energies

Article
Accurate Evaluation of Steady-State Sheath Voltage
and Current in HVDC Cable Using Electromagnetic
Transient Simulation
Mansoor Asif , Ho-Yun Lee, Kyu-Hoon Park and Bang-Wook Lee *
Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Hanyangdaehak-ro 55, Ansan 15588, Korea;
mansoor1991@hanyang.ac.kr (M.A.); hoyun05@hanyang.ac.kr (H.-Y.L.); herochin@hanyang.ac.kr (K.-H.P.)
* Correspondence: bangwook@hanyang.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-031-400-4752




Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 30 October 2019; Published: 31 October 2019


Abstract: The current and voltage in High Voltage DC (HVDC) line is not pure DC but contain
superimposed ripple components. The current ripple in core of HVDC cable magnetically induces a
voltage in the sheath, whereas the voltage ripple causes the flow of charging current from core to
sheath. The knowledge of sheath voltage is necessary to ensure compliance with the specification
of utility companies. In this work, we have reported that the models available in commercial
Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation software erroneously introduce a DC bias in steady-state
sheath voltage and sheath current. We have also demonstrated that by removing the DC bias accurate
steady-state evaluation of sheath voltage and sheath current is possible. Additionally, we have
analyzed the sheath voltage and currents in HVDC cable considering different cable lengths and
sheath grounding schemes. It has been found that grounding the sheath at the terminal of HVDC cable
can limit the sheath voltage to acceptable levels without causing substantial joule loss in the sheath.

Keywords: DC error; High Voltage DC (HVDC) cable; PSCAD/EMTDC; sheath grounding scheme;
sheath loss calculation; sheath voltage calculation; universal line model (ULM)

1. Introduction
As of today, over one hundred and fifty HVDC transmission projects are in operation or under
construction worldwide. Amongst them more than eighty-five projects have transmission lines partly
or entirely based on underground or submarine cables. The earlier HVDC cable technologies, i.e.,
self-contained oil filled (SCOF), high-pressure oil filled (HPOF) and gas filled (GF) have low service
temperature, limited installation length and complex manufacturing process [1,2]. However, gradual
improvements have allowed cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables to be satisfactory for operation in
HVDC projects where polarity reversal can be avoided [3–5]. Owing to their higher allowable conductor
temperature, more compact cables can be used for same power rating. Due to these breakthrough
improvements in DC insulation technologies, the use of longer HVDC cables is expected to grow
substantially [6].
The underground HVDC cable is composed of a central power conductor, surrounded by a layer
of insulator, metallic sheath and outer polyethylene (PE) jacket. Purpose of metallic sheath is to
mechanically strengthen the cable while at the same time confine the electric field entirely within the
insulation. Outer jacket safeguards the sheath from corrosion due to galvanic and electrolytic action
and provides a barrier against moisture ingress [7].
A twelve-pulse Line Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC system converts three-phase AC to
a pulsating DC with high magnitude voltage ripples. The resulting current flow in the DC line also
contains ripples. However, the magnitude of the current ripples is much lower than the voltage

Energies 2019, 12, 4161; doi:10.3390/en12214161 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2019, 12, 4161 2 of 17

ripples due to the presence of large reactors on DC side of converters [8]. The flow of current ripples
in the core conductor of DC cable magnetically induces voltage whereas the voltage ripple causes
flow of charging currents from core to sheath. The utility companies specify the maximum limit of
sheath voltage to ensure safe operation of cable and prevent operating personnel from shock hazard.
Moreover, the circulating current flow in sheath causes joule heating. The knowledge of joule heating
is important for accurately calculating the ampacity of cable [9].
Several analytical formulations have been recommended in literature to estimate the sheath
voltage and currents in AC cable systems for most common bonding and grounding schemes [10], [11].
For asymmetrical and unusual circuits and bonding configurations Finite Element Method (FEM),
Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) and Complex Impedance Matrix (CIM) based calculation techniques
have been shown to calculate the sheath voltage and currents accurately [12–17]. However, for DC
cables no analytical or numerical simulation-based solution has been presented in literature so far.
A frequency dependent (phase) model implementation of cable in PSCAD based on Universal Line
Model (ULM) can take into account the inductive and capacitive coupling between sheath and core
conductor for a very wide range of frequencies. However, it is well known that rational function
approximations of admittance and propagation matrices are imprecise at frequencies close to DC.
To overcome this problem, [18] has proposed to modify the functional form of rational function by
specifying a known DC value or by adding a low order pole. Both methods have been demonstrated
to reduce the error significantly. The DC correction of frequency dependent line models continues to
be a topic of interest with aim to improve the precision of DC response [19,20].
The allowable sheath voltage is decided by the utility companies to prevent jacket from overvoltage
stress and limit the shock hazard for personnel who may come in contact with any exposed conducting
parts such as sheath interrupts, bonding leads and grounding leads. The sheath bonding and grounding
is applied to maintain the sheath voltage within an allowable limit. Several bonding and grounding
schemes have been applied to suppress the sheath voltage in AC cables. Cross bonding is one of the
most efficient bonding schemes for three phase AC cables. In this technique the sheath is sectionalized
into minor section and cross connected in such a way that net induced voltage in three consecutive
sections is neutralized. It has been successfully applied in three phase AC cables to suppress circulating
currents in the sheaths [11,21–23]. In DC cables, sheath grounding at terminals is applied to suppress
the sheath voltage in [7,24–26]. However, the steady state sheath voltage and losses have not been
discussed by any of these papers. The need for investigating steady state sheath voltage and losses in
DC cable considering various sheath grounding schemes has been emphasized in [1,26,27].
In this work, we have reported that even after application of DC correction procedure of [18],
the error in calculated values of sheath voltage and circulating currents in HVDC cables is substantial.
A procedure for removing the error has been proposed. It has been demonstrated that after applying
the proposed procedure exact values of sheath voltage and circulating currents can be obtained. Using
this approach, we have evaluated the sheath voltage and circulating currents in cable considering
several sheath grounding schemes.
The sheath grounding schemes along with power system model used for this study are described
in detail in Section 2. The simulation setup and evaluation method has been explained in 3. The detailed
analysis of electromagnetic transient (EMT) model has been presented in Section 4, where limitations
of the existing DC correction procedure along with proposed accurate evaluation procedure has been
demonstrated. Sheath voltage, circulating current and losses considering different sheath grounding
schemes and variable cable lengths have been presented in Section 5. The discussion on results has
been presented in Section 6. Finally, in Section 7 we have presented the conclusion of this study.

