THE THREE

AREAS OF
DIASS
• Communication • Counseling
• Social Work
Communication

■ A fundamental human
aspect;
■ Inescapable;
■ Primary tool for
navigating the world;
Why focus on
Communication?

■ Touches all aspects of

human life; ■
Employability;
■ Relationships;
■ Health;
Communication
Defined
■ The process of acting
on information;

■ ​Human Communication
– ​making sense out of
the world and sharing
that sense with others by
creating meaning through
the use of verbal and
nonverbal messages

Making and sharing

sense;

Creating meaning;
■ Verbal and
 nonverbal;

Communication
Competence

■ Message should be
understood;
■ Should achieve its
intended effect; ■ Should
be ethical;
Characteristics of
Communication
■ Inescapable;

■ Irreversible;

■ Complicated – 6 Individuals
involved;

– ​Who you think you are;

– ​Who you think the other person

is;

– ​Who the other person thinks you

are;

– ​Who the other person thinks he

or she is;

– ​Who you think the other person

thinks you are;

– ​Who the other person thinks you

think he or she is;
Characteristics of
Communication ​■
Emphasizes content and
relationships;

​ hat is said; the

– ​Content – w
information to be conveyed

–
Relationships​–nonverbalcues;emo
tions,attitudes, power; how
information is conveyed

■ Governed by rules;
Communication
Principles
■

One: Be ​aware ​of your

communication with ​yourself ​and
others​.

Two:Effectivelyuseandinterpretverbal
messages.
■

Three:Effectivelyuseandinterpretnonv
erbalmessages.

Four:​Listen​and​respondthoughtfully
toothers.

Five:​Appropriatelyadapt​messagesto
others.

AVNLA–Aware,Verbal,Nonverbal,List
en&Respond,Adapt
Communication
Processes and Skills
■ Compassionate Critical Listening
– ​An approach to experiences; ​a
stance
–
Meaningfullyenhancesinteractions;
– ​Double articulation – given
conditions and structures
■ Public Advocacy – ​listening to
learn
Communication
Processes and Skills
■ Groups and Alliances in
Culture

– ​Formation, Storming,
Normalization, Performance,
Adjournment

– ​RelevantConstructs;

– ​Facts and Practices;

– ​Rites and Rituals;

■ ​Public Advocacy: ​Alliance

building - Willingness to
engage with others;
Willingness to admit
ignorance; Asking questions
and questioning assumptions;
Listening; Open-mindedness;
Dialogues; Acceptance.
Communication
Processes and Skills
■ Identity and Perception

– ​AsSocialConstruction; ​■
Symbolic Interactionism; ■
ImpressionManagement;

– ​AsCulturalLocation
■ Positionalities; Mythical norms; ■
Standpoint theory; relationality

– ​AsPerformance
■
Performativity–Dress;Vocalandverbalc
ommunication;

Gestures; Professionalism; Role of

power;

■ Public Advocacy: Perception

and Audience Analysis
Communication
Processes and Skills
■ Language and Culture

– ​Semiotics – structure and

symbols of language;

– ​Post-semiotic?

– ​As constitutive – Ideology

and Everyday Speech

– ​Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis –
language & reality

– ​Speech Act Theory and

Performativity – words
creating worlds

■ Public Advocacy – Inclusive

Language
Communication
Contexts
■ Embodied Knowledge and
Nonverbal Communications

– ​Body Language – ​touch; space;

ornamentation; voice; gestures;
intentionality;

■ As Power in Cultural Lives

– ​Citationality;Politicalcorrectness;
■ Interpersonal Relationships

–
Buildingrelationships,discerningcon
text,and listening
Communication
Contexts ​■ Mediated
Culture(s)

– ​Media in our cultural lives;

media consumption; your
“mediated” self; Resistance;

■ A means of social action

– ​Discipline; Simulacra;
Difference; Exhaustion,
Cynicism, and Nihilism;
Counseling
■ Progressive Guidance
Movement
■ Emphasizes prevention and
purposefulness
■ ​Guidance ​– helping people
make important choices;

​ “recovery of
■ ​Psychotherapy –
adequacy”; intrapsychic, internal,
and personal issues and
conflicts.
Counseling
■

A professional relationship
that seeks to empower
diverse individuals, families,
and groups to accomplish
mental health, wellness,
education, and career goals.
■

Individually and/or in groups;

Diverse and multicultural;

A dynamic process;
Current Trends in
the Twenty-First
Century
■

Dealing with ​violence,

trauma, and crises.

The Challenge of Managed

Care – Third-party
 recommendations;

Promoting Wellness –
spirituality; self-direction; work
and leisure; friendship; and
love.

