.3.5 Step 3 - Temperature of the storage after volume withdrawn for domestic hot water
ko
service
en
je
bi
Principles: The volume withdrawn is replaced with the identical quantity of water provided to the input
ie
of the storage heater (bottom). The water of the upper volume is melted with the quantity of withdrawn
at
water at the temperature of the lower level.

m
r
fo
ϑ sto;vol ,i −1 * V sto;use ;W + ϑ sto;vol ,i + (V sto;vol ,i − V sto;use ;W )

in
ϑ sto;vol ,i = (9)
de
V sto;vol ,i
or
vo
If i = 1 then ϑ sto;vol ,i −1 = ϑW ;cold

T
EP
ϑ −1 = ϑW ;cold
If V sto,use,W > V sto;vol,1 then and consider V sto,use,W- V sto;vol,1 as volume to be
C
N
melted with volume 2.

O
C
Same principle applies if V sto,use,W > V sto;vol,1 + V sto;vol,2

Output of Stage 3: Temperature(s) of the storage unit
6.4.3.6 Step 4 – Volume (Energy withdrawn) for heating service
The calculation of the volume withdrawn for heating uses the procedure described in 6.4.3.4.
NOTE Heat exchangers are usually used for load and delivery of the energy stored for heating service. In this
no mass transfer occur and the thermal status of the storage unit is directly calculated at step 5.
6.4.3.7 Step 5 – Temperature of the storage unit after delivery of energy for heating service
The calculation of the volume withdrawn for heating uses the procedure described in 6.4.3.5.
NOTE For heating systems only the model of storage could be simplified, using one volume for the energy and
mass balance.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
6.4.3.8 Step 6 – Energy input into the storage unit
The input of energy(s) is (are) allocated to the specified location(s) of the input of energy.
NOTE For energy withdrawn from a heat exchanger the energy is accounted negatively.
For each volume i the theoretical variation of temperature is:

Q H ;sto;X ;in,i + Q sto;H ;out ,i
∆ϑ sto;H ;vol ,i = (10)
ρ w × C p;w × V sto;vol ,i
where Q H ;sto;X ;in,i and Q sto;H ;out ,i are respectively the input and output energy delivered by the storage
and declared in the operating conditions for volume i and the time step considered.
The energy stored is
H ρ w × C p;w ×
Q sto;= ∑V sto;vol ,i ×(ϑ sto;vol ,i + ∆ϑ sto;H ;vol ,i ) (11)
8
i
-0
12
For step 6, the addition of the temperature of volume ‘i’ and theoretical variation of temperature
6-
01
calculated according to Formula (10) can exceed the set temperature defined by the control system of
the storage unit.
2
Results of step 6: Energy input and output; Temperature(s) of the storage unit. st
m
ko
6.4.3.9 Step 7 – Re-arrange the temperatures in the storage after energy input
en
je
When the temperature of the volume i is higher than the one of the upper volume, then the 2 volumes
bi
ie
are melted. This iterative process is maintained until the temperature of the volume I ar lower or equal
at
to the temperature of the volume i+1.

r m
If ϑ sto,vol,i > ϑ sto,vol,i+1 then

fo
in
ϑ sto;vol ,i * V sto;vol ;i + ϑ sto;vol ,i +1 + V sto;vol ,i +1

de
ϑ sto;vol ,i ϑ=
= sto;vol ,i +1 (12)
V sto;vol ,i + V sto;vol ,i +1
or
vo
T
The energy stored Q sto,step7 is calculated according to Formula (3) .

EP
C
Results of step 7: temperatures of the storage unit, energy stored.

N
O
6.4.3.10 Step 8 Thermal losses and final temperature

C
6.4.3.10.1 Case 1 – Temperature below the set point
The thermal losses are calculated for any volume i

V sto;vol .i
Q sto;=
ls ;vol .i f stp;bac:acc × f sto;dis ;ls × ρ w × C p;w ×
V sto;tot
(
× ( sto;ls × ϑ sto;vol ,i − ϑ sto;amb ) (13)
Where
fsto;bac;acc [-] is the coefficient to adapt the thermal losses depending on dimensioning and
type of control;
And fsto;dis;ls [-] is the coefficient to adapt the thermal losses due to connection pipes to the
storage.
NOTE 1 Formula (13) uses a volumetric coefficient for characterization of the thermal losses.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
NOTE 2 f sto;bac;acc is used only for monthly or annual time step and when the control systems allow thermal
stratification of the storage (see Annex B).
The final value of the temperature is reduced due to the effect of the thermal losses.
The variation of temperature due to the thermal losses for any volume is
Q sto;Is ;vol ,i
∆ϑ sto;vol ,i =
− (14)
PW + C p;W + V sto;vol ,i
6.4.3.10.2 Case 2 – Temperature exceeding the set point
The temperatures for each volume are limited to the set point for any volume controlled.
NOTE For storage heated with 2 heating process (base + back up) the set temperature can be different.
The thermal energy provided to the system shall be limited.
8
The excess energy is calculated as the difference from the energy stored Q sto,step7 the end of step 7)
-0
12
and energy stored once the set temperature is obtained (Q sto,step8 – Formula 3) with addition of the
6-
thermal losses.
2 01
Q sto;ls = ∑Q sto;ls;vol.i (15)
st
i
m
ko
en
The corrected value of the energy input is

je
QH;sto;X,in +(Qsto,step8 - Qsto,step7) + Qsto,ls (16)

bi
ie
NOTE Formula (13) uses a volumetric coefficient for characterization of the thermal losses.
at
rm
The final value of the temperature is reduced due to the effect of the thermal losses.
fo
in
6.4.3.11 Heat exchanger

de
or
The heat exchanger forces a temperature difference, between the two attached water circuits, that is
vo
calculated by Formula (17)

T
Q exh *1000
EP
∆ϑexh = (17)
H exh * t ci
C
N
O
C
Where;
Qexh is the heat transferred by the heat exchanger [kWh]
tci is the time step of the calculation [h]
Hexch is the heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger [W/K]
The temperature at the output of the heat is the sum is based on the temperature difference as
calculated with Formula (18).
ϑ sto=
; flw ;dist ; flw ϑ sto; gen; flw ;in + ∆ϑexh (18)
NOTE 1 A heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger of zero is not allowed. A heat transfer rate of a (relatively)
high value effectively describes a situation without a heat exchanger.
NOTE 2 The method can be used for an integrated heat exchanger and an external heat exchanger.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
6.4.4 Simplified calculation procedure (storage modelled with a single volume – Method B)
6.4.4.1 Step 1 Verification of the requirements for DHW and heating service
The temperature after DHW