2. System Description
A 500-kV monopolar LCC HVDC transmission system with a rated power of 1000 MW based
on the CIGRE benchmark model (CBM) is used in this study [28]. The lumped parameter line used
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A 500-kV
A 500-kV monopolar
monopolar LCC LCC HVDC
HVDC transmission
transmission system
system withwith a rated
a rated power
power of 1000
of 1000 MW MW based
based on on
thethe CIGRE
CIGRE benchmark
benchmark model
model (CBM)
(CBM) is used
is used in this
in this study
study [28].
[28]. TheThe lumped
lumped parameter
parameter lineline used
used in in
in CBM
CBM is is replaced
replaced by by
a a frequency
frequency dependentcable
dependent cablemodel
modelalsoalsocommonly
commonlyknownknownas asUniversal
Universal Line
Line
CBM is replaced by a frequency dependent cable model also commonly known as Universal Line
Model
Model (ULM)
(ULM) [29].
[29]. Schematic
Schematic representation
representation of system
of system under
under study
study is shown
is shown in Figure
in Figure 1.
Model (ULM) [29]. Schematic representation of system under study is shown in Figure 1. 1.

Figure
Figure 1. A1. A schematic
schematic of Line
of Line Commutated
Commutated Converter
Converter (LCC)
(LCC) High
High Voltage
Voltage DC DC (HVDC)
(HVDC) transmission
transmission
Figure 1. A schematic of Line Commutated Converter (LCC) High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission
system
system and
and and a cable
a cable section
section with
withwith sheath
sheath grounded
grounded at
at the the terminals.
system a cable section sheath grounded at terminals.
the terminals.

2.1.2.1.
2.1.
HVDCHVDC
HVDC Converter
Converter
Converter Model
Model
Model
TheThe
ACAC
The AC sources,
sources,
sources, LCC LCC
LCC
HVDC HVDC
HVDC system
andand
system
system and its
its controls
are are
controls
its controls modelled
modelled
modelled in detail.
in detail. TheTheACAC
The AC supply
supply
supply
network
network
network with
withwith nominal
nominalnominal frequency
frequency
frequency of
of 50 Hz50 Hz
of 50 is composed
Hz is composed
is composed of Thevenin equivalent
of Thevenin
of Thevenin voltage
equivalent
equivalent sources,
voltage with
voltage sources, with
sources,
equivalent
equivalent source
with equivalent
source impedance.
source
impedance. ACAC
impedance. filters
filters AC
are are present
filters
present topresent
absorb
areabsorb
to the
theto harmonics
absorb
harmonics the generated
harmonics
generated by converters
generated
by converters by
and supply
converters the
and reactive
supply power
the required
reactive power by the HVDC
required
and supply the reactive power required by the HVDC system. by system.
the HVDC system.
LCC LCC
LCC HVDC
HVDCHVDC system
system
system consists
consists
consists of
of 12-pulse
12-pulse
of 12-pulse converters
converters
converters on
on rectifier
andand
rectifier
on rectifier and inverter
inverter
inverter side.
side.
side. Each
EachEach 12-pulse
12-pulse
12-pulse
converter
converter is
is comprised
comprised of
of two
two serially
serially connected
connected 6-pulse converters.
converters. The
converter is comprised of two serially connected 6-pulse converters. The damping angles of ACThe damping
damping angles
angles of
of AC
AC
network,
network,
network, converter
converter
converter configuration
configuration
configuration and
andand controls
controls
controls are
are are based on first CIGRE benchmark
based on first CIGRE benchmark model [28]. model [28].

