Analysis

Gender pronouns are a major part of social conversations as they play an important role in

regulating the social behaviour of people towards different genders. Moreover, they also help in

forming the identity of a person which indirectly results in the assigning of social roles to that

person. Almost all languages have gender pronouns which are used in social conversations. It is

appropriate to mention here that six social conversations are taken under consideration for the

study to analyze the comparison of gender pronouns in English and Pashto.

Conversation 1

Person 1: Taso agha Cheen na furniture raghukhtay oo nu agha furniture raorasido? Ao

mayaar ye sanga o?

‫تاسو هغه چین نه فرنیچر راغښتلئ ؤو نو هغه فرنیچر راؤرسیدلو؟ اؤ معیار ئي څرنګه دئي؟‬

The furniture which you ordered form China has arrived? How was the quality?

Person 2: Nur kho kha day kho yo dwa (2) shezoona pa kay sam na di. Yo korsay laga khabara

da, daaghi bazoo maat day ao  yo maiz lag chownday day.

‫ ده هغي السکئ مات دئي اؤ یو میز لږ‬،‫ یو کرسئ لږه شان خرابه ده‬.‫نور خو ښه دئي خو یو دؤه څیزونه پکښ سم نه دي‬

.‫چؤدئي دئي‬

Apart from a table and a chair, the rest of the furniture is fine. An arm of that chair is broken and

the table is a little bit cracked.

Person 1: Nu day sa ba taso sa kawae os? Da ba taso os wapas lay gay ka da ba taso ta tawaan

kegee?

‫ تاسو څه کوئي؟ دا به واپس لیږئي که به په تاسو تاوان کیږي؟‬ ‫نو دي سره به اؤس‬

What will you do with it now? You will return it back to the company or it will be a loss for you?

Person 2: Na dasi chal day che da company zimadaari akhli che samaan kay sa om maslaa wee

nu bia ye wapas akhli.

‫نه داهسي چل دئي چه کمپني ذ ّمه داري اخلي چه سامان کښ څه م ٔسله وي نو بیا ئي واپس اخلي‬

No, the company takes responsibility if there is any problem with the goods, it takes it back.

Person 1: Da taso sa makhki kala shawi dee ka da pela zal osho?

‫دا تاسو سره مخکښ کله شؤي دي که ا ّول ځل اوشؤلو؟‬

Did it happen ever before?

Person 2: Da kho qudrati khabara da che samaan wro rawro kay mamooli shan maslay raazi.

‫ راؤړلو کښ معمولي شان م ٔسلي راپیښیږي‬ ‫دا خو قدرتي خبره ده چه سامان اؤړلو‬

It is a natural phenomenon that goods get damaged in loading and unloading.

Person 1: Bia kho kha da za.

‫بیا خو ښه ده ځه‬

Then it is fine.

Analysis 1

Pashto and English language belong to the gendered category of languages which means they are

not genderless like some Uralic languages. In the case of plural gender pronouns, English and

Pashto are almost similar as both of these languages have their pronouns similar to each other.

While in the case of singular gender pronouns, they are distinctive because of two reasons i.e.

English language is modified with the passage of time and according to the needs where as
Pashto language did not change for a much longer period as compared to English. Secondly,

Pashto language belongs to the category of languages in which if the gender of an object is not

known, it is placed under the category of male gender. In the above conversation, gender

pronouns used for different objects such as pronouns for a table, a chair, goods etc. Apart from

this, Pashto language is strictly culture oriented which means that the vocabulary, the pronouns,

the adjectives are strongly determined by the natives only unlike the English language which has

speaker all over the world due to which a universal modification in the language was need

especially in the case of pronouns. It is observed that in English, for non-living objects, the

pronoun “it” is used no matter what kind of object is that. Due to this reason, in the above

conversation, the table and the chair will be replaced by the pronoun “it”. While on the other

hand, Pashto is a gender rich language. Pashto is written in the same way as Arabic and it also

follows the rule of gender determinism of Arabic i.e. everything has inherent gender and that

nothing is without gender. As a result, in the above conversation, male and female gender

pronouns are used for the table and chair i.e. “ ‫ ” دئي‬and “ ‫ “ ده‬and this type of determinism is

due to culture. In addition to this, if an object or a person does not declare their gender as female,

the male gender pronouns would be used for them and they would be considered belonging to the

category of male gender. Such type of situation creates confusion for the speakers of either of the

two languages. An English speaker would tend to find and use neuter gender pronoun while

addressing to a non-living object in Pashto which would hinder the communication and learning.