NOTE The thermal losses are accounted for the set temperature.
ϑ sto;=
(
Φ X ;sto;in × t ci − QW ;sto;out − f sto;bac ;acc × f sto;dis ;ls × ( sto;tot × ϑ sto;set − ϑamb )
( ;tmp1 ϑ sto;( ;0 + (19)
ρ w × C p;w × V sto;tot
If θ sto;H ,1 < θ sto ,h,W ,min then the energy delivered for domestic hot water is limited to
= ( ( )
QW ;sto;out ,tmp −in Q ( ;sto;out ; ρ w × C p;w × V sto;tot × ϑ sto;W ;min − ϑ sto;( ,0 + Φ X ;sto;in × t ci ) (20)
Then the final temperature is checked for the heating service
8
-0
( )
12
Φ X ;sto;in × t ci − −in QW ;sto;out ;QW ;sto;ot ;tmp1 − Q ( ;sto;out
ϑ sto;=
( ;tmp2 ϑ sto;( ;0 + (21)
6-
2 01
st
ϑ < ϑ sto;H ;min
If sto;H ;tmp2
m
then the energy delivered for heating is limited to:
ko
( )
 Q ( :sto;out ; ρ W × C p;W × V sto;tot × ϑ sto;( ;min − ϑ sto;( ;0 + Φ X ;sto;in × t ci 
en
 
je
Q ( ;sto;out ;tmp2 = −in  −Q − f × f × ( (

× ϑ − ϑ )
× t ci 
(22)
bi
sto:W ;out ;tmp1 sto:bac:acc sto;dis ;ls sto;ls sto;set amb

 
ie
 
at
m
6.4.4.2 Step 2 energy balance and final temperature (without back-up)

r
fo
in
ϑ sto;=
H ,tmp3 ϑ sto;H ,0 +
de
( )
or
Φ X ;sto;in × t ci − QW ;sto;out ,tmp1 − Q ( ;sto;out ,tmp2 − f sto;bac ;acc × f sto;dis ;ls × ( sto;ls × ϑ sto;set − ϑamb × t ci
vo
(23)
T
EP
C
The temperature of the storage is limited to the set temperature

N
O
If ϑ sto;H ;tmp3 ≥ ϑ sto;set then ϑ sto;H = ϑ sto;set and the energy input is limited to:
C
Q H ;sto;X ;in = QW ;sto;out ;tmp3 + Q ( ;sto:out ;tmp2 + f sto;bac ;acc × f sto;dis ;ls × ( sto;ls × (ϑ sto;set − ϑamb ) +
ρ w × C p;w × V sto;tot × (ϑ sto;W ;min − ϑ sto;( ,0 ) (24)
6.4.4.3 Step 3 Energy from back up
The energy from back-up is possible when

— the back-up is authorized to operate (STO_BU_ON);
— and when the energy requirements for domestic hot water or heating are not fulfilled.
In these conditions the energy needed from back-up is:

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Q H ;sto;bu;in,tmp =
(QW ;sto;out − QW ;sto;out ;tmp1 ) + (Q ( ;sto:out − Q (:sto;out ;tmp2 ) + f sto;bac ;acc × f sto;dis ;ls × ( sto;ls × (ϑ sto;set − ϑamb ) × t ci
( )
+ ρ W × C p;W × ϑ sto;BU ;set − ϑamb − Φ X ;sto;in × t ci
(25)
(
With Q ( ;sto;bu;in =Min Φ sto;BU × t ci ; Q ( ;sto;bu;in,tmp ) (26)
The final temperature with input from the back-up is:

ϑ sto;H ϑ sto;H :0 +
=
(
Φ x ;sto;in × t ci + Q ( ;sto;bu;in − Q sto;W ;out ;tmp1 − Q sto;( ;out ;tmp2 − f sto;bac ;acc × f sto;dis ;ls × ( sto;tot × ϑ sto;set − ϑ sto;amb )
(27)
8
-0
6.4.4.4 Temperature of the heat exchanger
12
6-
As for Method A, the heat exchanger forces a temperature difference, between the two attached water
01
circuits, that is calculated by Formula (28).
2
Q exh *1000
st
m
∆ϑexh = (28)
ko
H exh + t ci
en
je
where;
bi
ie
Qexh is the heat transferred by the heat exchanger [kWh]

at
m
tci is the time step of the calculation [h]

r
fo
in
Hexch is the heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger [W/K]

de
or
calculated with Formula (29).

vo
ϑ sto=
; flw ;dist ; flw ϑ sto; gen; flw ;in + ∆ϑexh
T
(29)
EP
C
NOTE 1 A heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger of zero is not allowed. A heat transfer rate of a
N
O
(relatively) high value effectively describes a situation without a heat exchanger.

C
NOTE 2 the method can be used for an integrated heat exchanger and an external heat exchanger
6.4.5 Thermal losses
Thermal losses are calculated with Formula (30).

( sto;ls
Q sto;ls ;tot
= f sto;bac ;acc × f sto;dis ;ls ×
1000
(
× ϑ sto;set − ϑ sto;amb × t ci) (30)
where
fsto;bac;acc [-] is the weighting factor depending on the type of control and sizing of the
storage (B.2);
fsto;dis;ls [-] is the multiplying factor accounting for thermal losses due to connecting pipes;
Hsto;ls [W/K] is the transmission factor for thermal losses of the storage;

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
ϑsto;set [°C] is the set temperature of the storage for the time step;
ϑamb [°C] is the ambient temperature of the storage for the time step.
6.4.6 Calculation of the auxiliary energy
The energy use for the auxiliary energy is calculated for the energy delivered by the storage to the
distribution system (if not accounted in the distribution part) and for the energy delivered by the
generation system to the storage (if not accounted to the generation system).
This calculation is based on the time of operation of the pump (circulator) for the main and for the back-
up.
Q ( ;sto;X ;in
t sto;( ;aux = (31)
(
ρ w × C p;w × ∆V sto;pmp × ϑ sto; gen; flw − ϑ sto; gen;ret )
Q ( ;sto;bu;in
t sto;( ;aux ;bu =
8
(32)
( )
-0
ρ w × C p;w × ∆V sto;pmp;bu × ϑ sto; gen; flw − ϑ sto; gen;ret
12
6-
01
The corresponding energy delivered is obtained according to the electrical power of the pump
2
W H=
;sto;aux t sto;H ;aux × Φ sto;pmp + t sto;H ;aux ;bu × Φ sto;pmp;bu (33)
st
m
ko
6.4.7 Recoverable, recovered thermal losses

en
je
The following are calculated from the value of energy losses and energy use from the storage unit and
bi
auxiliary devices.
ie
at
Recovered auxiliary energy to the heating medium:

m r
fo
Q H ;sto
= ;aux ;rvd W H ;sto;aux × f rvd ;aux (34)
in
de
Recoverable auxiliary energy transmitted to the heated space:

or
( )
vo
Q ( ;sto;=
aux ;rbl W ( ;sto;aux × f sto;rm × 1 − f rvd ;aux (35)
T
EP
Recoverable heat losses from the storage unit:

C
N
Q H ;sto;rbl=
;env Q sto;ls × f sto;rm (36)
O
C
Total recoverable heat losses:

Q H ;sto;ls ;rbl Q H ;sto;rbl ;env + Q H ;sto;aux ;rbl
= (37)
7 Quality control
The calculation report shall include the values of the following data:
Energy input from generation QH,sto;X,in
Back-up energy QH;sto,bu,in
Recoverable heat QH,sto,ls,rbl
Auxiliary energy WH,sto,aux
Energy required for domestic hot water Qsto,W,dis

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Temperature required for domestic hot water ϑsto,W,dis

Energy required for heating Qsto,H;dis
Temperature required for heating ϑsto;H;dis
Energy delivered for domestic hot water Qsto,W,out
Energy delivered for heating for domestic hot water Qsto,H,out
Temperature(s) of the storage ϑsto,vol,i
Return temperature to the heat generation (heat exchanger) ϑsto;gen;dist;flw
8 Compliance check
Compliance of results have been checked using the test results of water heater storage compliant with
Ecodesign and Labelling Directive.
8
To check if the calculation procedure is applicable/was applied correctly to the installed system, check
-0
the following items:
12
6-
— heating source;
2 01
— if external the position of the connection;
st
m
ko
— design assumptions associated with the operating conditions and type of control (e.g. volume,
en
installed power and operable hours for the heating source.

je
bi
ie
at
rm
fo
in
de
or
vo
T
EP
C
N
O
C

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Annex A
(informative)
Template for input data and choices
A.1 Model information

Identifier code: NB_VOL; Value: _______ (integer)
This identifier specifies if the storage is modelled with different volumes considered as homogeneous.
NOTE: A number of volume higher than 1 is available only at hourly time step.
A.2 Product description data
8
-0
A.2.1 Storage type
12
6-
This identifier indicates the storage type according to definitions in Directive 92/42/CE.
2 01
Identifier code: STO_TYPE
st
m
Table A.1 — Identifiers for storage units
ko
en
Code Meaning Selection

je
bi
STO_TYPE_EL_STND Electric storage water heater

ie
at
STO_TYPE_EXC Storage water heater with heat

m
exchanger
r
fo
in
BLR_TYPE_EXC_BCK_UP_EL STO_TYPE_EXC with additional

de
back up heater
or
vo
A.2.2 Type of energy use (services)

T
EP
This identifier indicates the type of service supplied.

C
Identifier code: STO_USE

N
O
Table A.2 — Identifiers for storage unit use

C

STO_USE_H Space heating
STO_USE_W Domestic hot water
STO_USE_ALL All uses
NOTE The codes for the services are the subscripts defined in the overarching standard.
A.2.3 Storage fuel
This identifier indicates the fuel used.

Identifier code: STO_FUEL

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table A.3 — Identifiers for fuel type

STO_FUEL_EL Electricity
STO_FUEL_EXC Exchanger (hot
water)
STO_FUEL_GAS Gas
NOTE The codes for the fuels are the subscripts defined in the overarching standard
A.2.4 CE marking
This identifier indicates if the storage unit is CE marked.

Identifier code: STO_CE
8
Table A.4 — Identifiers for CE marking
-0
12
6-
01
STO_CE_YES storage is CE marked
2
st
STO_CE_NO storage is NOT CE m
marked
ko
en
A.2.5 Dimension
je
bi
ie
Identifier code Vsto;tot - Selected Value _________ litres

at
m
The storage tank is considered as in accumulation mode when the volume and corresponding energy
r
fo
stored corresponds to the maximum daily energy use over the occupation period.
in
de
The volume Vsto;tot corresponds to the declared value by the manufacturer.

or
A.2.6 Energy input/output

vo
T
Information any energy input (heat exchanger and back up heater) and index for positioning of the
EP
energy shall be stated according to Table A.5

C
N
O
C

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table A.5 — Characteristics for energy input and output
Designation Symbol Value

Index for Domestic hot water output STO_W_OUT_VOL_
Index for Domestic hot water input STO_W_IN_VOL_
Index for heating output STO_H_OUT_VOL_
Index for heating input STO_H_IN_VOL_
Index for direct energy position STO_P_IN_VOL_
Index for heat exchanger input STO_P_EXH_IN_VOL_
Index for heat exchanger output STO_P_EXH_OUT_VOL_
Index for Domestic hot water output STO_DHW_OUT_VOL_
Index for back up input STO_P_BU_IN_VOL
8
-0
12
Power (direct) in position i Psto,H,vol,i
6-
Heat exchanger in position j Hsto;H,;exh,j
2 01
Back up power in position k Psto;H;BU,k
st
m
Auxiliary (pump) power Psto,bu,pmp,i
ko
en
Auxiliary mass flow (pump) ΔVsto,bu,pmp,i

je
bi
A.2.7 Multiple energy input/output

ie
at
m
Table A-5 to be filled for each energy input/output

r
fo
A.2.8 Stand-by thermal losses

in
de
Selected Value ______________[W/K] for thermal losses

or
vo
Selected value _____________[-] for multiplying fqctor due to connecting pipes

T
Stand-by by losses are calculated accordingly to Formula A.1 based on data expressed in Table A.5.
EP
( )
C
1000 C
N
( sto;ls
= * C 1 + C 2 * V sto3;tot
O
C 4 * C5 [W/K] (A.1)
C
The value of the stand-by thermal losses can be substituted by the real values obtained from the
standardized tests procedures or based on values presented in a national annex as the thermal
characteristics for existing storage depend on the year of fabrication. In this case the real product
specific data are used in the model or the coefficient c1 to c5 are adapted to match the real product
values.
The baseline for stand-by losses can be defined in a National Annex depending of the size of the storage
and year of fabrication

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table A.6 — Thermal stand-by losses
Storage type Standard c1 c2 c3 c4 c5

- - - - -
Electric storage heater EN 60379
Horizontal EN 50440
Vertical; V > = 75l EN 50440
Vertical; V < 75l EN 50440
Solar storage EN 15332
Thermodynamic storage
8
Electric storage heater with EN 60379
-0
12
back-up EN 50440
6-
01
Stand-by losses are usually determined in terms of energy losses during a 24h period. Formula (A.2)
2
allows the calculation of Hsto;ls based on a reference value of the daily thermal energy losses
st
m
1000 × Q stby ;ls ;ref
ko
( sto;ls = (A.2)
( )
en
24 × ϑ sto;set ;ref − ϑamb;ref

je
bi
ie
where
at
m
Qstbyl;ls;ref [kWh/24h] is the standby losses at the standardized conditions;

r
fo
in
ϑsto;set;ref [°C] is the temperature of the water in the storage for the standardized
de
conditions;
or
ϑamb;ref [°C] is the ambient temperature for the standardized conditions;

vo
f sto;dis ;ls [-] is the multiplying factor for connection of the storage unit to the
T
EP
distribution ambient based on design consideration.