2.2.
2.2.2.2.
Cable Cable
Cable Model
Model
Model
The 2 single
TheThe500500
kV,kV,
kV, 2000
2000mm mm core cable with layout shown in in
Figure 2a is2abased isonbased
[25].
on The structure,
2 single core cable with layout shown in Figure 2abased on
2000 mm 2 single core cable with layout shown Figure is [25].[25].
TheThe
dimensions
structure, and electrical
dimensions and parameters
electrical of cable
parameters used ofin PSCAD
cable usedmodel
in are
PSCAD
structure, dimensions and electrical parameters of cable used in PSCAD model are shown in Figure shownmodel in Figure
are 2b.
shown A frequency
in Figure
dependent (phase) model of PSCAD is used to model the cable. This
2b. A frequency dependent (phase) model of PSCAD is used to model the cable. This model cancan
2b. A frequency dependent (phase) model of PSCAD is used to model
model can
the account
cable. This for capacitive
model
and inductive
account
account for for coupling
capacitive
capacitive andand caused by
inductive
inductive a coupling
ripplecaused
coupling current
caused bycomposed
abyripple
a ripple of current
range
current ofcomposed
composedhigh frequencyof range
of range ofharmonic
of high
high
components. However, the rational function approximations of admittance
frequency harmonic components. However, the rational function approximations of admittance andand
frequency harmonic components. However, the rational function approximationsand propagation
of admittance matrices
used by this
propagation
propagation model
matrices
matrices are
usedusednotthis
by byaccurate
this atare
model
model frequencies
are
notnot close
accurate
accurate to DC. Thisclose
at frequencies
at frequencies results
close in
to DC.to aDC.
large
This ThisDC error
results
results in
in in
athe
a large calculations
large
DC DC
errorerror [20,30].
in the
in the In this work
calculations
calculations a DC
[20,30].
[20,30]. correction
In this
In this work workaprocedure
DC a DC [18] available
correction
correction procedure
procedure in[18]
PSCAD
[18] is enabled.
available
available in in
PSCAD is enabled. This procedure corrects the DC response of the line by factoring out the theoretical of
This
PSCAD procedure
is enabled.corrects
This the DC
procedure response
corrects of
thethe
DC line by
response factoring
of the out
line the
by theoretical
factoring out DCthe response
theoretical
DCDC the propagation
response
response of the
of the and admittance
propagation
propagation andandmatrices and
admittance
admittance replacing
matrices
matrices anditandwith known
replacing
replacing itDC
it with with response.
knownknown DCDC The resultant
response.
response.
corrected
TheTheresultant line
resultant modelline
corrected
corrected improves
line model
model the accuracy
improves
improves thein calculation
the accuracy
accuracy of calculation
in voltage and
in calculation current
of voltage
of voltage inand
and the core as
current
current in well as
in the
the
sheath
core as of
wellHVDC
as cable.
sheath of
core as well as sheath of HVDC cable.HVDC cable.

Figure
Figure 2. Underground
Figure
2. Underground cable
2. Underground
cable section
cable
section (a) (a)
section layout
(a) layout (b) (b)
layout structure, dimensions
structure,
(b) structure, & electrical
dimensions
dimensions properties.
& electrical
& electrical properties.
properties.
Energies 2019, 12, 4161 4 of 17
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Therational
The
The rationalfunctions
rational functions
functions of admittance
of of admittance
admittance and
andand propagation
propagation matrices
matrices
propagation for non-DC
for non-DC
matrices for non-DC components
components are
are derived
components are
derived
in in the
the range
derived in the range
of range
0.5 of
Hzof 0.5
to0.5 Hz to
5 kHz
Hz to 55 kHz
with kHz with the
the with
fittingthe fitting accuracy
accuracy
fitting accuracy of 0.2%
of 0.2% using
of 0.2% usingLine
PSCAD
using PSCAD Line Constant
Constant
PSCAD Line Constant
Program.
Program.
Program.
2.3. Sheath Grounding Schemes
2.3. Sheath
2.3. Sheath Grounding
Grounding Schemes
Schemes
Following outcomes are desired from sheath grounding of HVDC cable.
Following
Followingthe outcomes
outcomes are desired
are desired from
from sheath
sheath grounding
grounding ofof HVDC
HVDC cable.
cable.
• Minimize sheath voltage.
•• Minimize
Minimize the the sheath
sheath voltage.
voltage.
• Minimize the circulating currents in sheath.
• Minimize the circulating
• Minimize the circulating currents currents inin sheath.
sheath.
•• Minimize
Minimize the the sheath
sheath loss.
loss.
• Minimize the sheath loss.
The following
The following
The following sheath sheath grounding
grounding
sheath schemes
schemes
grounding have been
have have
schemes been been evaluated
evaluated
evaluated inwork.
in thisin this work.
this work.

2.3.1. Terminal
2.3.1.
2.3.1. Terminal Grounding
Terminal Grounding (TG)/
Grounding (TG)/Multipoint
(TG)/ MultipointGrounding
Multipoint Grounding(MPG)
Grounding (MPG)
(MPG)
In aaa TG
In
In TG scheme
TG scheme the
scheme the sheath
the sheath of
sheath of cable
of cable is
cable is directly
is directly grounded
directly grounded at
grounded at the
at the terminals
the terminals via
terminals via sheath
via sheath grounding
sheath grounding
grounding
electrodes
electrodes as
as shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 3a.3a.
In In
an an
MPGMPG scheme,
scheme, the the cable
cable is is divided
divided into
electrodes as shown in Figure 3a. In an MPG scheme, the cable is divided into several segment into several
several segment
segment of
of equal
of
equal
length. length. The
The sheath
equal length. sheath is grounded
is grounded
The sheath via grounding
via grounding
is grounded via grounding electrodes
electrodes at terminals
at terminals
electrodes at terminals of
of each each segment
segment
of each as shown
as shown
segment in
as shown
in Figure
Figure 3b.
in Figure 3b. 3b.
In both
In
In both cases
both cases the
cases the sheath
the sheath is
sheath is continuous
is continuousalong
continuous alongthe
along thelength
the lengthof
length ofcable.
of cable.
cable.

Figure3.3.
Figure 3.Schematic
Schematicofof
Schematic ofa cable
aa cable
cable with
with
with (a) sheath
(a) (a) sheath
sheath grounded
grounded
grounded at terminals:
at terminals:
at terminals: terminal
terminal
terminal grounded
grounded
grounded (TG).
(TG).
(TG). (b) (b)
(b)
sheath
sheath grounded
sheath grounded
grounded at multiple
at
at multiplemultiple equally
equallyequally spaced locations
spaced
spaced locationslocations along
along
along the the length:
the
length: length: multipoint
multipoint
multipoint grounded
grounded
grounded (MG).
(MG). (MG).

