 Introduction

 Principle of Operation
 Construction
 Types of Transformers
 emf Equation
 Ideal Transformer
 Transformer Losses
 Transformer on Load
 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
 Open circuit & Short Circuit Tests
 Transformer Efficiency
 Instrument Transformers
 Auto Transformer
 Introduction - Transformer
 The main advantage of a.c generation, transmission and distribution over d.c
is that a.c. voltage can be increased or reduced dependent on the purpose of
use.
 Under practical conditions electrical power is generated at voltage levels
from 3.3kV to 33kV.
 As the requirement arises for use of power at distant load points the
voltage is stepped-up with the help of transformers and then transmitted
over long distances, 66kV, 132kV, 220kV, 330kV, 400kV
 Depending on requirements of the loads voltage is further stepped down to
ensure supply at pre-determined voltages for loads. Such transformers are
commonly power transformers. 11kV, 400V, 220V
 Transformers are also applied for low power to light power usages such as
electronic and telecommunications systems
 In addition transformers are also used with measuring instruments to
facilitate transformation on measurements.
 What is a Transformer?
A transformer is an electro-static device which
consists of two windings coupled through a
magnetic medium.
The two windings work at different voltage level.
One winding is referred to as High voltage and the
other Low voltage winding.

The windings are wound on a common core. The

core is made from any material, iron, glass, wood,
air, etc.

The primary winding is connected to ac supply while

the secondary winding is connected to load.

It transfers electrical power from one circuit to

another through the transformation of the voltage.
This is achieved with the help of mutually induced
emf (mutual induction) between two or more circuits
(windings) at the same frequency
 Principle of Operation
The principle of operation of a - mutually induced emf,
transformer is based on the theory
- is coefficient of mutual induction,
of or the law of Faraday of
- flux linking the coil or winding
Electromagnetic Induction.
- current flowing in the circuit
According to the laws of Faraday, creating the flux
"Rate of change of flux linkage with
respect to time is directly
proportional to the induced EMF in a
coil or conductor that is being linked.
Precisely this is presented as mutual
induction between two or more
winding
 Principle of Operation
As the alternating voltage source is applied on the
- mutually induced emf,
primary winding an alternating current flows through
- is coefficient of mutual induction,
the winding thereby producing a continuously varying
- flux linking the coil or winding
flux (alternating flux) that surrounds the winding.
- current flowing in the circuit
The winding which draws power from the source is
creating the flux
referred to as the primary winding.

Since there is another winding adjacent (close by) the

produced flux or part of the produced flux will link
with the second windings (secondary). Since the flux
is continually changing in its amplitude and direction
(alternating), there must be a change in flux linkage
in the second winding.
 The Primary Winding - connected to the source
produces the initial magnetic flux .

The Core (magnetic) – the flux produced by the

primary winding, passes through the low
reluctance path linked with secondary winding and
create a closed magnetic circuit

Secondary Winding - the flux, produced by primary

winding, passes through the core, to link with
the secondary winding. It is also connected to
line or load.
 Why is the transformer core laminated?
 Why are the laminated sheets inter-?

 Why is it desirable to use steel for

transformer core structure?

 What type of materials are used for

transformer windings and why?
 Transformer - Construction
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐻𝑉 𝐵𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 & 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝐿 𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝑇𝑠 𝐵𝑢𝑐ℎℎ𝑜𝑙𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦

Yoke
𝐿𝑖𝑑 − 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝐻 𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝑇𝑠

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 &

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝐵𝑢𝑐ℎℎ𝑜𝑙𝑧 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠
T𝑎𝑝 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑝 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
Tap Changer
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑠
 Transformer Construction

Read and make notes on the purpose of all transformer parts

n/n Name of Transformer Part Location on Transformer Purpose

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
n/n Name of Transformer Part Location on Transformer Purpose

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
n/n Name of Transformer Part Location on Transformer Purpose

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
 Types of Transformer
The construction of transformers varies greatly, depending on their
applications, winding voltage, current ratings and operating
frequencies, cooling methods greatly influence their catergorisation.

The most important function performed by transformers include:

o changing voltage and current level in an electric system

o matching source and load impedances for maximum power
transfer in electronic and control circuitry
o Electrical isolation.
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. number of Phases
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Windings/Core Configuration

The two major types of construction of transformers (used in transmission

and distribution of electrical energy) are core type and shell type.
Depending on the application, these transformers can be classified as
distribution transformers and power transformers. ·
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Windings Construction
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 & 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚  T he m a gn etic core is built of lam i n ations
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
𝑯𝑽 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 to form a rectan gular fram e
 T he windings are arranged con c entrically
w ith eac h other aroun d the leg s or lim b s.
 T he top and botto m horizontal portion of
the core are called yoke.
 T he yokes conn e ct the two li m bs a n d have
a cross sectional area equal to or greater
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 tha n that of lim bs.
𝑳𝑽 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
 Each li m b carries one half of prim ary and
se c on d ary win din g s
 T he two windings are closely coupled
tog ether to redu c e the leakag e rea ctan c e
 T he low voltage winding is woun d near the
c ore and high voltage winding is woun d
over low voltage winding away fro m core
in order to redu c e the a m o u nt of insulating
m aterials requ ired .
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Windings Construction
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 & 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙

 In shell type transformers the

windings are put around the central
limb and the flux path is completed
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 through two side limbs
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙
 The central limb carries total mutual
flux
 The side limbs which form a part of a
parallel magnetic circuit carry half
the total flux
 The cross sectional area of the
central limb is twice that of each
side limbs
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Windings Construction
Core type laminations Shell type laminations

E-I Laminations E-E Laminations

L-L Laminations U-I Laminations
 Comparison – Shell and Core type

Core Type Transformer ?