C
The standardized conditions are précised in the product standards of Table A.6.
N
O
A.2.9 Factors for energy recovery

C
The factors used for energy recovery are specified in Table A.7.
Table A.7— factors for energy recovery
Code Meaning Value

Part of the auxiliary energy frvd,aux
Part of the thermal losses fsto;m
Standby losses adaptation fsto;bac;acc

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
A.3 Design data

A.3.1 Localization
Identifier code: STO_LOC

Table A.8 — Identifiers for boiler localization

STO_LOC_INT Heated space
STO_LOC_UNH Unheated room
STO_LOC_BLR Boiler room
STO_LOC_EXT External (outdoors)
A.3.2 Hydraulic connection
8
-0
12
Identifier code: STO_HCON :
6-
01
Table A.9 — Identifiers for storage hydraulic connection
2
st
Code Meaning m Selection
ko
STO_HCON_DIR Direct connection
en
/serial
je
bi
STO_HCON_PARC Parallel mounting

ie
at
STO_HCON_HEX Heat exchanger

rm
fo
A.3.3 Storage control type

in
de
A.3.3.1 Type of control

or
vo
This identifier indicates how the storage power is controlled.

T
EP
Identifier code: STO_CTRL_POW

C
Table A.10 — Identifiers for control type

N
O
C

Single stage control (ON-OFF) STO_CTRL_POW_ONOF
Stepped control STO_CTRL_POW_STEP
Modulating control STO_CTRL_POW_MOD
Electric power availability STO_CTRL_EL_YES
Single stage control (ON-OFF) STO_CTRL_POW_BU_ONOF
for Back-up
Stepped control for back-up STO_CTRL_POW_BU_STEP
Modulating control for back-up STO_CTRL_POW_BU_MOD
Electric power availability for STO_CTRL_BU_EL_YES
back-up

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
A.3.3.2 Adaptation of thermal losses for monthly or annual step time
Identifier f sto;bac;acc : Selection : _______________ (-)

This identifier indicates how the thermal losses are moderate when the storage tank is sized for the
maximum daily profile (see A2.5).
f sto;bac;acc = 1 for semi-instantaneous or semi accumulation storage tank.
f sto;bac;acc = 0,78 (0,65 < f sto;bac;acc < 1) for accumulation storage tank.
A.4 Operative conditions for method A – hourly calculation time step

The operative conditions for method A are depicted in Table A.11
Table A.11 — Operating conditions data list – Hourly time step
8
-0
Energy required for heating QH;sto;H;req kWh
12
6-
Temperature required for heating ϑH;so;out;H;min °C
01
Energy required for domestic hot water QH;sto;W;out;req kWh
2
st
Temperature required for domestic hot water ϑH;sto;out;W;min
m °C
ko
(Potential) input from generation i QX;sto;in,i kWh
en
Temperature input from generation ϑgen;sto;flw °C

je
bi
Ambient temperature ϑsto;amb °C

ie
ϑsto;W;in
at
Temperature input for DHW (cold water) °C

m
Availability of electrical power STO_EL_ON Logica

r
fo
l
in
de
Temperature volume i (i = [1; NB_VOL] ϑsto;vol,i °C

or
Set temperature ϑsto;set;on °C

vo
Set temperature for back-up ϑsto;bu;set;on °C

T
EP
C
N
O
C

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
A.5 Operative conditions for Method B - bin, monthly or annual calculation time
step
The operative conditions for method B are depicted in Table A.12
Table A.12 — Operating conditions data list – Hourly time step

Energy required for heating QH;sto;out kWh
Temperature required for heating θsto;out;H;min °C
Energy required for domestic hot QW;sto;out kWh
water
Temperature required for domestic θsto;out;W;min °C
hot water
8
-0
(Potential) input from generation i QX;sto;in,i kWh
12
Temperature input from generation ϑsto;gen;flw,i °C
6-
i
2 01
Ambient temperature ϑsto;amb °C
Temperature input for DHW (cold ϑsto;W;in st
m °C
ko
water)
en
Storage temperature ϑsto;vol °C

je
bi
ie
at
rm
fo
in
de
or
vo
T
EP
C
N
O
C

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Default Input data
B.1 Model information

Default Identifier code: NB_VOL; 4 (Method A – hourly method).
Default Identifier code: NB_VOL = 1 (Method B - bin, monthly or annual method).
B.2 Product description data

B.2.1 Storage type
8
-0
12
This identifier indicates the storage type according to definitions in Directive 92/42/CE.
6-
Identifier code: STO_TYPE_EL_STD.
2 01
B.2.2 Type of energy use (services)
st
m
This identifier indicates the type of service supplied.
ko
en
Identifier code: STO_USE_W.

je
B.2.3 Storage fuel

bi
ie
at
This identifier indicates the fuel used.

rm
fo
Default Identifier code: STO_FUEL_EL.

in
B.2.4 CE marking
de
or
This identifier indicates if the storage unit is CE marked.

vo
Default : Identifier code: STO_CE_YES.

T
EP
B.2.5 Dimension
C
N
O
Identifier code Vsto;tot.