2.3.2. Single Point

2.3.2. Single
2.3.2. Point Grounding
Grounding (SPG)/
Grounding (SPG)/ Multiple
(SPG)/ Multiple Single
Multiple Single Point
Single Point Grounding
Point Grounding(MSPG)
Grounding (MSPG)
(MSPG)
In
In an
In an SPG
an SPG scheme,
SPG scheme, the
scheme, the sheath
the sheath of
sheath of cable
of cable is
cable is grounded
is grounded at
grounded at the
at the sending
the sending end
sending end terminal
end terminal via
terminal via aaa ground
via ground
ground
electrode,
electrode, whereas
whereas the receiving
the receivingend terminal
end is
terminal grounded
is via
grounded a sheath
via a voltage
sheath limiter
voltage
electrode, whereas the receiving end terminal is grounded via a sheath voltage limiter (SVL). (SVL).
limiter The
(SVL).HVDC
The
The
cable
HVDC with
HVDC cable SPG scheme
cable with
with SPG is shown
SPG scheme
scheme is in Figure
is shown
shown in 4a.
in Figure
Figure 4a.
4a.

Figure
Figure 4. Schematic
Figure 4.
4. Schematicof
Schematic ofaaacable
of cablewith
cable with (a)
with (a) sheath grounded
(a) sheath grounded at atone
at oneof
one ofthe
of theterminals,
the terminals,the
terminals, theother
the other
other terminal
terminal
terminal is
is
is grounded
grounded via
via sheath
sheath voltage
voltage limiter
limiter (SVL):
(SVL): single
single point
point grounded
grounded (SPG).
(SPG). (b) multiple
grounded via sheath voltage limiter (SVL): single point grounded (SPG). (b) multiple single point single
single point
point
grounding
grounding (MSPG)
grounding (MSPG)of
(MSPG) ofsheath.
of sheath.
sheath.

MSPG
MSPG scheme
scheme isis aaa variation
variation of
of SPG
SPG scheme.
scheme. In
In multiple
multiple SPG
SPG scheme
scheme the
the sheath
sheath of
of the
the cable
cable is
is
MSPG scheme is variation of SPG scheme. In multiple SPG scheme the sheath of the cable is
divided into
divided into several
into several equal
several equal segments.
equal segments. Sheath
segments. Sheath is
Sheath is then
is then interrupted
then interrupted at
interrupted at each
at each segment.
each segment. One
segment. One end
One end of
end of each
of each
each
divided
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 17

Energies 2019,
segment is 12, 4161 grounded via a grounding electrode whereas the opposite end is grounded
directly 5 ofvia
17

an SVL. The HVDC cable with MSPG scheme is shown in Figure 4b.
segment is directly grounded via a grounding electrode whereas the opposite end is grounded via an
3. Simulation Setup & Evaluation Method
SVL. The HVDC cable with MSPG scheme is shown in Figure 4b.
The detailed EMT model of converters and cable is implemented in graphical environment of
3. Simulation
PSCAD Setup &
(X4, Version Evaluation
4.6.2). In PSCAD,Method
current and voltage of cable can be evaluated at its terminals
only.The
To evaluate the values of sheath
detailed EMT model of converters voltage
andand circulating
cable currentsinalong
is implemented the length,
graphical the cable
environment of
must
PSCAD be (X4,
divided into 4.6.2).
Version severalInsections.
PSCAD, current and voltage of cable can be evaluated at its terminals
only. In
Tothis workthe
evaluate wevalues
have evaluated sheath and
of sheath voltage voltage and losses
circulating in cable
currents alongconsidering fourcable
the length, the different
must
lengths i.e., 10, 20, 40 and 80
be divided into several sections. km. The cable is divided into 40 equal sections regardless of the overall
length.
In The
this length
work we of ahave
section in each case
evaluated sheathalong with and
voltage the simulation timeconsidering
losses in cable steps are listed
fourindifferent
Table 1.
The simulation time step is chosen in such a way that it is 1/10th of the travel time of
lengths i.e., 10, 20, 40 and 80 km. The cable is divided into 40 equal sections regardless of the overallone section [31].
TheThe
length. sheath voltage
length and circulating
of a section current
in each case alongreaches
with the its simulation
steady statetimewellsteps
before
are5 listed
s. However,
in Tablethe
1.
duration of simulation run is set as 10 s to ensure accurate steady state results.
The simulation time step is chosen in such a way that it is 1/10th of the travel time of one section [31].
The
The instantaneous
sheath voltagevalues of voltage current
and circulating and current in the
reaches its sheath
steady are evaluated
state at the
well before terminals
5 s. However, of
each section as
the duration of shown in Figure
simulation run is5.set
The
as instantaneous values are
10 s to ensure accurate converted
steady to rms values using (1) &
state results.
(2). The instantaneous values of voltage and current in the sheath are evaluated at the terminals of
each section as shown in Figure 5. The instantaneous values are converted to rms values using (1) & (2).
Table 1. Simulation Time Steps According to Cable Length.
Table
Cable 1. Simulation Time
Length StepsLength
Section According to Cable Length.
Simulation Time Step
(km) (km) (µs)
Cable Length Section Length Simulation Time Step
10
(km) 0.25
(km) (µs) 0.25
20 0.5 0.5
10 0.25 0.25
4020 0.5 1 0.5 1
8040 1 2 1 2
80 2 2

Figure 5. Evaluation of instantaneous sheath voltages and currents along the length of the cable.
Figure 5. Evaluation of instantaneous sheath voltages and currents along the length of the cable.