Similarly, a Pashto speaker would try to refer to each and every object as either male or female

and as there is no such phenomenon in English, it would create ambiguity.

Moving towards the pronoun used for “goods” it is observed that the same process is followed

for it as well. In English, since “goods” is a non-living entity, the pronoun “it” would be used
where as in Pashto, the masculine pronoun “‫ ”دئي‬would be used because of the inherent

masculine gender of “goods”.

Conversation 2

Person 1: Paroon taso charta tali way?

‫پرون تاسو چرته تلي وئي‬

Where did you go yesterday?

Person 2: Za mandae ta talay om.

.‫ځه منډئي ته تلئ ؤومه‬

I went to the market.

Person 1: Kam yo mandae ta talay way?

.‫کومي منډئي ته تلى وئي‬

Which market did you go to?

Person 2: Za da fruito manadae ta talay om.

.‫ځه ده فروټو منډئي ته تلئ ؤومه‬

I went to the fruit market.

Person 1: Nu fruit sanga o? Arzaan o ka graan o?

‫ که ګران ؤو؟‬، ‫نو هغلته فروټ څرنګه ؤو؟ آرزان ؤو‬

How were the fruits? Were the cheap or expensive?

Person 2: Asi fruit kho graan o kho da mosami pa kay lag arzaan o sanga che kela dera kha

kela wa alta ao aamoona bemosama oo nu kha aam na o. Khoobanay wa alta yo dwa zay kay ao

taza wa. Angoor o alta kho agha zara o ao pa angoor kho che lag wakh taer shee bus bia

kharabegee.

‫ څرنګه چه کیال ښه کیال وه هغلته خو آمونه بی موسمه ؤو‬،‫هسي فروټ خو ګران ؤو ولي دا موسمي فروټ پکښ ارزان ؤو‬

‫ انګور ؤو خو زاړه ؤو اؤ په انګورو خو چه لږ‬.‫ خورمانئ وه هغلته یو دؤه ځائي کښ اؤ تازه هم وه‬.‫نو ځکه ښه آم نه ؤو‬

‫وخت تیر شي نو بیا خراب شى‬

Normal fruits were expensive but seasonal ones were cheap such as the banana was very good

and mangoes were out of season so they were not good. Apricot was fresh in few places. There

were grapes but they were not fresh and grapes do not remain fresh after few days.

Person 1: Ma kho way che fruit ba mandae kay arzaan ye kho alta om graan o.

.‫ وئيل چه فروټ به منډئي کښ آرزان وي خو هغلته هم ګران ؤو‬ ‫ما خو‬

I thought fruits would be available at reasonable prices in the market but they were expensive

over there too.

Person 2: Ao Ao.

 ‫آو آو‬

Yes.

Analysis 2

Languages are rarely different in the grammatical aspect because object, subject and action are

present in every language. Similarly, in the case of pronouns, languages are gendered and

genderless. English and Pashto language both have singular gender and plural gender pronouns.
The plural gender pronouns of both languages are identical in their respective aspects while the

singular gender pronouns differ according to the situation. Normally, in all languages, fruits and

vegetables are considered plural and plural gender pronouns are used for them. Singular gender

pronouns are used for fruits and vegetables only when there is a highly situation dependent

situation such as if an apple or a banana is rotten and it is placed with other apples or bananas

then to point out that rotten fruit, singular gender pronouns are used. However, the size of the

fruits may affect the use of pronoun as singular pronouns are used for fruits which are large in

size.

In English, fruits are always mentioned in plural and the pronoun ‘they’, ‘these’, ‘them’. Under

specific circumstances when a fruit is addressed singularly then the neuter gender pronoun ‘it’ is

used. This criterion is normally for all fruits such as mango, banana, apricot etc. Although there

are certain fruits for which only the plural gender pronoun is used e.g. for grapes. This may be

different in in other languages but in English only two types of pronouns are used for fruits i.e.

singular gender pronouns and plural gender pronouns.

In Pashto, since it is a gender rich language, each fruit has its own gender either as male or

female. The gender of these fruits is decided on the basis of a rule in Pashto grammar which

decides the gender of objects depending on the ending of the names. In fruits mentioned above,

banana and apricot have female gender, mango has a male gender. Just like in English, there are

several fruits for which the plural pronoun is used in Pashto such as grapes, they are always

addressed in plural. This is because the ending of the word for grapes does not indicate whether

grapes are male or female.