C
The storage tank is considered as in accumulation mode when the volume and corresponding energy
stored corresponds to the maximum daily energy use over the occupation period.
The volume Vsto;tot corresponds to the declared value by the manufacturer.
B.2.6 Energy input/output
Information any energy input (heat exchanger and back up heater) and index for positioning of the
energy shall be stated according to Table B.1. For Method B all index are equal to 1.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table B.1 — Characteristics for energy input and output
Designation Symbol Value

Index for Domestic hot water STO_W_OUT_VOL_ 4
output
Index for Domestic hot water STO_W_IN_VOL_ 1
input
Index for heating output STO_H_OUT_VOL_ 3
Index for heating input STO_H_IN_VOL_ 3
Index for direct energy position STO_P_IN_VOL_ 1
Index for heat exchanger input STO_P_EXH_IN_VOL_ 2
Index for heat exchanger STO_P_EXH_OUT_VOL_ 2
output
8
-0
12
Index for back up input STO_P_BU_IN_VOL 3
6-
Power (direct) in position i Psto,H,vol,i 3
01
2
Heat exchanger in position j Hsto;H,;exh,j 0
st
m
Back up power in position k Psto;H;BU,k 2
ko
en
Auxiliary (pump) power Psto,bu,pmp,i 0

je
Auxiliary mass flow (pump) ΔVsto,bu,pmp,i 0

bi
ie
at
B.2.7 Multiple energy input/output

m r
fo
in
Information about the possibility of multiple energy input (heat exchanger and back up heater) shall be
de
stated.
or
B.2.8 Stand-by thermal losses

vo
T
Default value Hsto = 2 W/K.

EP
Default value can be different depending on the technologies and on the reference situation (existing
C
N
building).
O
C
Stand-by by losses are calculated accordingly to Formula A.1 based on data expressed in Table B.2.
( sto;ls
=
1000
C 4 * C5
( C
)
* C 1 + C 2 * V sto3;tot
[W/K] (B.1)

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table B.2 —Default values depending on the type of storage
Storage type Standard c1 c2 c3 c4 c5

- - - - -
Electric storage heater EN 60379 0,939 0,0104 1 45 24
Horizontal EN 50440
Electric storage heater EN 60379 0,224 0,0663 2/3 45, 24
Vertical; V > = 75l EN 50440
Electric storage heater EN 60379 0,1474 0,0719 2/3 45 24
Vertical; V < 75l EN 50440
Solar storage EN 15332 0 0,16 0,5 1000 1
Thermodynamic storage
8
Electric storage heater with EN 60379 0,1474 0,0719 2/3 45 24
-0
12
back-up EN 50440
6-
01
Stand-by losses are usually determined in terms of energy losses during a 24h period. Formula (A.2)
2
allows the calculation of Hsto;stbl;ls;tot based on a reference value of the daily thermal energy losses.
st
m
1000 × Q std ;ls ;ref
ko
( sto;ls = (B.2)
( )
en
24 × ϑ sto;set ;ref − ϑamb;ref

je
bi
ie
where
at
m
Qstbl;ls;ref [kWh/24h] is the standby losses at the standardized conditions;

r
fo
in
ϑsto;set;ref [°C] is the temperature of the water in the storage for the standardized
de
conditions;
or
ϑamb;ref [°C] is the ambient temperature for the standardized conditions.

vo
f
Hsto;ls is multiplied with sto;dis ;ls which a the multiplying factor used to characterized the effect of the
T
EP
f
thermal losses to the pipes and accessories connected to the pipe (default value: sto;dis ;ls = 1 or 3
C
N
(depending of the boundary conditions of the storage system).

O
C
— fsto;dis;ls = 1:no thermal bridges and no fluid exchange from storage to distribution systems accounted
for pipes connections. This correspond to the ideal cases where thermal losses are accounted to the
distribution part;
— fsto;dis;ls = 3: indicated in the norm be 3, not 1 and corresponds to the usual case encountered in the
practice is “thermal insulation only installed on straight parts of the distribution lines, T-pieces of
the lines not insulated, valves not insulated, etc. and no heat trap”. In such a case, the heat losses are
multiplied by 3, compared with the theoretical calculation using the lambda values of the insulation
and its geometry.
The standardized conditions are précised in the product standards of Table A.5.
Installation and connection to the distribution are influencing the thermal losses of the storage unit
(insulation of the connected pipes, energy transfer in the connection pipes due to thermosiphon effect).
This effect is represented with use of f sto;dis ;ls ).

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
B.2.9 Factors for energy recovery
The factors used for energy recovery are specified in Table B.7
Table B.7— factors for energy recovery
Code Meaning Value

Part of the auxiliary energy frvd,aux 0,25
Part of the thermal losses fsto;m 0,75
Standby losses adaptation fsto;bac;acc 1
B.3 Design data
8
B.3.1 Localization
-0
12
6-
Default Identifier code: STO_LOC_BLR.
01
B.3.2 Hydraulic connection
2
st
m
Default Identifier code: STO_HCON_DIR (direct connection).
ko
B.3.3 Storage control type

en
je
B.3.3.1 Type of control

bi
ie
at
This identifier indicates how the storage power is controlled.

rm
fo
Default Identifier code: STO_CTRL_POW_ONOF.

in
B.3.3.2 Adaptation of thermal losses for monthly or annual step time

de
or
Default Identifier f sto;bac;acc = 1.

vo
T
EP
B.4 Operative conditions for method A – hourly calculation time step

C
N
The operative conditions for method A are depicted in Table B.3.

O
C

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Table B.3 — Operating conditions data list – Hourly time step

Energy required for heating QH;sto;out kWh 1
Temperature required for heating ϑsto;out;H;min °C 45
Energy required for domestic hot QW;sto;out kWh 1
water
Temperature required for domestic θsto;out;W;min °C 55
hot water
(Potential) input from generation i QX;sto;in,i kWh 3
Temperature input from generation ϑsto;gen;flw,i °C 55
Ambient temperature ϑsto;amb °C 16
8
Temperature input for DHW (cold ϑto;dhw;in °C 10
-0
12
water)
6-
Availability of electrical power STO_EL_ON Logica 1
01
l
2
Temperature volume i (i = [1; ϑsto;vol,i
st °C 45
m
ko
NB_VOL]
en
je
B.5 Operative conditions for Method B - bin, monthly or annual calculation time
bi
step
ie
at
m
The operative conditions for method B are depicted in Table B.4.

r
fo
in
Table B.4 — Operating conditions data list – Hourly time step

de

or
vo
Energy required for heating QH;sto;out kWh 1

T
EP
Temperature required for heating θsto;out;H;min °C 45

C
Energy required for domestic hot QW;sto;out kWh 1

N
O
water
C
Temperature required for domestic θsto;out;W;min °C 55

hot water
(Potential) input from generation i QX;sto;in,i kWh 3
Temperature input from generation ϑsto;gen;flw,i °C 60
i
Ambient temperature ϑsto;amb °C 16
Temperature input for DHW (cold ϑsto;W;in °C 10
water)
Storage temperature ϑsto;vol °C 55

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Annex C
(normative)
Selection of methods
C.1 Method A - Model based on a representation of stratified temperature in the

storage
C.1.1 Applicability of the stratified model
The stratified model is applicable for storage unit with specific conditions for dimensioning and control
of the storage.
Stratification is due to non-simultaneity between use of the hot water storage and heating period.
8
The storage is sized to cover the annual maximum hot water demand during a specific period (usually a
-0
12
daily pattern of use). The storage is powered to heat the storage at the set temperature during the
6-
authorized period (GEN_CTRL_YES_NO).
01
Note: for ESWH the authorized period GEN_CTRL_YES usually corresponds to the OFF-PEAK period for
2
electrical power.
st
m
C.1.2 Selection of the number of volumes to model the storage unit
ko
en
The selection of the number of volume is obtained from consideration of:

je
bi
— the sizing consideration;

ie
at
m
— the mode of operation;

r
fo
in
If the storage tank is stratified (1 or 2 daily period for reheating), then the number of volumes used
de
for modelling the storage shall be > 2 (Method A).

or
If the storage tank can be continuously reheated or if a circulation pump is mixing the storage then
vo
a single volume is adapted (Method B).