Shell ShellType
Core Transformer ?
TypeTransformer

Comparatively complex Easy in design and construction

High mechanical strength Has low mechanical strength due to nonbracing of windings

Reduction of leakage reactance is highly possible Reduction of leakage reactance is not easily possible

It cannot be easily dismantled for repair work The assembly can be easily dismantled for repair work

Heat is not easily dissipated from windings since it is

Better heat dissipation from windings
surrounded by core

Has longer mean length of core and shorter mean length of coil turn.
It is not suitable for EHV (Extra High Voltage) requirements
Hence best suited for EHV (Extra High Voltage) requirements
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Cooling Methods
n/n Type of Label Full Name [Detail)

1 OW Oil Immersed, Water Cooled

2 OISC Oil Immersed, Self Cooled

3 OIFOC Oil Immersed, Forced Oil Cooled

4 ONAN Oil natural, Air natural

5 ONAN [ONAN+A] Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Air blast

6 ONAN+OW Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Water Cooled

7 OFAN Forced Oil, Self Cooled

8 FOWC Forced Oil, Water Cooled

9 OFAC Oil Forced, Air forced Cooled

10 Air Blast-Cooled Dry Type

11 Self Air Cooled or Dry Type Transformer

 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Applications
o Large Power Transformer
o Distribution Transformer
o Small Power Transformer
o Sign Lighting Transformer
o Control & Signalling Transformer
o Gaseous Discharge Lamp Transformer
o Bell Ringing Transformer
o Series Transformer for Street Lighting
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Applications

 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer

Instrument Transformers  Constant Current Transformer

 Rotating Core Transformer or
Induction regulator
 Auto Transformer
 Transformer – emf Equation

The electromotive force (EMF) equation implies

the equation for induced voltage in the
primary and secondary windings in the process
of operation of the transformer. As a
sinusoidal alternating electrical source is
applied to the primary winding a magnetizing
current is drawn from the source. The
magnetizing current flowing in the primary
sets-up a sinusoidal alternating flux in the
transformer core.

The flux links with both primary and

secondary windings.
 Transformer – emf Equation

𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 f𝜱𝒎 = 𝑩𝑨

o 𝐵

o 𝑨

𝟏 Note that over a quarter cycle period the

𝑻 = 𝟏/𝒇
𝟒𝒇
average rate of change of the flux can be

𝜱𝒎
expressed as: 𝟏 = 𝟒𝒇𝜱𝒎 [Web/sec].
𝟒𝒇

This rate of change of flux is synonymous to

induced emf per turn as per Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction

e = 𝟒𝒇𝜱𝒎
e = 𝟒𝒇𝜱𝒎 𝑵
 Transformer – emf Equation
The rms value for this induced emf will as E = 𝟒𝒇𝜱𝒎 𝑵,
considering that the form factor is 1.11. NB form factor is
the ratio of the rms value to the average value.

Therefore for the whole primary windings the rms value for With consideration that 𝜱𝒎 = 𝑩𝑨 the
the induced emf is 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟏 𝒇𝑩𝒎 𝑨 and for the whole equation for the induced emf in N-turns
of the windings becomes 𝐸 =
secondary windings it will be 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟐 𝒇𝑩𝒎 𝑨
4.44𝑁𝑓𝐵 𝐴. This is the emf equation
From the emf equation of a transformer it is evident for the transformer.
the ratios = = 4.44𝑓𝐵 𝐴
𝑬 𝑽
This indicates the emf per turn in each winding of a
The ratio 𝑲 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 . Is an indication of a
𝑬𝟏 𝑽𝟏
transformer are the same or equal. This is why for an constant by how much the voltage in the primary is
ideal transformer on no-load 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 . changed to attain the secondary voltages.
Transformation ratio
𝑵𝟐
K can also be expressed as 𝑲 = . This
 𝐾= > 1 the transformer is called a step-up or if 𝑵𝟏
is when it’s also referred to as the turn’s
𝐾= > 1, this will imply that 𝐸 > 𝐸 or 𝑁 > 𝑁 ratio of a transformer.

𝐾= < 1 the transformer is called a step-down or if

𝐾= < 1, this will imply that 𝐸 < 𝐸 or 𝑁 < 𝑁

How do you categorise transformers displayed?
How do you categorise transformers displayed?