11
s Z t2
V𝑉sheath(rms) = 𝑉
[V 2 𝑑𝑡
sheath(Inst) ] dt
(1)
(1)
t2𝑡 − t1𝑡 t1
s Z t2
11
Isheath
𝐼 (rms) = [I𝐼sheath(Inst) ]2 dt𝑑𝑡 (2)
(2)
t2𝑡 − t1𝑡 t1

where,
where,
tt22: 10
10 (s)
(s)
tt11: 55 (s)
(s).
The joule loss in the sheath will be evaluated using (3).
The joule loss in the sheath will be evaluated using (3).
Δ𝑥
Z L 𝐸 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 N 𝐸 𝑥 𝐸 𝑥 (3)
∆x
2 X
( )
E x .dx ≈ E xk−1 + E(xk )
( ) (3)
0 2
k =1
Energies 2019, 12, 4161 6 of 17

where,

E(xk ): (Ik(rms) )2 * %sheath /Asheath

Ik(rms) : rms current at kth terminal of sheath (A)
%sheath : resistivity of sheath (Ω·m)
Asheath : cross sectional area of sheath (m2 )
L: cable length (m)
∆x: section length (m)
N: number of sections = 40.

4. Analysis of Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) Model: Limitations and Proposed Solution

Before proceeding with the analysis of steady state sheath voltage and currents, we will verify the
interaction of converters and cable, analyze the sources of sheath voltage and currents in steady state
and the accuracy of proposed model for analysis of steady state sheath voltage and currents.

4.1. Ripple Current & Voltage Analysis

The flow of current ripples in the core conductor of DC cable magnetically induces voltage (4) in
the sheath whereas the voltage ripple causes flow of charging currents (5) from core to sheath.

diripple
Vsheath ∝ (4)
dt
dVripple
ic ∝ (5)
dt
where,

iripple : ripple current in core conductor

Vripple : ripple voltage in DC line
ic : charging current.

The currents and voltage ripples on DC side are composed of harmonic components that are
predominantly multiple of 12th harmonic component i.e., at the frequency 12, 24, 36 and 48 times of
the nominal AC side frequency i.e., 50 Hz in CBM [8].
The magnitude and phase of ripple components depends on the cable characteristics i.e., its length,
dimensions and layout. The ripple current and voltage at the sending end of the cable, according to
the length of cable section is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6a shows the current ripple in time domain and
its frequency spectrum. Figure 6b shows the voltage ripple in time domain and its frequency spectrum.
It should be noted that not only the magnitude, but the relative phase angle of harmonic components
at the sending end also changes with the changing length of the cable.

4.2. Limitations of ULM in Evaluation of Steady State Sheath Voltage and Currents
The sheath voltage of a ULM with and without DC correction procedure of [18] are compared to
verify the efficacy of correction procedure.
A system of 10 km cable with TG sheath as shown in Figure 7a is developed in PSCAD. A unit
step voltage is applied at the sending end whereas the receiving end is grounded with the resistance
of 1 ohm. The sheath voltage is evaluated at the receiving end. A current inrush occurs upon the
application of unit step voltage at 1 s, which soon reaches its steady state value. At the same instant
i.e., at 1 s a large voltage transient occurs at the receiving end of sheath as can be seen in Figure 7b.
In an uncorrected ULM, the voltage continues to increase even after the current reaches its steady state
value. However, in the corrected ULM, the sheath voltage appears to settle at zero in steady state.
However, a closer observation shows the steady state value to be slightly higher than zero i.e., 143 µV.
 Current Ripple Voltage Ripple
Energies 2019, 12, 4161 7 of 17

This error albeit small, indicates that even the corrected ULM can have a DC voltage in sheath during
steady state which is contrary to the physical nature of HVDC cables.
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 17

Frequency Component of Current Ripple Frequency Component of Voltage Ripple

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Ripples at sending end of the cable according to length of the cable section (a) Current ripple
and its frequency components. (b) Voltage ripple and its frequency components.

4.2. Limitations of ULM in Evaluation

Current Ripple of Steady State Sheath Voltage andVoltage
Currents
Ripple
The sheath voltage of a ULM with and without DC correction procedure of [18] are compared
to verify the efficacy of correction procedure.
A system of 10 km cable with TG sheath as shown in Figure 7a is developed in PSCAD. A unit
step voltage is applied at the sending end whereas the receiving end is grounded with the resistance
of 1 ohm. The sheath voltage is evaluated at the receiving end. A current inrush occurs upon the
application of unit step voltage at 1 s, which soon reaches its steady state value. At the same instant
i.e., at 1 s a large voltage transient occurs at the receiving end of sheath as can be seen in Figure 7 (b).
In an uncorrected ULM, the voltage continues to increase even after the current reaches its steady
state value.
Frequency However, in theofcorrected
Component ULM, the sheathFrequency
Current Ripple voltage appears
Component to of
settle at zero
Voltage in steady
Ripple
state. However, a closer (a) observation shows the steady state value to be slightly (b) higher than zero i.e.,
143 µV. This error albeit small, indicates that even the corrected ULM can have a DC voltage in sheath
Figure6.6.Ripples
Figure Ripplesatatsending
sendingend
endofofthe
thecable
cableaccording
accordingtotolength
lengthofofthe
thecable
cablesection
section(a)
(a)Current
Currentripple
ripple
duringand
steady state which
anditsitsfrequency
frequency
is contrary
components.
components.(b)
to theripple
(b)Voltage
Voltage
physical
and
ripple
nature
itsits
and
of HVDC
frequency
frequency
cables.
components.
components.