T
EP
— the required accuracy of the hot water service delivered by the storage.
C
N
For thermally stratified storage the number of volumes used in the model can be fixed (as
O
C
presented in the accompanying spreadsheet - 24 as a maximum) or variable (a new volume is

declared at any step time and corresponds to the volume output at the considered step-time).
C.2 Method B - Model based on a representation of an homogenous temperature

in the storage `
The model is applicable for all type of storage.
All energy transfers are balanced in one volume.
For storage unit feed with heat exchanger the output temperature is calculated to allow iteration if
input and output temperatures influence the quantity of heat transmitted to the storage.
For storage which control system and sizing induce a thermal stratification of the storage the coefficient
f is used to moderate the thermal losses of the storage unit.
The value of this coefficient is based on thermal losses calculated for the average daily energy use of
energy in the storage. Determination of this coefficient is based on EN 50440.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Annex D
(informative)
Alternative presentation for Method A
D.1 Step 2 - Direct withdrawal of a heat quantity (volume to withdraw)

D.1.1 General
The volume to be withdrawn is calculated according to the requirements for the direct heat output
defined by the requested heat quantity, the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature.
NOTE 1 The method is limited to direct heat output.
8
NOTE 2 The method does not take into account simultaneous heating of the storage tank during the direct heat
-0
output.
12
6-
The maximum volume to withdraw is calculated by Formula (D.1) .
2 01
Q sto;out ;req
st
V sto;out ;max =
ρ w × (ϑ sto;out ;min − ϑ sto;in )
m
ko
(D1)
en
je
where
bi
ie
Qsto;out;min [kWh] is the requested heat output;

at
m
ϑsto;out;min [°C] is the requested output temperature;

r
fo
ϑsto;in [°C] is the inlet temperature.

in
de
The maximum value of Vsto;out;max is Vsto;tot.

or
The minimum value of Vsto;out;max is 0.

vo
The heat stored for the service is calculated for each volume from Isto;in to Isto;out by Formula (D.2).
T
EP
(
Q sto;i =ρ w × C p;w × V sto;vol ;i × ϑ sto;vol ;i − ϑw ;cold )
C
(D.2)
N
O
C
where
i [-] is the number of a volume in the storage tank, that ranges from Iin to
Iout.
Isto;in [-] is the volume number of the cold water inlet (1 = bottom volume);
Isto;out [-] is the volume number of the hot water outlet;
Vsto;vol,i [l] is the volume of a volume in the storage tank;
ϑsto;vol,i [°C] is the temperature of a volume in the storage tank.
The minimum value for Qsto,i is 0.
The heat output for the service, without thresholds, is calculated, from outlet to inlet, with
Formula (D.3) and the volume withdrawn, without thresholds, from the tank is calculated by
Formula (D.4).

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
n
Q sto;out = ∑ Q sto;i
i = I sto;in
(D.3)
n
V sto;out = ∑ V sto;vol ;i
i = I sto;in
(D.4)
where
n is the number of a volume in the storage tank.
The lowest value for n is Isto;in.
n is limited to the volume number for which the condition (a) or (b) is met.
Condition (a): Q sto;out + Q sto;n > Q sto;out ;min
8
Condition (b): V sto;out + V sto;n > V sto;out ;max
-0
12
If condition (a) is met during the summation:
6-
01
The last volume (i) contains enough or more heat to comply with the requested heat. The part of this
2
volume to be added to the total volume to withdraw is calculated by Formula (D.5).
st
m
(
Q sto;out ;req − Q sto;out )
ko
∆V sto;out =
en
(
ρ w × C p;w × ϑ sto;vol ;i − ϑ sto;in )
je
(D.5)
bi
ie
The maximum value for ∆V sto;out is Vsto;out;max - Vsto;out

at
rm
The total withdrawn volume is calculated by Formula (D.6) and the total heat withdrawn is calculated
fo
in
by Formula (D.7).
de
V sto
= ;out V sto;out + ∆V sto;out
or
(D.6)
vo
( )
T
sto;out Q sto;out + ρ w × C p;w × ϑ sto;vol ;n − ϑ sto;cold × ∆V sto;out

Q=
EP
(D.7)
C
N
If condition (b) is met during the summation:

O
C
The storage contains less heat than requested at the minimum output temperature, while the maximum
volume withdrawn is reached. The remainder output heat is calculated with Formula (D.8) and the
volume withdrawn from the tank is calculated by Formula (D.9).
( ) (
= Q sto;out + ρ W × C p;w × V sto;out ;max − V sto;out × ϑ sto;vol ,n − ϑ sto;in
Q sto;out ) (D.8)
V sto;out = V sto;out ;max

(D.9)
In both cases the shortfall of output heat, if any, is calculated by Formula (D.10).
Q sto;out Q sto;out ;min − Q sto;out
=
(D.10)
The hourly average output temperature is calculated by Formula (D.11).

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Q sto;out
ϑ sto
= ;out ϑ sto;in +
ρ w × C p;w × V sto;out
(D.11)
If a bypass around the storage is assumed, and Vsto;out < Vsto;out;max, the outlet temperature after the
bypass can be calculated by Formula (D.12).
Q sto;out
ϑ sto;out=
;max ϑ sto;in +
ρ w × C p;w × V sto;out ;max
(D12)
The calculated volume to withdrawn is input for the subsequent calculation of the new storage
temperatures in step 3 (6.4.3.4).
Results of step 2: Vsto;out, Qsto;out, Qsto;del, ϑsto;out and ϑsto;out;req.
D.1.2 Additional
8
-0
The following scenarios are valid for the use of the method for direct heat withdrawal.
12
Direct heat withdrawal for domestic hot water:
6-
01
— Qsto;out;W;min is the heat demand for domestic hot water;
2
— ϑsto;in is the cold water temperature;
st
m
ko
— ϑsto;out;W;min is the hot water temperature (minimum useful).

en
je
bi
Direct heat withdrawal for space heating:

ie
at
— Qsto;out;H;min is the heat demand for space heating;

r m
fo
— ϑsto;in is the space heating distribution return temperature (low);

in
de
— ϑsto;out;H;min is the required outlet temperature, calculated from the flow and Qsto;out;H;min (high).
or
vo
D.2 Step 3 - Temperature of the storage after volume withdrawal

T
EP
The volume withdrawn from the storage is assumed to be of plug-type.

