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2. In your own words, how did eukaryotes arise from prokaryotes? Include the term serial
endosymbiosis in your answer.
5. Some have argued that it’s misleading to divide all life into two groups, prokaryotes and
eukaryotes because it implies a close relationship between Archae and Bacteria. Does such a
relationship seem to exist, based on the history of the groups?
CHAPTER 27: Bacteria and Archae
1. How common are prokaryotes on earth?
5. Give an example of a stimulus and describe how bacteria react to that stimulus (taxis).
a. _____________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________
a._______________________________________________________________
b._______________________________________________________________
c._______________________________________________________________
d._______________________________________________________________
9. What are some of the differences between Archae and Bacteria?
PART 2. Directions: Using Table 27.2 on page 567 and the information in the text, outline the key
characteristics that distinguish the three domains. Include examples of organisms in each domain.
Euglena-
trypanosomes-
dinoflagellates-
Plasmodium-
Paramecium-
diatoms-
2. What are some adaptations that were necessary for life on land?
3. Explain what is meant by the alternation of generations. You may want to look at Figure 13.6 to
compare the plant life cycle to that of animals and fungi.
4. Look at Figure 29.7 on p. 605 and read the text in that area. Give the general characteristics and
an example or two for each of the following groups.
General characteristics Examples
Bryophytes
Lycophytes
Pterophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
5. When you look at moss, are you mostly seeing tissue that is haploid, or tissue that is diploid?
6. How are the various groups of plants economically important? (This question relates to both
Chapter 29 and Chapter 30.)
CHAPTER 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
1. What is the advantage to seed plants of reducing the gametophyte generation to such a small
part of the plant?
3. What are the two major groups of Angiosperms, and what are their differences? (Hint: p. 631)
CHAPTER 31: Fungi
1. How do fungi acquire nutrients?
2. Because of this mode of nutrition, fungi have evolved what structure to provide for both
extensive surface area and rapid growth?
3. How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell walls of plants?
2. What is the best-supported hypothesis for the origin of animals? What evidence supports it?
3. Most animal bodies show symmetry. Describe the two forms of symmetry found in animals.
5. What are the three germ layers of an embryo? What’s the difference between being diploblastic
and being triploblastic, and what kinds of animals are in each group?
6. Define the following terms and describe their significance in classifying animals. a.
Acoelomates
b. Pseudocoelomates
c. Coelomates
d. Protostomes
e. Deuterostomes
h. blastopore
7. List major differences between the Protostomes and Deuterostomes. (See p. 158 in Cliff’s
book as well as your textbook.)
4. What are some evolutionary advancements we see in the Platyhelminthes? Is there any
evidence of cephalization?
6. Define parthenogenesis. (We see this in the rotifers, but it will come up in other groups as
well over the course of the year.)
10. What is the evolutionary significance of the coelom as seen in the Annelids?
13. Why are the Arthropoda regarded as the most successful of all animal phyla?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Platyhel-
minthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachio-
poda
Nemertea
Acantho-
cephala
Mollusca
Annelida
Loricifera
Priapula
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Onychophora
Hemichordata
Echinodermata
Chordata
5. Define paedomorphosis.
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinista
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
What are the three main groups of mammals, and how do they differ?