Concern for Social Justice

and Advocacies
Current Trends in
the Twenty-First
Century

■ Greater emphasis on
technology; ■ Leadership;
■ Identity;
Personal and
Professional Aspects
of Counseling
■ Effectiveness of a counselor
depends on:

– ​Personality and
background of a counselor;

– ​Formal education of the

counselor;

– ​Ability of the counselor to

engage in professional
counseling-related activities;
Personality and
Background of the
Counselor
■ Negative Motivators:

– ​Emotionaldistress;

–
Vicariouscoping(projection);
– ​Loneliness and isolation;

– ​A desire for power;

– ​A need for love;

– ​Vicariousrebellion;
Personal Qualities of
an Effective
Counselor
■ Curiosity and inquisitiveness; ■
Ability to listen;
■ Comfort with conversation; ■
Empathy and understanding; ■
Emotional insightfulness;

■ Introspection;
Personal Qualities of
an Effective

Counselor
■

Capacity for self-denial;

Tolerance of intimacy;

■
 Comfort with power;

Ability to Laugh;

Intellectual Competence;

Energy;

Flexibility;

Support;
■

Goodwill

Self-awareness
Ethics and
Counseling
■ Unethical Behavior:

– ​Violation of confidentiality

– ​Exceeding one’s level of

professional competence

– ​Negligent practice
– ​Claiming expertise one does not
possess

– ​Imposing one’s values on a

client

– ​Creating dependency in a client

Ethics and
Counseling
■ Unethical behaviors
(continuation):

– ​Sexual activity with a client

– ​Certain conflicts of interest

–
Questionablefinancialarrangem
ents

– ​Improper advertising

– ​Plagiarism
Ethics and
Counseling
■ Comprehensively covered in
ethical codes such as the
American Counseling
Association (ACA) ​Code of
Ethics
Counseling in
Different Contexts

■ In a Multicultural Society
■ Aging Populations
■ Gender-based Counseling
■ Counseling and Sexual
Orientation ■ Counseling
and Spirituality
Social Work and its
Knowledge Bases
■ Requires a comprehensive
understanding of the following:

– ​ValuesandEthics

– ​Law (c/o CESC)

– ​Politics and Social Policy

– ​Sociology

– ​Material circumstances,
poverty, and income
inequality
Social Work and its
Knowledge Bases

– ​Psychologicalapproaches

– ​Human growth and

development

– ​Communication and ICT

– ​Research and development
in Social Work and Social
Care

– ​Reflective Practice
Social Work: Values
and Ethics ​■ ​Ethical Virtues
– character traits which you value;

■
EthicalValues​–conceptswhichyouper
sonallyvalue;

​ fundamental moral
– ​Principles –
requirements

– ​Rules – s​ pecific moral

requirements
■ EthicalTheory

– Consequentialist –
“Outcomes-based”

– Deontological – regardless of
outcomes; intrinsic characteristics
that make an act good or bad;
fundamental requirements;

– Virtue theorists; Ethics of “care”

Social Work Values ​■
Traditional

– ​Principle of respect for persons

■ Whatconstitutesaperson?
■ What constitutes respect?
■ Empathy

– ​Individualization
– ​Principle of self-determination
– ​Confidentiality
Social Work Values
■ Modern, Emancipatory Social
Work Values

– ​Emphasis on social factors

such as gender, age,
ethnicity, class, etc.

– ​Discrimination
– ​Free people from
oppression

– ​Empowerment

– ​Advocacy, Participation,
and Partnership
Social Justice,
Equality and Diversity
■
Challengingsocialconditionsthatcontribute
tosocialexclusion, stigmatization, or
subjugation to achieve a more inclusive
society

■ Justice and its two facets

– ​Legal/Criminal Justice –
rehabilitative vs punitive
– ​Social Justice – distributive and
equitable; Heywood’s concept of
politics;

■ Class
■ SOGIE ■ Race
■ Religion
Ethical Codes and
Accountability
■

Codes of Practice, like in the UK

Obligations and responsibilities;

– ​Protect the rights and promote the

interests of service users and carers;
– ​Strive to establish and maintain the
trust and confidence of service users
and carers;

– ​Promote the independence of

service users while protecting them as
far as possible from danger or harm;

– ​Respect the rights of service users

whilst seeking to ensure that their
behavior does not harm themselves
 or other people;

– ​Uphold public trust and confidence

in social services;

– ​Be accountable for the quality of

their work and take responsibility for
maintaining and improving their
knowledge and skills.

■
Ethical Dilemmas ​■
Canandwillarise;

■
Doprinciplestrumpcircumstance,orshouldt
herebemore leeway in addressing
individual cases?

■ Which principles and values should

hold more weight?
– ​Child’s rights vs Parent’s rights?

– ​Ethical considerations are equally

balanced?

– ​Multiple choices and possibilities to

address issues;
Politics and Social
Policy ■​ Welfare(?)
■ Politics’ effect on social work;

– ​Policies decide the

existence and extent of social

work in any given context;

– ​This can occur both at the

national and local levels;
Reflective Practice
■

The next step from reflexive introspection;

Taking into account your own practice,

methods, as well as the experiences and
people you encounter;

– ​Knowing-in-action – knowledge you

have about yourselves; revealed
through actions;
 – ​Reflection-in-action – sudden
dilemmas; existential questions and
concerns; Brought about by
knowing-in-action;

– ​Reflection-on-action –
introspection;

■
Reflective Practice
■ Kolb’sExperientialLearningCycle –
Concrete Experience

Reflective Observation
Abstract Conceptualization

Active Experimentation

Honey and Mumford’s Learning Style

Questionnaire
■

Reflective Writing

Gibb’s Reflective Cycle

Critical Incident Analysis

Learning Logs/Reflective Journals

Social Work in
Practice

■ ​ASSESSMENT

■ ​INTERVENTIONS
– ​Models of Interventions
– ​In Practice