C
The assembly of the plug, in terms of volumes and temperatures, is determined as follows.
N
O
C
Plug(Isto;in - 1): Vsto;out and ϑsto;in

Plug(i): Vsto;vol,i and ϑsto;vol,i
where
i = Isto;in to n
n = is determined by the condition sVol > Vsto;tot, where sVol is calculated by Formula (D.13).
n
sVol = ∑ V plug;i
=i I sto;in −1
(D.13)
The volume of the last plug volume n is adjusted according to Formula (D.14).
V plug;= (
n V sto;vol ;n − sVol − V sto;tot ) (D.14)

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
The total volume of the plug replaces the corresponding volume of the storage tank, starting at the inlet
volume (= Isto;in).
The new temperature of each storage volume is calculated by blending (Vplug,i < Vsto;vol,j) or replacing
(Vplug,i > Vsto;vol,j) an equal volume from the plug. Consequently this part of the plug is removed. The
blending is calculated by Formula (D.15).
V plug ,i × ϑ plug ,i + V plug ,i +1 × ϑ plug ,i +1 + ...
ϑ sto;vol ;i =
V sto;vol ,i
(D.15)
The temperature stratification in the storage tank needs to be rearranged to its natural state by
subsequent calculation according to the method in step 7 (6.4.3.9).
8
-0
12
6-
01
2
st
m
ko
en
je
bi
ie
at
rm
fo
in
de
or
vo
T
EP
C
Figure D.1 — Illustration of the behaviour of the 'plug' moving through the storage tank
N
O
C
V1 to V4 are the volumes in the storage tank. P1 to P3 are the volumes of the plug. t1: the assembly of
the plug. t2: V2 is replaced by P1 and part of P1 is removed from the plug. t3: V3 is replaced with a
merge of part of P1 and P2 and removed from the plug. t4: V4 is replaced with a merge of P2 and P3.
D.3 Step 6 - indirect heat input and output
The method describes indirect heat exchange in the storage tan. That is without replacing a volume of
water.
— The procedure is limited to the heat input and output in one volume of the storage;
— in case of heat output from more than one volume, the highest volume shall be used;
— in case of heat input in more than one volume, the lowest volume shall be used;
— in case of more than one heat source, the procedure is called for each heat source from bottom to
top;
FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
— in case of an external heat exchanger, the method can be applied as an acceptable alternative for
direct heat input;
— in case of a heat exchanger applied for indirect heat output, the inlet temperature for the storage is
calculated with the procedure described in step 9 heat exchanger.
The storage capacity for heat output, with a temperature above the inlet temperature, is calculated for
each affected storage volumes by Formula (D.16).
(
Q sto;out ;i =ρ w × C p;w × V sto;vol ;i × ϑ sto;vol ;i − ϑ sto;out ;in ) (D.16)
The minimum value of Qsto;out,i is 0.

where
i = Isto to 1.
Isto [-] is the highest volume affected by the heat output;
8
-0
ϑsto;vol,i is the temperature of storage volume i;
12
[°C]
6-
Vsto;vol,i [l] is the volume of storage volume i;
01
ϑsto;out;inlet
2
[°C] is the inlet temperature.
st
m
The heat output from the storage tank is calculated by Formula (D.17).
ko
n
en
Q sto;out = ∑ Q sto;out ,i (D.17)

je
bi
i = Isto
ie
at
The maximum value for Qsto;out = Qsto;out;min

rm
fo
where
in
de
Qsto;out;min [kWh] is the requested heat output.

or
The maximum storage capacity for heat input is calculated by Formula (D.18).
vo
( )
T
Q sto;in,i =ρ w × C p;w × V sto;out ,i × ϑ sto;set ;on − ϑvol ,i (D.18)

EP
C
N
The minimum value of Qsto;in,i is 0.

O
C
where
i = Isto to Nvol.
Isto [-] is the lowest volume affected by the heat input;
Nvol [-] is the number of volumes of the storage tank;
ϑsto;vol,i [°C] is the temperature of storage volume i;
Vsto;vol,i [l] is the volume of storage volume i;
ϑsto;set;on [°C] is the thermostat setting of the heat source.
The heat input in the storage tank is calculated by Formula (D.19).
n
Q sto;in = ∑ Q sto;in,i (D.19)
i = Isto

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
The maximum value for Qsto;in = Qsto;;min

where
Qsto;in;req [kWh] is the requested heat
input.
The new temperature of volume Isto is calculated with Formula (D.20).
Q sto;in − Q sto;out
ϑ=
sto;vol ,i ϑ sto;vol ,i + (D.20)
NOTE In case of a heat exchanger applied for indirect heat input, the inlet temperature for the heat source is
calculated with the procedure described in step 9 heat exchanger.
The procedure described in step 7 is subsequently executed to repair the natural temperature
stratification in the storage tank.
8
D.4 Rearrange temperatures in the storage to a natural state
-0
12
6-
For each volume of the storage tank, starting with the lowest volume, the temperature difference
01
between two adjacent volumes is evaluated.
2
If ϑsto;vol,i > ϑsto;vol,i+1, both volumes are melted according to Formula (D.21).
st
m
ko
ϑ sto;vol ,i × V sto;vol ,i + ϑ sto;vol ,i +1 × V sto;vol ,i +1

en
ϑ sto;vol ,i ϑ=
= sto;vol ,i +1 (D.21)
V sto;vol ,i + V sto;vol ,i +1
je
bi
ie
This procedure is repeated until the above condition is not met for any adjacent volumes.
at
m r
NOTE 1 For practical purposes a temperature difference of 0,01 K is assumed as being equal.
fo
in
The thermal losses of the heat storage tank are calculated for each volume (i) by Formula (D.22).
de
or
( V
(
Q sto;vol ;ls ,i = sto;ls × sto;vol ,i × ϑ sto;vol ,i − ϑ sto;amb )
vo
(D.22)
1000 V sto;tot
T
EP
where
C
N
O
Hsto;ls [W/K] is the standby losses coefficient;