Such distinction in both languages does not create any confusion for the speakers of both of the

languages because the sentence structure of English and Pashto is in such a way that it
automatically makes the speaker use the appropriate pronoun for an object instead of confusing it

with their knowledge of other languages. Another factor due to which such differences in

languages do not create problems is that most languages use demonstrative pronouns for

addressing objects whether they know the name or not.

Conversation 3

Person 1: Nan mazigar mosam der kha o baran am shaway o wraiz am wa.

.‫ وریځ هم وه‬،‫ باران هم شؤئي ؤو‬،‫نن ماځیګر موسم ډیر ښه ؤو‬

The weather was pleasant in the evening, it rained and there were clouds too.

Person 2: Ao hawa am chalida nu ma wail che dagha nizdi park ta ba laaraa sham.

.‫اؤ هوا هم چلیدله نو ما وئيل چه دغه نزدي پارک ته به الړه شمه‬

Yes, there was wind blowing as well so I thought I should go to the near park.

Person 1: Alta khalak raghali o? rush o?

‫هغلته خلق راغلي ؤو که نه؟ اؤ رش ؤو که نه؟‬

Were people there?

Person 2: Khalak raghli o ao rush am der o.

.‫خلق راغلي ؤو اؤ ډیر رش ؤو‬

Yes, people were there and there was hustle and bustle too.

Person 1: Nu bia?

‫نو بیا ؟‬

Then?
Person 2: Ma alta khapala margari okata agha khpal khawand sa raghli wa ao mashoom ye am

pa ghaig o aghay sa may khabari oki ao mashoom am kha o.

‫ هغي سره مي خبري اؤکړلي اؤ‬،‫ هغه خپل خاوند سره راغلي وه اؤ ماشوم ئي هم په غیږ ؤو‬،‫ما هغلته خپله ملګري اؤکتله‬

.‫ماشوم هم ښه ؤو‬

I saw my friend there she came with her husband and child. She talked to me and the baby was

fine as well.

Person 1: Nur sa ajeeba khabara ya sa waqia?

‫نو بیا ؟ څه عجیبه خبره یا واقعیه ؟‬

Did anything unusual happen?

Person 2: Ao yo ajeeba shan saray raghaly o. Ghat ghat wekhta ye o ao braet ye landi za’ni

poray raghli o ao khalko warta katal kho makham wakh o nu za kor ta wapas ralam.

‫ ب•ریت ئي الن•دي ت••ر زني پ••وري رارس•یدلي ؤو اؤ ټول•و‬، ‫ غټ غټ ویښ•ت ٔه ئي ؤو‬،‫اؤ هغلته یو عجیبه شان س•ړئي راغلئ ؤو‬

‫خلقو ورته‬

‫کتل خو ماښام وخت ؤو نو ځه کورته واپس راغلمه‬

Yes, there was a strange man there with long hair and his moustache was below his chin. People

were staring at him and it was evening time so I came back to my home.

Analysis 3

In almost all languages, the pronouns for male and female gender exist distinctively. Although,

problem arises when the gender is not known. To tackle this problem every language adopts a

different approach such as English repeats the name of the subject again and again instead of
using a pronoun. As in the above conversation, there is no specific pronoun for the baby, instead,

the name ‘baby’ is repeated again and again. This type of approach may vary according to

situation but most of the times the name of the subject is repeated. It also varies with age for

example people would normally use the word ‘child’ for a kid or a baby irrespective of the

gender. It can be said that English language uses words such as baby, child, kid etc as the

pronouns for children when the gender is not meant to be addressed or is not important to

mention and these words are repeated for addressing the person, hence, giving a sense of

pronouns.