4.2. Limitations of ULM in Evaluation of Steady State Sheath Voltage and Currents
The sheath voltage of a ULM with and without DC correction procedure of [18] are compared
to verify the efficacy of correction procedure.
A system of 10 km cable with TG sheath as shown in Figure 7a is developed in PSCAD. A unit
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 17
step voltage is applied at the sending end whereas(a) the receiving end is grounded with the resistance
of 1 ohm. The sheath voltage is evaluated at the receiving end. A current inrush occurs upon the
application of unit step voltage at 1 s, which soon reaches its steady state value. At the same instant
i.e., at 1 s a large voltage transient occurs at the receiving end of sheath as can be seen in Figure 7 (b).
In an uncorrected ULM, the voltage continues to increase even after the current reaches its steady
state value. However, in the corrected ULM, the sheath voltage appears to settle at zero in steady
state. However, a closer observation shows the steady state value to be slightly higher than zero i.e.,
143 µV. This error albeit small, indicates that even the corrected ULM can have a DC voltage in sheath
during steady state which is contrary to the physical nature of HVDC cables.

(a)
(b)
Figure 7. (a)
Figure AA
7. (a) unit step
unit voltage
step voltageisisapplied
appliedon
onthe
thesending
sendingend,
end, while
while the receiving
receiving end
endisisgrounded
groundedvia
viaa low
a low resistance
resistance ground
ground electrode.
electrode. SheathSheath
voltagevoltage is measured
is measured at theend.
at the receiving receiving end. (b) of
(b) Comparison
Comparison of measured
measured sheath sheath
voltage voltage
with and with the
without andDCwithout the DC
correction correction of ULM.
of ULM.

To verify the extent of this error in an HVDC setup, we have modelled a cable based on ULM
with corrected DC response as shown in Figure 8a. A step voltage of 500 kV is applied at 1 s and the
steady state sheath voltage and currents are evaluated along its length. It can be seen in Figure 8b
and Figure 8c that DC voltage and currents in sheath become substantial in HVDC application and
increase proportionally with increase in length of cable.
 (b)
Figure 7. (a) A unit step voltage is applied on the sending end, while the receiving end is grounded
via2019,
Energies a low resistance ground electrode. Sheath voltage is measured at the receiving end. (b)8 of 17
12, 4161
Comparison of measured sheath voltage with and without the DC correction of ULM.

To
To verify
verifythe
theextent
extentofofthis error
this in in
error anan
HVDC
HVDC setup, we we
setup, have modelled
have a cable
modelled based
a cable on ULM
based with
on ULM
corrected DC response as shown in Figure 8a. A step voltage of 500 kV is applied at 1 s
with corrected DC response as shown in Figure 8a. A step voltage of 500 kV is applied at 1 s and the and the steady
state
steadysheath
state voltage and currents
sheath voltage are evaluated
and currents along its along
are evaluated length.itsItlength.
can be seen
It caninbe
Figure
seen 8b,c that DC
in Figure 8b
voltage and currents in sheath become substantial in HVDC application and increase
and Figure 8c that DC voltage and currents in sheath become substantial in HVDC application and proportionally
with increase
increase in length ofwith
proportionally cable.
increase in length of cable.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 8. (a) A step voltage of 500 kV is applied on the sending end, while the receiving end is grounded
via a 250-ohm ground electrode, to emulate a 500 kV/ 1 GW HVDC transmission line. The instantaneous
values of sheath voltage and currents are measured (b) Steady state sheath voltage along the length of
the cable. (c) Steady state circulating currents along the length of the cable.

4.3. Proposed Method for Accurate Evaluation of Sheath Voltage and Current in Steady State
As it has been demonstrated in the previous subsection, the application of pure DC voltage to
core conductor causes a substantial amount of sheath voltage and current in steady state. Therefore,
this evaluation method is erroneous and would not be appropriate for evaluation of sheath voltage
and current in HVDC cable.
Since, in the actual HVDC cables the only cause of sheath voltage and current during steady state
operation are the alternating component in DC line, the sheath voltage and current should also be
alternating. Therefore, if the DC component is removed from the evaluated values of sheath voltage
and currents the accurate values of steady state sheath voltage and currents can be obtained.
To verify and demonstrate this approach, we have prepared a simulation setup as shown in
Figure 9. The DC and harmonic sources applied to the line are based on steady state analysis of
 and current in HVDC cable.
Figure 9. The DC and harmonic sources applied to the line are based on steady state analysis of core-
Since, in the actual HVDC cables the only cause of sheath voltage and current during steady
groundstate
voltage at the
operation sending
are the end component
alternating of line using
in DCCigre Benchmark
line, the Model
sheath voltage and listed
and current shouldinalso
Table 2.
Instantaneous valuesTherefore,
be alternating. of sheath voltage
if the and current
DC component are evaluated
is removed from thealong the length
evaluated values of the cable in
of sheath
FigureEnergies
9. The2019,
voltage instantaneous
and 12,currents
4161 the values
accurateare then
values of converted
steady state to rms voltage
sheath valuesand
using (1) and
currents can(2) and9 of
plotted
be obtained.
17 in
Figure 10. To verify and demonstrate this approach, we have prepared a simulation setup as shown in
Figure 9. The DC and harmonic sources applied to the line are based on steady state analysis of core-
core-ground voltage
ground voltage at the
at the sending
sending endend of line
of line using
using Cigre
Cigre BenchmarkModel
Benchmark Modelandandlisted
listedin
in Table
Table 2.
2.
Instantaneous
Instantaneous values of sheath voltage and current are evaluated along the length of the cable in
values of sheath voltage and current are evaluated along the length of the cable in
Figure
Figure 9.
9. The
The instantaneous
instantaneous values
values are
are then
then converted
converted to
to rms
rms values
values using
using (1)
(1) and
and (2)
(2) and
and plotted
plotted in
in
Figure 10.
Figure 10.