C
Vsto;vol,i [l] is the volume of volume segment I of the storage tank;

Vsto;tot [l] is the total volume of the storage tank;
ϑsto;vol,i [°C] is the temperature of volume i;
ϑsto;amb [°C] is the ambient temperature.
The new storage temperatures are calculated by Formula (D.23).
Q sto;ls ;vol ,i
ϑ=
sto;vol ,i ϑvol ;vol ,i − (D.23)
where
Cp;w [kWh/(kg.K)] is the water specific heat (! kWh!, to avoid repeated use of “1 000”);

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
ρw [kg/l] is the specific mass of water (! Litres ! to avoid repeated use of “1 000”).
NOTE 2 Formula (D.23) uses a volumetric coefficient for characterization of the thermal losses.
NOTE 3 The heat losses are assumed to be evenly distributed over the storage tank.
D.5 Heat exchanger - additional
D.5.1 General
The following scenarios are valid for the use of the method for the heat exchanger.
As for Method A, the heat exchanger forces a temperature difference, between the two attached water
circuits, that is calculated by Formula (D.24).
Q exh *1000
∆ϑexh = (D.24)
H exh * t ci
8
-0
Where;
12
6-
Qexh is the heat transferred by the heat exchanger; [kWh]
2 01
tc is the time step of the calculation; [h]
st
Hexch is the heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger. [W/K]
m
ko
en
calculated with Formula (D.25).

je
bi
ϑ sto=
; flw ;dist ; flw ϑ sto; gen; flw ;in + ∆ϑexh (D.25)
ie
at
m
D.5.2 Indirect heat input in the storage, using a solar collector loop.
r
fo
in
The collector loop temperature is ‘free floating’ governed by the temperature of the storage. The
de
collector loop inlet temperature, from the heat exchanger connected to the storage tank, is calculated by
or
Formula (D.26):
vo
ϑ sol ;=
loop;in ϑ sto;out + ∆ϑexh (D.26)
T
EP
C
where
N
O
ϑexh [°C] is equal to the collector loop output (=Qsol;loop;out);

C
ϑsto;out [°C] is the outlet temperature of the storage to the heat source loop.
The ϑsto;out is related to the ϑsol;loop;out. Iteration is required until the temperature difference between two
successive ϑsol;loop;in is smaller than 0,1 K.
D.5.3 Indirect heat output from the storage to the space heating service.
The temperature level of this process is governed by the space heating (distribution) return
temperature. The storage inlet temperature is calculated by Formula (D.27):
ϑ sol ;in ϑ sto;dis ;rtn + ∆ϑexh
= (D.27)
where
ϑexh [°C] is equal to the store output heat (=ϑsto;out);
ϑS;dis;rtn [°C] is the return temperature of the space heating distribution system.

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
The ϑsto;in is related to the Qsto;out. Iteration is required until the temperature difference between two
successive ϑsto;in is smaller than 0,1 K.
8
-0
12
6-
2 01
st
m
ko
en
je
bi
ie
at
rm
fo
in
de
or
vo
T
EP
C
N
O
C

FprEN 15316-5:2016 (E)
Bibliography
CEN/TS 16628, Energy Performance of Buildings - Basic Principles for the set of EPB standards
CEN/TS 16629, Energy Performance of Buildings - Detailed Technical Rules for the set of EPB-standards
prCEN/TR 15316-6-10, Energy performance of buildings - Method for calculation of system energy
requirements and system efficiencies - Part 6-10: Explanation and justification of EN 15316-5,
Module M3-7, M8-7
EN 60379, Methods for measuring the performance of electric storage water-heaters for household
purposes
EN 50440, Efficiency of domestic electrical storage water heaters and testing methods
8
-0
EN 15332, Heating boilers - Energy assessment of hot water storage systems
12
6-
2 01
st
m
ko
en
je
bi
ie
at
rm
fo
in
de
or
vo
T
EP
C
N
O
C


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EUROPEAN STANDARD FINAL DRAFT

NORME EUROPÉENNE FprEN 15316-5

ICS 91.140.10; 91.140.65

Energy performance of buildings - Method for calculation of

Centre has the same status as the official versions.

provide supporting documentation.

shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

6.1 Output data ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

6.2 Calculation time steps ................................................................................................................................ 16

6.3 Input data ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

6.3.1 Source of data ................................................................................................................................................ 16

6.3.2 Product data ................................................................................................................................................... 16

6.3.3 System design data ...................................................................................................................................... 18

6.3.5 Operating conditions .................................................................................................................................. 18

6.3.6 Constants and physical data ..................................................................................................................... 20

6.4 Calculation procedure ................................................................................................................................ 20

6.4.1 Applicable time-step ................................................................................................................................... 20

6.4.2 Operating conditions calculation ........................................................................................................... 20

6.4.5 Thermal losses .............................................................................................................................................. 26

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

A.2.4 CE marking ...................................................................................................................................................... 30

B.2 Product description data ........................................................................................................................... 36

B.2.1 Storage type .................................................................................................................................................... 36

B.2.2 Type of energy use (services)................................................................................................................... 36

B.2.3 Storage fuel ..................................................................................................................................................... 36

B.2.4 CE marking ...................................................................................................................................................... 36

B.2.5 Dimension ....................................................................................................................................................... 36

B.2.6 Energy input/output.................................................................................................................................... 36

B.2.7 Multiple energy input/output .................................................................................................................. 37

B.2.8 Stand-by thermal losses ............................................................................................................................. 37

B.2.9 Factors for energy recovery ...................................................................................................................... 39

B.3 Design data...................................................................................................................................................... 39

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

C.1.1 Applicability of the stratified model ..................................................................................................... 41

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

The subjects covered by CEN/TC 228 are the following:

— design of heating systems (water based, electrical etc.);

— installation of heating systems;

— commissioning of heating systems;

— instructions for operation, maintenance and use of heating systems;

— methods for calculation of the energy performance of heating systems.

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

Table 1 — Position of EN 15316–5 within the modular structure

1 General 1 General 1 General 15316–1 15316–1

Services and Energy

8 Building Partitioning 8 Solar Heat Gains 8 Generation

8–1 15316–4-1 15316–4-1

8–2 Heat pumps 15316–4-2 15316–4-2

Thermal solar 15316–

8–4 15316–4-4 15316–4-4

8–5 heating and 15316–4-5 15316–4-5

8–6 electrical 15316–4-9 15316–4-6

Licensed to: Klaris-Kwint, Karin Mrs

electric storage water heater

double service storage water heater

heat exchanger storage water heater

generation system (solar, boiler, heat pump,…)