Pashto language, unlike English, follows another approach towards such situations and that is

whenever the gender of a person or an object is not known, the pronouns for male gender are

automatically applied. The same rule is followed in the above conversation while addressing to

the baby, the pronoun for male gender i.e. ‘‫‘ ؤو‬is used. This rule is applied in almost every

situation as everything has a gender in Pashto language which makes its users to use the male

gender pronoun for anything whose gender is unknown. Moreover, it can be seen that the male

and female gender pronouns are identical in both languages for husband and wife because their

genders are declared. Apart from this, the plural gender pronouns are used for the subject

‘people’ and it should be noted that since replier is a female and her friend is a female too that is

why she used the female gender pronoun “‫( “ ملګري‬used for female friend), while in English the

word ‘friend’ does not indicate any gender whether it is a girl or a boy. This is due to the

characteristic of Pashto language in which the nouns and subjects indicate gender and in English,

no such property can be found. Talking about the pronouns used for the ‘wind’, it can be seen

that in English, the pronoun ‘it’ is used for the wind because it as an abstract object while in

Pashto the female gender pronoun “‫“ چلیدله‬. The female gender pronoun is used for it because in
Pashto language, most of the words ending in “‫ ”ه‬are feminine in nature along with several

exceptions which follow other rules or sometimes they are based on culture and history of this

region.

Conversation 4

Person 1: Yo so wrazy makhki da khazo da haqooq bara kay yo bil Manzoor sho.

.‫یو څو ورځي مخکښ ده ښځو ده حقوقو په باره کښ یو بل منظور شؤلو‬

Few days ago, a bill was passed regarding the rights of women.

Person 2: Kha dalta kho da khazo da haqooq ao da mashoomano haqooq ao da tolo haqooq

khabari kegi kho da hijragano da haqooq osa poray sa onashu.

‫ ده ماشومانو ده حقوقو اؤ ده ټولو حقوقو خبري کیږي خو ده هیجړاګانو ده حقوقو ال تر اؤسه‬،‫ښه دلته خو ده ښځو ده حقوقو‬

.‫پوري هیڅ هم اؤ نه شؤل‬

Well, here, bill regarding the rights of women, rights of children and rights of everyone are

passed but nothing happened in favor of rights of the transgenders.

Person 1: Ao da khabara da che mashra daghve bara kay dera behisa da. Agha wraz yo hijra

khair ghukhto nu ma warta uwail che ta sa kaar wali na kay nu agha pa jara sho ao wail che za

sa okam che charta kaar koma nu om khalak may tangae ao che sabak la ma sok na pregdi.

‫ هغه ورځ یو هیجړا خیر غوښتلو نو ما ورته اؤوئيل چه ته‬.‫اؤ دا خبره ده چه معاشره ده هغوي په باره کښ ډیره بيحسّه ده‬

‫څه کار روزګار ولي نه کوي نو هغه په ژړا شؤلو اؤوئيویل چه ځه څه اوکړمه چه چرته کار له الړ شمه نو خلق مي تنګوي‬

‫اؤ چه سبق له الړ شمه نو سبق وئيلو ته مى نه پریږدي‬

Yes, it is true that the society is very indifferent towards their rights. That day I met a

transgender beggar, I asked them why don’t they work? They cried and replied that people taunt

me where ever I work and no one allows me to get education.

Person 2: Da kho da che mashra dera behisa da dve bara kay, dve ta ado insanan na wae

khalak ao da dve jwand ye tang kary day.

‫ دؤي ته خو خلق هډو انسانان هم نه وائي اؤ ده دؤئي ژوند ئي‬،‫ ده دؤي په باره کښ‬،‫دا خو ده چه معاشره ډیره بي حسّه ده‬

.‫تنګ کړئي دئي‬

Yes, the society is very indifferent towards them, they are not considered a part of the society

.and their lives have become a living hell

Analysis 4

Every language has a different way of addressing an object or a human whose gender is not

identified. In English, there has been a transformation in addressing such situations. In the case

of transgenders, several ways of addressing them were introduced such as some people would

use ‘he/she’ while others would use individual ‘he’ or ‘she’ as the pronouns. Recently, a new

way has been introduced in English which makes it a lot easier in addressing such people.

According to this rule, anyone whose gender is unknown, the plural pronoun ‘they’ would be

used for them. It should be noted that this pronoun is not only used for transgender rather it is

used for anyone whose gender is unidentified. Apart from this, in English, there is a term

‘preferred gender’ used by people and this term allows people to declare themselves as male or

female. This term is used by transgenders which makes it easier for the addressers to use an

appropriate pronoun.
In Pashto language, anything or human whose gender is unknown, the male gender pronoun is

used. In the case of transgenders, they are all addressed as males and male gender pronouns are

used for them. On the contrary, there is no term as ‘preferred gender’ and this is the reason of

using male gender pronoun for people whose genders are not known. Moreover, there has not

been any development in Pashto language like the English language in case of gender pronouns

which makes these rules absolute.