Figure 9. (a) Dominant harmonic voltage sources are connected in series and applied at the sending
end of 10 km cable (b) DC and dominant harmonic voltage sources are connected in series and applied
(a)
(a) Dominant
Figure
Figure 9.
at the sending 9. end of 10 kmharmonic
Dominant voltage
cable. (c)
harmonic sources
Accurate
voltage are
are connected
value
sources of sheathin
connected series
series and
voltage
in applied
applied at
is determined
and at the sending
theby subtracting
sending
end of 10 km cable (b) DC and dominant harmonic voltage sources are connected in series and applied
end of 10 km cable (b) DC and dominant harmonic voltage sources are connected in
the respective DC components. Accurate value of sheath current is also determined in a similar series and applied
at the sending end of 10 km cable. (c) Accurate value of sheath voltage is determined by subtracting the
at the sending end of 10 km cable. (c) Accurate value of sheath voltage is determined by subtracting
manner.respective DC components. Accurate value of sheath current is also determined in a similar manner.
the respective DC components. Accurate value of sheath current is also determined in a similar
manner.

Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 17

(a)
(a)

(b)
FigureFigure 10. Sheath
10. Sheath voltage
voltage andand currents
currents ininsteady
steady state
state (a)
(a)Steady
Steady state sheath
state voltage
sheath alongalong
voltage the length
the length
of cable. (b) Steady state sheath circulating currents along the length of the cable.
of cable. (b) Steady state sheath circulating currents along the length of the cable.

Table 2. DC and Dominant Voltage Harmonic Components at the Sending End of a 10 km Cable
using CBM.

Component Voltage Phase Angle

Energies 2019, 12, 4161 10 of 17

Table 2. DC and Dominant Voltage Harmonic Components at the Sending End of a 10 km Cable
using CBM.

Voltage Phase Angle

Component
(kV) (degrees)
VDC 482.5609 -
V12 1.765784 (rms) 351.4925
V24 0.131087 (rms) 31.40078
V36 0.080736 (rms) 348.2392

1- In Figure 9a the dominant harmonic voltage sources are applied at the sending end of the cable.
The resulting rms values of sheath voltage and currents can be seen in Figure 10.
2- In Figure 9b the DC source in addition to dominant harmonic voltage sources are applied at
sending end of the cable. It can be seen in Figure 10 that resulting rms values of sheath voltage and
current are significantly higher than that obtained from harmonic sources alone. This indicates a
DC bias introduced to the sheath voltage and current.
3- In Figure 9c the DC component is subtracted from the sheath voltage obtained in Figure 9b. It can
be seen in Figure 10; the resulting values of sheath voltage is exactly equal to that obtained in
Figure 9a. The correct value of sheath current can also be obtained in the same manner.

Hence, it has been proved that accurate values of sheath voltage and currents in HVDC cables can
be obtained by subtracting the DC component from the obtained values.

5. Results
We have evaluated steady state sheath voltage and circulating currents in HVDC cable considering
varying cable lengths and sheath grounding schemes.

5.1. TG/MPG Scheme

The steady state sheath voltage and circulating currents along the length of cable section for a
single segment terminal grounded (TG) along with 2 and 4 segments multipoint grounded (MPG)
schemes is shown in Figures 11 and 12 respectively.
The maximum sheath voltage in cable with TG scheme increases initially with increase in length
from 10 km to 20 km, but upon further increase in length the maximum sheath voltage begins to
decrease. The maximum sheath voltage is highest in 40 km and 80 km cables in 2 segment and 4 segment
MPG respectively. The maximum sheath current decreases with increasing number of segments.
The relation between the sheath voltage/current and cable length or number of segments is
not consistent.

Figure 11. Cont.

Energies 2019, 12, 4161 11 of 17

Figure 11. Steady state sheath voltage along length of 10, 20, 40 & 80 km cable (a) Terminal Grounded
(TG). (b) Multipoint Grounded (MPG—2 segments) (c) Multipoint Grounded (MPG—4 segments).

Figure 12. Cont.

Energies 2019, 12, 4161 12 of 17

Figure 12. Steady state sheath circulating currents along length of 10, 20, 40 & 80 km cable
(a) Terminal Grounded (TG). (b) Multipoint Grounded (MPG—2 segments) (c) Multipoint Grounded
(MPG—4 segments).

5.2. SPG/MSPG Scheme

The steady state sheath voltage and circulating currents along the length of cable section for a
single point grounded (SPG) along with 2 and 4 segments multiple single point grounded (MSPG)
schemes is shown in Figures 13 and 14 respectively.
In SPG, the maximum sheath voltage occurs at the receiving end of 10 km cable, whereas in MSPG
the maximum sheath voltage occurs at the receiving end of 20 and 40 km cable respectively as shown
in Figure 13. The maximum sheath current decreases with increasing number of segments in most of
the cases.
Maximum sheath voltage along with average energy dissipation per km according to cable length
and sheath grounding strategy are shown in Tables 3 and 4 respectively on the subsequent pages.

Figure 13. Cont.