In the above conversation, it can be noted that in English, the pronoun ‘them’ is used for the

transgender where as in Pashto, the transgender is considered a male and that is why the word “

‫ “ شؤ‬is used which is a verb used for male gender in the Pashto language. This difference is

because of the development in English language and no development in Pashto language. It is a

common observation that culture played a crucial role in the grammar of Pashto language while

necessity played the role in English language because the changes which are present in English

language are due to the necessity of time while the condition of the Pashto language is mainly

due to culture. Apart from this, if the word ‘society’ is analyzed, it can be observed that the

pronoun ‘it’ is used for it because it is an abstract entity while in Pashto language, the female

gender pronoun is used because of the end of the word is in “‫ ”ه‬which makes it feminine in

nature.

Conversation 5

Person 1: Ta wali khapa ye, dasi khapa nasta ye khapgan kho kha na day.

‫ خفګان خو ښه نه دئي‬،‫ته ولي خفه ئي؟ داهسي خفه ناسته ئي‬

Why are you sad? Sadness is not good.

Person 2: Ma nokaray la darkhwast warkary o kho sa pata ye onalagida.

 ‫ما نوکرئي له درخواست ورکړئي ؤو خو څه پته ئي او نه لګیدله‬

I applied for a job but all in vain.

Person 1: Nu khair day omeed sata omeed bandi da dunya qaim da omeed kha day. Bia

darkhwast warka bia ye warka. Da sa da khapgan khabara na da khwashali kho pa paiso na ye

ao khwshali kha da.

‫ دا هیڅ ده‬.‫ بیا ئي ورکړه‬،‫ امید کؤل ښه دي بیا درخواست ورکړه‬.‫ امید ساته ځکه چه امید باندي دنیا والړه ده‬،‫نو خیر دئي‬

‫ خوشحالي خو پیسو نه وي اؤ خوشحالي ښه ده‬،‫خفګان خبره نه ده‬

It is ok. Be hopeful and apply again. There is nothing to be sad about it and happines is not

dependent on money and happiness is good.

Person 2: Ma nokaray la bia om darkhwstoona warka kho sa pata ye na lagi nu os ghusa razi.

.‫ما نوکرئي له بیا هم درخواستونه ورکړل خو څه پته ئي نه لګي نو اؤس غصه راځي‬

I applied again but still nothing happened and I feel angry now.

Person 1: Na day kho da ghusa sa nashta dasi pa yo darkhwst kho chata nokari na mialvegi ao

ghusa sehat la om kha na da.

‫ داهسي په یو درخواست خو هیچا ته هم نوکري نه میالؤیږي اؤ غصه ده صحت له‬،‫نو دیکښ خو ده غصي کولو څه نیشته‬

‫پاره هم ښه نه ده‬

There is nothing to get angry about. No one gets a job by applying once and anger is not good for

health.

Analysis 5
It is observed that there are several types of languages with respect to pronouns such as

languages which follow the inherent gender rule such as Arabic, Pashto etc., languages which do

not follow this rule instead, a modification is made in the grammar of pronouns such as English

and languages which follow the sign language such as Japanese.

Considering the first two languages i.e. English and Pashto, it is noted that English language use

the pronoun ‘it’ for abstract objects. This makes it easier for the speakers of English language to

conversate. On the contrary, in Pashto language, abstract objects have genders too which allows

its speakers to conversate easily with each other.

Interchanged comparison of English and Pashto shows that there is no universal pronoun for

abstract objects in Pashto as it is present in its counterpart which makes it difficult for the

speakers of Pashto language to conversate in English language while addressing to abstract

objects because mentally they tend to consider them as male and female while the language in

which they are speaking considers them as neuter genders. To deal with this type of situation, the

speakers of Pashto language tend to use the pronoun ‘it’ more than it is required which results in

incorrect grammaticality and some sometimes they use this pronoun for normal human beings

unconsciously. Such type of issues can be tackled if slight modification is made to the pronouns

of Pashto and the counterpart of the pronoun ‘it’ is introduced in Pashto language. Such a

modification will also decrease the overuse of demonstratives in Pashto for addressing different

objects.

In the above conversation it can be seen that, for abstract feelings, in English, the pronoun ‘it’ is

used while in Pashto language, they masculine or feminine on the basis of the ending of the

words for feelings. For example, the word for anger in Pashto language is “‫ ”غصه‬and it is clear

that such ending of a word makes it feminine.

Conversation 6

Person 1: Paroon ta charta ghaib way yar milao nashvi.

‫پرون ته چرته غائب وي؟ یار میالؤ نه شؤي‬

Where were you yesterday?

Person 2: Paroon zama yo dwa zara margari raghli o nu bus aghve sa masroof om.

‫پرون ځما یو دؤه زاړه ملګري راغلي ؤو نو بس هغوي سره مصروف ؤومه‬

Yesterday, two of my old friend came to meet me and I was busy with them.

Person 1: Nu sanga khatir tawazo om okra daghve?

‫نو څرنګه ده هغوي څه میلمستیا دي هم اوکړله که نه؟‬

So, did you serve them well?

Person 2: Ao ma tay tapos oko nu aghve waily che chai rala jori kae.

‫اؤ ما ترنه تپوس اوکړلو نو هغوي اؤوئیل چه چائي راله جوړي کړئي‬

Yes, I asked them and they demanded for tea.

Person 1: Chay kho der kha day ao staso da zi pay om deer ting di.

‫چائي خو ډیري ښي دي اؤ ده ځائي شؤدهٔ هم ډیر ټینګ دي‬

Tea is good and the milk of your area is pure too

Person 2: Agha kho tek da kho paroon pay kharab shawi.

‫هغه خو ټهیک ده خو پرون شؤده خراب شؤي ؤو‬

Yes, its correct but yesterday it was rotten.

Person 1: Sharbat ba om warla jor kary way sharbat am kha day.

‫ شربت هم ښه دئي‬،‫شربت به مو ورله جوړ کړئي ؤو‬

You should have served them with juice and it is good too.

Person 2: Ma warla sharbat jorolo kho aghve lari na raghli o nu aghve wail che sa garam jor

kae. Nu bia warla ma qawah jora ka. 

‫ نو بیا مو ورله قهوه جوړي‬،‫ما ورله شربت جوړؤلو خو هغوي لري نه راغلي ؤو نو هغوي اؤوئیل چه څه ګرم جوړ کړئي‬

‫کړه‬

I wanted to make juice for them but they demanded for something warm so made green tea for

them.

Analysis 6

English language has one simple rule and that is the use of pronoun ‘it’ for all non-living objects

whether they are abstract or physical. In English language, for food items, the pronoun ‘it’ is

used as they are non-living. There is no concept of using gendered pronoun for non-living

objects in English language which makes English a simple language. On the other hand, Pashto

language follows its inherent gender rule and living as well as non-living objects have genders

decided culturally such as food items and liquids also have gender. A problem arises in a
situation when the Pashto language speakers address the non-living objects. The learners of

Pashto language face difficulty in addressing those objects as they tend to use the gendered

pronoun because of the absence of the pronoun ‘it’ in Pashto language. They are confused with

the use of the pronoun ‘it’ which results in its overuse.

These types of problems occur when the subject is singular as when the object is plural, both

English and Pashto language use plural gender pronoun which is used for living and non-living

entities. This similarity helps the speakers of Pashto language in adopting the rules of English

grammar but it indirectly affects their mental knowledge due to which they overuse the plural

gender pronoun and address the subject as plural when it is singular in a particular situation.

In the above conversation, the words which represent genders are friends, tea, milk and juice. In

English language, all of these are presented by the word ‘it’ except ‘friends’ because they are

living entities. Whether it is plural or singular, the multiple gender pronoun ‘they’ and ‘them’ is

used for it. In Pashto language, it depends on the previous knowledge, if the person referring to

the friend already knows their gender, they use that particular pronoun, if they do not know the

gender then either they use whichever they like or it is declared by the other person that whether

their friend is a male or a female. Apart from this, ‘tea’ is feminine in Pashto language because

of its ending and ‘juice’ is masculine. ‘Milk’ belongs to the special category of words which are

also present in English. The words belonging to this category are always addressed in plural and

plural gender pronoun are used for them because they are never considered singular. These

words are same in Pashto and English such as milk, grapes, beans, pulses etc. Grammatically,

each of these objects are singular unit but they cannot be counted singularly they are always

plural. The phenomenon is same in English and Pashto for such words.