Energies 2019, 12, 4161 13 of 17

Figure 13. Steady state sheath voltage along length of 10, 20, 40 and 80 km cable (a) Single Point
Grounded (SPG). (b) Multiple Single Point Grounded (MSPG—2 segments). (c) Multiple Single Point
Grounded (MSPG—4 segments).

Table 3. Maximum Steady State Sheath Voltage (in kV) According to Sheath Grounding Scheme and
Length of Cable.

Length TG MPG MPG (4 segs) SPG MSPG MSPG

(km) (2 segs) (kV) (2 segs) (4 segs)
10 0.09 0.07 0.06 1.16 0.39 0.20
20 0.20 0.07 0.06 0.48 1.06 0.35
40 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.47 0.39 0.87
80 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.29 0.39 0.32

Figure 14. Cont.

Energies 2019, 12, 4161 14 of 17

Figure 14. Steady state sheath circulating currents along length of 10, 20, 40 & 80 km cable (a) Single
Point Grounded (SPG). (b) Multiple Single Point Grounded (MSPG—2 segments) (c) Multiple Single
Point Grounded (MSPG—4 segments).

Table 4. Sheath Losses (in joules/km) According to Sheath Grounding Scheme and Length of the Cable.

Length TG MPG MPG (4 segs) SPG MSPG MSPG

(km) (2 segs) (joule/km) (2 segs) (4 segs)
10 10.37 8.83 8.35 83.18 9.15 2.03
20 7.81 9.08 8.76 11.19 38.53 4.86
40 8.76 8.18 8.77 26.48 11.29 21.68
80 5.38 6.31 6.29 11.22 11.90 7.26

6. Discussion
In the previous section the maximum sheath voltage in SPG/MSPG cables is seen to be much higher
than TG/MPG. Energy dissipation in SPG/MSPG is also higher than TG/MPG in most of the cases.
The maximum sheath voltage does not relate linearly to the length of cable segment which can be
attributed to the changing magnitudes and relative phase angle of dominant harmonic components in
the power conductor with changing cable length as shown in Figure 6. The lack of pattern in results
can be attributed to the very complex nature of phenomenon in which inductive as well as capacitive
coupling plays its role. Following reasons can be attributed to the lack of pattern in results.

1. The magnitudes of dominant harmonic component of current in DC line changes with the
changing length of line. This is because the harmonic components face the series reactance and
shunt admittance as opposed to the DC component.
2. As per faradays law the voltage is induced in the sheath due to changing current and depends
upon the rate of change of current. Therefore, 24th harmonic current component can induce the
same amount of voltage in sheath as 12th harmonic component which is twice its magnitude.
3. The relative phase angle of harmonic component keeps on changing along the length of cable.
Therefore, along the length of cable, the two harmonic currents for instance 12th and 24th may be
additive in certain regions and subtractive in others.
4. Shunt admittance between core conductor and sheath and between sheath and ground will be
higher for the higher frequency harmonic components. Therefore, the charging current flow
caused by different harmonic components will be different.
5. Despite the open circuit sheath in SPG/MSPG, the current flow does not stop. It is contradictory
to the concept of single point grounding in AC cable where the sheath current flow is assumed to
be limited to zero by open circuiting the sheath. This behavior in DC cable can be attributed to
the very high admittance offered to the high frequency harmonic components, resulting in high
charging currents from sheath to ground.
Energies 2019, 12, 4161 15 of 17

The sheath voltage and current, depend not only on the length of the cable and sheath grounding
scheme but also on the harmonic content in the core conductor. The harmonic content depends on the
converter type, its specifications, control modes in addition to cable length, its dimensions and layout.
Since, the detailed models of most converter types are available in PSCAD, the accurate evaluation
of sheath voltage and current using the proposed approach is much easier than potential alternate
approaches based on Complex Impedance Matrix (CIM) or Finite Element Method (FEM) [12].
This approach should not be used for calculation of sheath voltage and current during transient
events. Firstly, because the ULM is accurate in the frequency range involved in most transient events.
Secondly, the” frequency scanner component” used in this approach can accurately calculate the DC
component present in the harmonic components which are multiple of nominal frequency. Therefore,
during the transient events this approach is expected to yield inaccurate results.

7. Conclusions
In this work, we have evaluated steady state sheath voltage and losses in LCC HVDC cable
considering the variable cable lengths and various sheath grounding schemes. We have highlighted a
limitation of commercial EMT software i.e., PSCAD for evaluation of sheath voltage and currents in
HVDC cable and proposed a method for overcoming this limitation.
1. The simulation results using ULM with DC error correction by functional form (integrated in
PSCAD software) show significant values of steady state voltage and current in sheath even upon
application of pure DC voltage to the cable. This contradicts with the physical nature of the
HVDC cable, where pure DC voltage should not cause any sheath voltage or currents.
2. Removal of DC component from the evaluated values of sheath voltage and current as per method
suggested in this paper can provide accurate values of sheath voltage and currents.
3. The steady state sheath voltage and losses in TG/MPG are generally lower than SPG/MSPG.
4. The sheath grounding at the terminals of cable i.e., TG may generally be adequate to limit the
maximum sheath voltage to allowable levels without causing substantial joule loss.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.A. and B.-W.L; methodology, M.A.; software, M.A.; validation,
M.A.; resources, K.-H.P. and H-Y.L.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.; writing—review and editing,
B.-W.L.; project administration, H.-Y.L.; funding acquisition, B.-W.L.
Funding: This research was funded by Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea, grant
number 20171210000100 & 20179310100040. The APC was funded by Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the
study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to
publish the results.

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